L’objectif de cette thèse porte sur le développement de nouveaux moyens de caractérisation mécanique de matériaux poreux inorganiques. La technique de microindentation instrumentée avec indenteur sphérique a été utilisée pour déterminer les propriétés mécaniques du plâtre pris, utilisé comme matériau modèle, à deux porosités différentes (30 et 60%vol). Les méthodes analytiques, développées initialement en nanoindentation, ont permis d’extraire la dureté et le module d’élasticité des deux matériaux, ainsi que les courbes contrainte-déformation d’indentation. Une méthodologie d’essai a été notamment détaillée afin de pouvoir appliquer cet essai d’indentation sphérique à l’étude de céramiques à forte porosité. Une approche numérique a permis de compléter les méthodes analytiques et d’identifier une loi de comportement élastoplastique pour le matériau modèle. Un modèle éléments finis 2D-axisymétrique a ainsi été développé pour simuler les essais d’indentation sphérique. Un module d’indentification inverse, MIC2M, a ensuite été utilisé pour identifier les paramètres associés au critère de Drücker-Prager (cohésion, frottement et dilatance) pour minimiser l’erreur entre la courbe expérimentale et numérique. La simulation de l’indentation Vickers, ainsi que des essais de compressions uniaxiaux et œdométriques ont permis de valider les paramètres matériaux identifiés par indentation sphérique. L’utilisation des techniques de tomographie aux rayons X et de microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) a permis de mettre en évidence une densification du matériau au cours de l’indentation. Aucune fissure macroscopique fragile n’a par contre été observée, confirmant les différences de comportement mécanique entre des céramiques à fort taux de porosité et des céramiques denses. La méthodologie ainsi développée a ensuite été appliquée au cas d’une céramique biorésorbable à base de phosphate de calcium, famille de matériaux largement utilisée pour la substitution osseuse. Des cylindres de ciments brushitique ont subi un vieillissement in vitro d’une durée maximale de deux mois dans une solution de Phosphate Buffered Saline rafraichie. La méthode de microindentation a permis de suivre l’évolution des différents paramètres mécaniques au cours de la cinétique de dégradation des ciments. Les résultats ont montré une bonne corrélation entre les évolutions des propriétés mécaniques et physicochimiques des échantillons, suivies par diffraction des rayons X et MEB. Ainsi, après une dissolution initiale du ciment, la précipitation de nouvelles phases de phosphates de calcium plus stables a entraîné une augmentation des caractéristiques mécaniques en cours de vieillissement, mesurées par indentation. Cette méthode d’essai semble donc être un outil prometteur pour le suivi des propriétés d’explants biomédicaux et, plus généralement, des céramiques à fortes porosités. / The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to characterize the mechanical behaviour of porous inorganic materials. Spherical instrumented indentation tests were used to determine the mechanical properties of a model material, gypsum, with two different porosities (30 and 60% vol.). Classical analytical methods, initially developed for nano-indentation, were used to extract the hardness and the elastic modulus of both materials, as well as stress-strain indentation curves. A methodology has been detailed in order to apply spherical indentation test to study high porous ceramics. To complete this analytical analysis, a numerical approach is used to identify an elastoplastic constitutive law for the material model. A 2D axisymmetric finite element model was developed to simulate spherical indentation tests. An inverse identification module, MIC2M, was then used to identify parameters associated to Drücker-Prager criterion (cohesion, friction and dilatancy) by minimizing the error between the experimental and the simulated indentation curves. These parameters were validated through the numerical simulation of a Vickers indentation test. Uniaxial compression and oedometer tests were also carried out on cylindrical samples to estimate the accuracy of the identified parameters. The mechanisms occurring during indentation were investigated using RX tomography and SEM. A large densified zone was noted below the indented area, with extensive gypsum crystal fracture. No macroscopic brittle crack could be observed confirming the differences between the mechanical behaviour of high porous ceramics and dense ceramics. The methodology developed in this study was applied to calcium phosphate cements, widely used for bone substitution. In-vitro degradation tests were performed on cylindrical samples of cements during 2 months into a refreshed Phosphate Buffered Saline solution. The micro-indentation method was enabled to follow mechanical properties of degraded samples and was discriminant enough to monitor the degradation process and its kinetics. Results showed a good correlation between evolutions of mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the cement investigated by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Thus, after initial cement dissolution, precipitation of more stable phosphate calcium phases implied an increase of the mechanical properties during aging. This method seems to be a promising tool for monitoring biomedical explants properties and, more generally, high porous ceramics.

This thesis reports the development, testing, and application of computer programs for simulating Lagrangian-Stochastic particle dispersion in coastal seas, with particular application to tide and storm induced dispersion in South Australian seas. The three-dimensional tidal equations are briefly discussed for the two types of surge models used, and finite-difference methods for numerically solving these equations are considered. Different methods of simulating flows at open sea boundaries are investigated. The method of particle tracking and the development of the particle tracking model is also described. Various tests are conducted to investigate both the advective and diffusive aspects of dispersion, and a number of scenarios for the simulation of open (ocean) and closed (coastal) boundaries are considered. Various aspects of the particle tracking routine are given specific characteristics according to the nature of the particle being considered. Application of the tide and storm surge model to the Great Australian Bight is described. This uses spherical polar co-ordinates to account for the curvature of the earth, and an oblique boundary element to increase accuracy of the coastline representation. The effect of a low pressure system moving from west to east across the Bight and the resulting significant observed surge at Thevenard during the storm of April 1996 is simulated. This storm resulted in a significant number of deaths in aquaculture farms containing southern bluefin tuna (Thunnas maccoyii) within the Boston Bay region to the extreme east of the Bight due to the agitation of almost neutrally buoyant organic sediments at the sea floor. The effects of this storm are further considered using a Cartesian co-ordinate fine-grid local model of Boston Bay, in Spencer Gulf, South Australia, where both tidal and storm (wind and outside surge) induced flows are simulated. The dispersion of suspended neutrally buoyant sediment throughout the region is considered, and compared with the mortalities of tuna at various farms within the region. Tidal and storm induced currents in the Gulf St. Vincent region, South Australia, have also been modelled using Cartesian co-ordinates. Detailed consideration has been given to the modelling of tides, winds, atmospheric pressures and outside surges from the two open boundaries in Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage. The information obtained has enabled the modelling of a number of storm surge scenarios. Further to this, various simulations of the dispersion of the larvae of the western king prawn (Penaeus latisulcatus) have been driven using the storm surge model developed. These incorporate currents near the surface and the sea floor, as well as the consideration of changes in behaviour during the life history of the larvae. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, 2000.

Space structures are inevitable while covering large spans. Space structures are skeletal structures, which are lighter for the same stiffness when compared with RCC roofs. Till now, space structures, like any other metal structures have been designed assuming the joints as rigid, although there have been several publications about semi rigid joints. Of course, the publications mostly deal with 2D structures and there are very few reports on 3D structures. Space structures, by their nature fall into the latter category. The joints in a space structure are popularly called as "nodes". Generally, nodes, which ensure concentricity of member axes, are either solid or hollow. These are either cast or forged. There are other proprietary types, which do not come under the above classification, and have not been considered in this thesis. Hollow nodes are obviously more economical than solid nodes, but also more flexible. While it is prudent to prefer hollow nodes, it is equally necessary to assess their flexibility, because of its influence on the behaviour of the structure. The hollow spherical node is very popular because of its simplicity and adaptability to various forms of space frames. Double layer grids, which are the most popular forms for roofing applications, are being increasingly implemented. While the hollow spherical node is well suited for double layer grids, an evolutionary development has been what is called as the hollow octahedral node (this node is simply referred to as the 'Octa ' node in this thesis). Chapter 1 introduces space frames and double layer grids in particular, with the advantages of using double-layer grids. Jointing systems available around the world are briefed and the node connector used in the present study is introduced with a brief write-up on its advantages and disadvantages. This chapter also explores the available literature and, the scope and objectives of the thesis are mentioned. Chapter 2 introduces 3D finite element models of the hollow spherical and octahedral nodes. The stiffness matrixes of these nodes have been derived by conducting analyses on the computer for six sizes each of the Octa and spherical nodes. Using the stiffness matrix of the node, a new method of incorporating this into the regular analysis of a space truss has been developed. The new method proposed yields realistic values for the forces in the members and takes into account the elastic deflections in the node under the action of member forces. Implementation of the proposed method has been carried out by writing a custom program using state-of-the-art object oriented programming techniques. A sample problem has been analyzed using this program to demonstrate the effect of including joint flexibility. The effect of flexibility of nodes on the effective length of compression members in double-layer grids has been evaluated. The effect of compliance on the dynamic characteristics of a space frame has also been evaluated for the sample space frame with flexible joints. The analysis program has been modified to evaluate the natural frequencies of the system using rigid or flexible nodes. The study of the Octanode and spherical node under the action of uniaxial compression and tension dominates the contents of Chapter 3. The two types of nodes have been analyzed using commercially available finite element software considering material nonlinearity. The stress patterns from the analyses have been examined thoroughly. Two consistent methods for fixing the load at yield in both uniaxial compression and tension have been proposed using the load-displacement curve. Yield loads for all the nodes have been evaluated using both the methods and the results agree well between the two methods. Three material yield values have been selected for each of the node size for evaluating the yield values viz. 240,320 and 415 MPa. The members of a double layer grid are connected to the nodes by bolts and holes are drilled in the nodes for this purpose. The bolthole patterns differ between two popular types of double-layer grids. Both these bolthole patterns have been modeled separately in the above exercise and the results for these two have been shown to be approximately the same. The effect of varying diameters of the boltholes on the response of the nodes has been examined. Relationships between the yield load, diameter, thickness and material yield have been developed using the method of least squares. The differences in the behaviour of the nodes under uniaxial compression and tension have been discussed. Ramberg Osgood type of relationships have been worked out for all the load-displacement curves obtained from the analyses. The simulation of non-linear behaviour of nodes with cracks with plastic crack closing forces have been carried out with useful insights into the behaviour of the two types of nodes in uniaxial compression and tension. Chapter 4 is devoted largely for studying the two types of nodes under the influence of biaxial load combinations. The combinations studied are dual compression, dual tension and compression-tension. In all cases equal loads are applied along two orthogonal; directions in the horizontal plane. Stress patterns have been examined for each type of load combination and yield values for each case have been obtained using one of the methods proposed in chapter 3. These have been compared with the corresponding uniaxial values in both compression and tension. Some useful inferences have been possible by studying the behaviour of the nodes under the various biaxial load combinations. In each case, relationships between the biaxial yield load, uniaxial yield load, diameter of node, thickness of node and material yield of node have been obtained using the method of least squares. The nodes have been analyzed under some selected Multi-axial loading and combinations of load which cause yield based on the second method proposed in Chapter 3 have been obtained and tabulated. However, a proper and thorough study of the nodes under multi-axial loading proved to be beyond the scope of this thesis. Chapter 5 contains the contributions made towards developing new methods and algorithms for obtaining the several results of chapters 2, 3 and 4, using object oriented programming (OOP) techniques. The contributions have been in Object Pascal, the underlying language of Delphi, a popular RAD tool developed by Borland/Inprise of USA. Several new modules have been developed to reliably handle the large amounts of data generated by the hundreds of analyses detailed in chapters 2,3 and 4. The ease with which new methods were possible to be incorporated into existing software using OOP has been demonstrated, with source code examples. Comparisons with other types of tools available and die advantages of using OOP have also been demonstrated using the experience during the preparation of this thesis. A strong case for OOP as an indispensable tool for the researcher has been made. Chapter 6: Several important conclusions and suggestions for future work have been made. Appendix 1 contains a brief note on the Method of Least Squares. Appendix 2 contains a small write-up on Delphi and OOP. Concepts of OOP have been briefly described and comparisons between three popular OOP languages have been attempted. A brief description of the features in Delphi's Object Pascal has also been provided. Appendix 3 contains the listing of Unit Arrays, which is a general purpose unit developed to make handling of large arrays easy. Several matrix calculations have been implemented which make the unit extremely useful for programmers. Appendix 4 contains the full listing of program FormK, which has been developed for chapter 2 to derive the fall stiffness matrix of a space frame node. The program picks up results from several analyses, forms a few columns of the stiffness matrix and then fills up the rest using the cyclic symmetry present in the space frame node. This program is given in full, with the intention that other researchers may find it useful to use it as-is or use after making small alterations to suit their circumstances. OOP is known for fast, reliable and easy ways of implementing modifications to existing code. Appendix 5 provides the full listing of the Object Pascal program for extracting Eigenvalues of a space truss with rigid joints or flexible joints. The incorporation of flexibility of the joints proposed in chapter 2 has been implemented. Descriptions of the program's implementations have been provided in chapter 5. Bibliography contains the alphabetical list of references.

L'IRM de diffusion est a ce jour la seule technique a meme d'observer in vivo et de fac¸on non-invasive les structures fines de la mati'ere blanche, en modelisant la diffusion des molecules d'eau. Le propagateur moyen (EAP pour Ensemble average Propagator en anglais) et la fonction de distribution d'orientation (ODF pour Orientation Distribution Function en anglais) sont les deux fonctions de probabilites d'int'erˆet pour caracteriser la diffusion des molecules d'eau. Le probleme central en IRM de diffusion est la reconstruction et le traitement de ces fonctions (EAP et ODF); c'est aussi le point de depart pour la tractographie des fibres de la mati'ere blanche. Le formalisme du tenseur de diffusion (DTI pour Diffusion Tensor Imaging en anglais) est le modele le plus couramment utilise, et se base sur une hypothese de diffusion gaussienne. Il existe un cadre riemannien qui permet d'estimer et de traiter correctement les images de tenseur de diffusion. Cependant, l'hypothese d'une diffusion gaussienne est une simplification, qui ne permet pas de d'écrire les cas ou la structure microscopique sous-jacente est complexe, tels que les croisements de faisceaux de fibres. L'imagerie 'a haute resolution angulaire (HARDI pour High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging en anglais) est un ensemble de methodes qui permettent de contourner les limites du modele tensoriel. La plupart des m'ethodes HARDI 'a ce jour, telles que l'imagerie spherique de l'espace de Fourier (QBI pour Q-Ball Imaging en anglais) se basent sur des hypoth'eses reductrices, et prennent en compte des acquisitions qui ne se font que sur une seule sphere dans l'espace de Fourier (sHARDI pour single-shell HARDI en anglais), c'est-a-dire une seule valeur du coefficient de ponderation b. Cependant, avec le developpement des scanners IRM et des techniques d'acquisition, il devient plus facile d'acquerir des donn'ees sur plusieurs sph'eres concentriques. Cette th'ese porte sur les methodes d'estimation et de traitement de donnees sur plusieurs spheres (mHARDI pour multiple-shell HARDI en anglais), et de facon generale sur les methodes de reconstruction independantes du schema d'echantillonnage. Cette these presente plusieurs contributions originales. En premier lieu, nous developpons l'imagerie par transformee de Fourier en coordonnees spheriques (SPFI pour Spherical Polar Fourier Imaging en anglais), qui se base sur une representation du signal dans une base de fonctions a parties radiale et angulaire separables (SPF basis pour Spherical Polar Fourier en anglais). Nous obtenons, de fac¸on analytique et par transformations lineaires, l'EAP ainsi que ses caracteristiques importantes : l'ODF, et des indices scalaires tels que l'anisotropie fractionnelle generalisee (GFA pour Generalized Fractional Anisotropy en anglais). En ce qui concerne l'implementation de SPFI, nous presentons deux methodes pour determiner le facteur d'echelle, et nous prenons en compte le fait que E(0) = 1 dans l'estimation. En second lieu, nous presentons un nouveau cadre pour une transformee de Fourier analytique en coordonnees spheriques (AFT-SC pour Analytical Fourier Transform in Spherical Coordinate en anglais), ce qui permet de considerer aussi bien les methodes mHARDI que sHARDI, d'explorer les relations entre ces methodes, et de developper de nouvelles techniques d'estimation de l'EAP et de l'ODF. Nous presentons en troisieme lieu d'importants crit'eres de comparaison des differentes methodes HARDI, ce qui permet de mettre en lumiere leurs avantages et leurs limites. Dans une quatrieme partie, nous proposons un nouveau cadre riemannien invariant par diffeomorphisme pour le traitement de l'EAP et de l'ODF. Ce cadre est une generalisation de la m'ethode riemannienne precedemment appliquee au tenseur de diffusion. Il peut etre utilise pour l'estimation d'une fonction de probabilite representee par sa racine carree, appelee fonction d'onde, dans une base de fonctions orthonormale. Dans ce cadre riemannien, les applications exponentielle et logarithmique, ainsi que les geodesiques ont une forme analytique. La moyenne riemannienne ponderee ainsi que la mediane existent et sont uniques, et peuvent etre calculees de facon efficace par descente de gradient. Nous developpons egalement un cadre log-euclidien et un cadre affine-euclidien pour un traitement rapide des donnees. En cinquieme partie, nous comparons, theoriquement et sur un plan exp'erimental, les metriques euclidiennes et riemanniennes pour les tenseurs, l'ODF et l'EAP. Finalement, nous proposons l'anisotropie geodesique (GA pour Geodesic Anisotropy en anglais) pour mesurer l'anisotropie de l'EAP; une parametrisation par la racine carrée (SRPE pour Square-Root Parameterized Estimation en anglais) pour l'estimation d'un EAP et d'une ODF positifs; la mediane et la moyenne riemanniennes ponderees pour l'interpolation, le lissage et la construction d'atlas bas'es sur l'ODF et de l'EAP. Nous introduisons la notion de valeur moyenne raisonnable pour l'interpolation de fonction de probabilites en general.

This thesis reports the development, testing, and application of computer programs for simulating Lagrangian-Stochastic particle dispersion in coastal seas, with particular application to tide and storm induced dispersion in South Australian seas. The three-dimensional tidal equations are briefly discussed for the two types of surge models used, and finite-difference methods for numerically solving these equations are considered. Different methods of simulating flows at open sea boundaries are investigated. The method of particle tracking and the development of the particle tracking model is also described. Various tests are conducted to investigate both the advective and diffusive aspects of dispersion, and a number of scenarios for the simulation of open (ocean) and closed (coastal) boundaries are considered. Various aspects of the particle tracking routine are given specific characteristics according to the nature of the particle being considered. Application of the tide and storm surge model to the Great Australian Bight is described. This uses spherical polar co-ordinates to account for the curvature of the earth, and an oblique boundary element to increase accuracy of the coastline representation. The effect of a low pressure system moving from west to east across the Bight and the resulting significant observed surge at Thevenard during the storm of April 1996 is simulated. This storm resulted in a significant number of deaths in aquaculture farms containing southern bluefin tuna (Thunnas maccoyii) within the Boston Bay region to the extreme east of the Bight due to the agitation of almost neutrally buoyant organic sediments at the sea floor. The effects of this storm are further considered using a Cartesian co-ordinate fine-grid local model of Boston Bay, in Spencer Gulf, South Australia, where both tidal and storm (wind and outside surge) induced flows are simulated. The dispersion of suspended neutrally buoyant sediment throughout the region is considered, and compared with the mortalities of tuna at various farms within the region. Tidal and storm induced currents in the Gulf St. Vincent region, South Australia, have also been modelled using Cartesian co-ordinates. Detailed consideration has been given to the modelling of tides, winds, atmospheric pressures and outside surges from the two open boundaries in Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage. The information obtained has enabled the modelling of a number of storm surge scenarios. Further to this, various simulations of the dispersion of the larvae of the western king prawn (Penaeus latisulcatus) have been driven using the storm surge model developed. These incorporate currents near the surface and the sea floor, as well as the consideration of changes in behaviour during the life history of the larvae. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, 2000.

Αντικείμενο της διατριβής είναι η επίλυση των προβλημάτων της σκέδασης επιπέδων ακουστικών κυμάτων χαμηλών συχνοτήτων από ένα διαπερατό σφαιρικό κέλυφος με έκκεντρο μαλακό, σκληρό ή διαπερατό πυρήνα και από μια μαλακή σφαίρα κάτω από ένα διαπερατό επίπεδο. Η λύση των προβλημάτων σκέδασης στην περιοχή χαμηλών συχνοτήτων επιδέχεται ανάπτυγμα Taylor σε δυνάμεις του κυματικού αριθμού k, όπου οι συντελεστές του αναπτύγματος (προσεγγίσεις χαμηλής συχνότητας) συνιστούν ακολουθία λύσεων στάσιμων προβλημάτων της θεωρίας δυναμικού. Ένα πρόβλημα σκέδασης μπορεί να δεχθεί προσέγγιση χαμηλών συχνοτήτων όταν το μήκος κύματος της κυματικής διαταραχής είναι πολύ μεγαλύτερο από την ακτίνα της ελάχιστης περιγεγραμμένης σφαίρας του σκεδαστή. Το δισφαιρικό σύστημα συντεταγμένων παρέχει κατάλληλο περιβάλλον για την επίλυση προβλημάτων πολλαπλής σκέδασης από δύο σφαίρες Αυτό ισχύει μόνο στη περιοχή των χαμηλών συχνοτήτων δεδομένου ότι η εξίσωση Laplace επιδέχεται διαμορφωμένο χωρισμό στις δισφαιρικές συντεταγμένες, ενώ δεν συμβαίνει το ίδιο στην εξίσωση Helmholtz. Προσαρμόζοντας το δισφαιρικό σύστημα συντεταγμένων στην δεδομένη γεωμετρία του κάθε προβλήματος απλουστεύεται η περιγραφή των χώρων που ορίζονται από το έκκεντρο σφαιρικό κέλυφος και οι σφαιρικές επιφάνειες του προβλήματός μας περιγράφονται από διαφορετικές τιμές της ίδιας συντεταγμένης μεταβλητής, ενώ ο απομακρυσμένος χώρος περιγράφεται από μια γειτονιά της αρχής των συντεταγμένων στο παραμετρικό χώρο των μεταβλητών η, θ. Επιλύοντας τα αντίστοιχα προβλήματα συνοριακών συνθηκών για μηδενική και πρώτης τάξεως προσεγγίσεις, καταλήγουμε σε αντίστοιχες αναγωγικές εξισώσεις ακολουθιών των συντελεστών ή αντίστοιχα συστήματα αναγωγικών εξισώσεων. Δεδομένου ότι οι ακολουθίες των συντελεστών συγκλείνουν ταχύτατα, περιοριζόμαστε στους πρώτους όρους συντελεστών και οι αναδρομικές εξισώσεις ή τα συστήματα αναγωγικών εξισώσεων ανάγονται σε εξισώσεις πινάκων ή γραμμικά συστήματα εξισώσεων με άγνωστους πίνακες στήλες και συντελεστές των αγνώστων τριδιαγώνιοι πίνακες. Με την πρωτότυπη αυτή μέθοδο προσδιορίζονται ακριβώς οι πρώτοι όροι χαμηλών συχνοτήτων των δύο προσεγγίσεων μηδενικής και οι πρώτης τάξεως, και στη συνέχεια οι προσεγγίσεις του πλάτους σκέδασης και των ενεργειακών διατομών σκέδασης. Μειώνοντας την απόσταση d των κέντρων συμπεραίνουμε ότι το πρόβλημα της σκέδασης ομόκεντρου σφαιρικού φλοιού δεν μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ειδική περίπτωση του προαναφερθέντος προβλήματος. / A plane wave is scattered by an acoustically soft, hard or penetrable sphere, covered by a penetrable non-concentric spherical lossless shell which disturbs the propagation of the incident plane wave field. There is exactly one bispherical coordinate system that fits the given two-sphere obstacle. If the wavelength of the incident field is much larger than the radius of the exterior sphere, Low Frequency Theory reduces the scattering problem to a sequence of potential problems which can be solved iteratively Applying the corresponding boundary value problem for each case, a set of two equations results as well as a recurrence equation with three unknown sequence of coefficients for zero-th order, and the first-order approximation is obtained, by solving two sets of two equations and a recurrence equation with three unknown sequence coefficients each for the soft core or the calculation of the zero–th order coefficients of the hard or penetrable core, leads to a solution of a linear system of two equations with two unknown columns and tri-diagonal square matrices are coefficients of the unknown columns, while the first-order approximation is obtained, by solving two linear systems of two equations with four unknown columns and eight tri-diagonal matrices as coefficients of the unknown columns. Applying the cut-off method for soft, hard and penetrable sphere, the low-frequency coefficients of the zero-th and first-order for the near field as well as the first and second-order coefficients are obtained for the normalized scattering amplitude and cross section. Decreasing the distance d of the centres we conclude that the problem of scattering concentric cell cannot be considered special case of mentioned before problem. A plane wave is scattered by an acoustical soft acoustic sphere embedded into an acoustically lossless half space, which disturbs the propagation of the incident wave field. In the first step, the problem of sound diffraction by only a penetrable plane is solved, were the amplitudes of reflective and diffractive acoustical waves are calculated. In the second step the diffractive as an incident wave is scattered by the embedded acoustical soft sphere. The low frequency zero-th and first order coefficients of the near field are calculated for the soft scatterer and finally the scattering amplitude and cross-section are determined.

Η σφυρηλάτηση με βολή σωματιδίων (shot peening) είναι μία επιφανειακή κατεργασία που πραγματοποιείται με σκοπό την αύξηση της αντοχής μεταλλικών υλικών και εφαρμόζεται στο τελευταίο στάδιο της γραμμής παραγωγής. Η αύξηση της αντοχής επιτυγχάνεται με την ανάπτυξη θλιπτικών παραμενουσών τάσεων κοντά στην επιφάνεια του υλικού έπειτα από την κρούση σωματιδίων με υψηλές ταχύτητες. Η ανάπτυξη θλιπτικών παραμενουσών τάσεων αυξάνει την αντοχή σε κόπωση, σε εργοδιάβρωση, καθώς και σε άλλες μηχανικές καταπονήσεις και επιτρέπει την μείωση του βάρους σχεδιάζοντας διατομές με μικρότερο πάχος. Στην παρούσα Διδακτορική Διατριβή παρουσιάζεται μια ολοκληρωμένη αριθμητική προσομοίωση της κατεργασίας και εξετάζεται η μηχανική συμπεριφορά των υπό κατεργασία υλικών σε υψηλούς ρυθμούς καταπόνησης. Συγκεκριμένα η μεθοδολογία που αναπτύσσεται περιλαμβάνει την ανάπτυξη ενός αριθμητικού προτύπου για την προσομοίωση της κατεργασίας της σφυρηλάτησης με βολή σωματιδίων και τον υπολογισμό των αποτελεσμάτων της στο υλικό. Τα βήματα που ακολουθηθήκαν για την ανάπτυξη του αριθμητικού προτύπου είναι, α) ο χαρακτηρισμός του κράματος αλουμινίου 7449-Τ7651 σε υψηλούς ρυθμούς καταπόνησης μέσω της πειραματικής διάταξης Split Hopkinson Bar που σχεδιάστηκε και κατασκευάστηκε στο Εργαστήριο Τεχνολογίας και Αντοχής Υλικών, β) η ανάπτυξη βοηθητικών επιμέρους αριθμητικών μοντέλων, γ) η ανάπτυξη κινηματικών μοντέλων προσομοίωσης της ροής των σωματιδίων, δ) η ανάπτυξη κριτηρίων και η εφαρμογή τους για τον υπολογισμό του ελαχίστου απαιτούμενου αριθμού σωματιδίων για την προσομοίωση, καθώς και των θέσεων κρούσης, ε) η ανάπτυξη ενός αριθμητικού προτύπου πλήρους γεωμετρίας της πλάκας για την κρούση του απαιτούμενου αριθμού σωματιδίων και στ) η πειραματική επαλήθευση του αριθμητικού προτύπου. Με το αριθμητικό πρότυπο που αναπτύχτηκε υπολογίστηκαν τα αποτελέσματα της κατεργασίας της σφυρηλάτησης με βολή σωματιδίων στο υλικό και επιβεβαιώθηκαν μέσω συγκρίσεων με αντίστοιχα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Αποτελέσματα της κατεργασίας εκτός από τις παραμένουσες τάσεις αποτελούν και η πλαστική παραμόρφωση, η σκληρότητα, η επιφανειακή τραχύτητα και κατ' επέκταση ο συντελεστής έντασης τάσης. Στη συνέχεια, πραγματοποιήθηκε μια παραμετρική μελέτη για την επίδραση της διαμέτρου, της ταχύτητας και της γωνίας κρούσης στην ανάπτυξη των παραμενουσών τάσεων. Επίσης το αριθμητικό πρότυπο επαληθεύτηκε και για άλλα μεταλλικά υλικά. / Shot peening is a surface treatment process that is performed to increase the strength of metallic materials and is applied to the last stage of the production line (post manufacturing process). The increase in strength is achieved by the developed compressive residual stresses near the surface and the subsurface of the treated material after the impact of small diameter particles with high speeds. The developed compressive residual stresses increases the fatigue strength, the mechanical performance of the component under stress corrosion cracking (SCC), under higher stresses and allows lighter structure design. This PhD thesis presents a comprehensive numerical simulation of the Shot peening process and includes a comprehensive study of the mechanical behaviour of treated materials under high strain rates of deformation. Specifically, the methodology developed includes the development of a comprehensive numerical model to simulate Shot peening treatment and calculate the results on the treated material. The steps followed for the development of the numerical model are: a) the characterization of the Aluminium alloy 7449-T7651 at high strain rates using a Split Hopkinson Bar apparatus designed and built at the Laboratory of Technology and Strength of Materials, b) the development of auxiliary partial numerical models, c) the development of a kinematic simulation model for the analysis of the flow particles, d) the development and the application of two criteria for the successful calculation of the minimum number of particles that required for the simulation, and the impact positions e) the development of a numerical model describing the full plate geometry for the impact of the minimum number of particles required and f) the experimental verification of the numerical model. The process outcomes and results on the treated material were calculated by the numerical model developed. The numerical results that were calculated for the threaded material were confirmed by comparison with experimental results. Treatment results include the residual stresses, the plastic deformation, hardness, surface roughness, and hence the stress concentration factor. A parametric study on the effect of the diameter, speed and angle of impact to the development of residual stresses was performed. The numerical model was also verified for a number of other metallic materials.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdalmyOA.pdf: 3019202 bytes, checksum: 652b61310237ca737b3decb6945b78be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and sil?cio, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, sil?cio and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 ?m, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 ?m/min / O sistema constru?do para caracterizar eletrodos e, conseq?entemente, filmes finos depositados ? constitu?do por um c?todo oco que trabalha a altas e baixas press?es (aproximadamente 10-3 a 5 mbar), uma fonte DC (0 a 1200 V), uma c?mara cil?ndrica de borossilicato fechada por flanges de a?o inox com uma associa??o de bombas de v?cuo mec?nica e difusora. No flange superior est? conectado o sistema de c?todo oco, o qual possui uma entrada de g?s e duas entradas para a sua refrigera??o, o mesmo est? eletricamente isolado do resto do equipamento e ? polarizado negativamente. Em frente ao sistema de c?todo oco encontra-se um porta amostra em a?o inox m?vel com possibilidade de se mover na horizontal e vertical. Na vertical, o porta amostra pode variar a sua dist?ncia entre 0 e 70 mm e, na horizontal, pode sair completamente da frente do c?todo oco. Tanto o porta amostra como o c?todo oco s?o equipados com termopares de cromel-alumel com leitura simult?nea das temperaturas durante o tempo de tratamento. Neste trabalho foram utilizados eletrodos de cobre, bronze, tit?nio, ferro, a?o inox, p? de tit?nio, p? de tit?nio e sil?cio, vidro e cer?mica. Os eletrodos foram investigados com rela??o a sua mudan?a de geometria e comportamento do plasma dentro da cavidade de c?todo oco e canal do g?s. Quanto a cavidade de c?todo oco, os aspectos analisados foram o di?metro e sua profundidade. Com o canal do g?s, verificamos o di?metro. Nas duas situa??es, investigamos par?metros como fluxo do g?s, press?o, corrente e tens?o aplicada no eletrodo, temperatura, perda de massa do eletrodo com rela??o ao tempo de uso. O fluxo de g?s investigado nos eletrodos foi fixado em uma faixa de trabalho de 15 a 6 sccm, a press?o constante de trabalho ficou entre 2.7 a 8 x 10-2 mbar. A corrente aplicada foi entre uma faixa de trabalho de 0,8 a 0,4 A, e as suas respectivas tens?es ficaram em uma faixa de 400 a 220 V. Fixando o valor da corrente, foi poss?vel levantar a curva do comportamento da tens?o com o tempo de uso. Essa curva estima em que tempo de uso do eletrodo a sua efici?ncia ? m?xima. As temperaturas dos eletrodos ficaram na depend?ncia dessa curva mostrando uma temperatura m?xima quando a tens?o era m?xima, j? as temperaturas medidas nas amostras mostraram ser sens?veis a varia??o da temperatura no eletrodo. Um acompanhamento da perda de massa do eletrodo com rela??o ao seu tempo de uso mostrou que os eletrodos que apareceram as cavidades esf?ricas perderam mais massa em compara??o aos eletrodos em que essas n?o apareceram. Esse fen?meno s? ? visto para press?es de 10-2 mbar, nestas condi??es uma coluna de plasma se forma dentro do canal do g?s e em determinados pontos fica concentrado em forma de esferas. Essas cavidades esf?ricas evoluem dentro do canal do g?s se propagando durante toda a extens?o do canal do g?s. Os eletros utilizados foram cortados depois que n?o puderam ser mais usados, no entanto entre esses eletrodos filmes que foram depositados em tempos alternados e os eletrodos que foram utilizados para depositar filmes em tempos iguais, esses filmes foram depositados nos substratos de vidro, alumina, a?o inox 420, a?o inox 316, sil?cio e a?o M2. Tanto os eletros usados para depositar filmes em tempo alternado como os que foram usados para depositar em tempos iguais, o comportamento da espessura do filme obedeceu a curva da tens?o com rela??o ao tempo de uso do eletrodo, isto ?, quando a tens?o era m?xima, a espessura do filme tamb?m foi m?xima e quando a tens?o era m?nima, a espessura foi m?nima e no caso onde o valor da tens?o foi constante, a espessura do filme tende a ficar constante. Os filmes finos que foram produzidos tiveram aplica??es com nano bast?o, bio-compatibilidade, crescimento celular, inibi??o de bact?rias, ferramenta de corte, ligas met?licas, brasagem, fibra de abacaxi e decorativos. Nesses filmes foi investigada a espessura, a ader?ncia e a uniformidade caracterizadas por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Outra t?cnica desenvolvida para atender a produ??o e caracteriza??o dos filmes produzidos nesse trabalho foi o caloteste. Ele se utiliza de uma esfera e abrasivo para marcar a amostra com uma impress?o de calota, com essa forma de calota ? poss?vel calcular a espessura do filme. Atrav?s do tempo de vida do c?todo, foi poss?vel avaliar a taxa de desgaste do seu material para as diferentes condi??es de trabalho. Valores de taxa de desgaste at? 3,2 x 10-6 g/s foram verificados. Para uma dist?ncia do substrato de 11 mm, o filme depositado ficou limitado a uma ?rea circular de 22 mm de di?metro para press?es altas e uma ?rea circular de 75 mm para faixa de press?o. Os filmes obtidos apresentaram espessura em torno de 2,1 ?m, mostrando que a descarga de arco de c?todo oco em arg?nio obedece a uma curva caracter?stica da tens?o com o tempo de vida do eletrodo. A taxa de deposi??o obtida neste sistema ? de aproximadamente 0,18 ?m/min

No description available.

Dans le contexte actuel où l’évolution des systèmes sans-fil est jugée importante, il estnécessaire de pouvoir réduire les pollutions électromagnétiques qui limitent l’acceptabilité descommunications et la cohabitation des systèmes. D’une façon générale, les besoins de contrôle durayonnement des antennes miniatures répondent donc à une demande croissante pour améliorer lesportées mais aussi pour limiter les interférences dans les systèmes sans-fil. Ces dernières années,malgré le développement connu dans les domaines des antennes, la question du contrôle durayonnement des antennes miniatures connait plusieurs barrières empêchant leur déploiementtechnologique. L’approche retenue dans le cadre de cette thèse est le développement de nouveauxconcepts de contrôle du rayonnement des antennes miniatures par la mise en oeuvre de différentestechniques. Cette étude a pour objectif de soulever quelques questions concernant un sujet d’étude peuexploré. / In the current context where the evolution of communicating objects is important indifferent growing fields such as: localization, wireless multimedia systems, etc., controlling theradiation pattern of antennas is one of the most important issues for future radio communicationsystems. In recent years, despite the growth experienced in the areas of antennas, the issue of smallantennas radiation control knows several barriers preventing their deployment. This thesis focuses onthe analysis of the problem of controlling the radiation pattern of small antennas and aims to raisesome questions about a little-explored subject of study. This work gives an approach using differenttechniques to develop new concepts of controlling the radiation pattern of antennas.