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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Competing Orders in URu2Si2 : from ordered magnetism to spin liquid phases / Ordres en compétition dans URu2Si2 : de l’ordre magnétique aux phases de liquide de spin

Silva de Farias, Carlene Paula 10 April 2017 (has links)
L’objectif central de cette thèse est d’étudier des phases ordonnées en compétition dans des matériaux magnétiques présentant une structure cristalline tétragonale centrée.Ce travail est divisé en deux parties principales. Dans la première, nous présentons les résultats de notre étude de la compétition entre des états ordonnés antiferromagnétiques et des phases liquides de spin. Nous montrons comment ces dernières peuvent être stabilisées par la frustration géométrique et par une généralisation de la symétrie de spinau groupe SU(n). Les états antiferromagnétiques sont décrits par une théorie d’onde despin et l’analyse de liquide de spin est effectuée par une représentation fermionique des opérateurs de spin. Dans la deuxième partie, nous décrivons une théorie effective pour dércrire des expériences de diffusion Raman. Nous fournissons un aperçu de la phase d’ordre caché affichée par le composé de fermions lourds URu2Si2. / The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the competing ordered phases in the metallic heavy fermion compound URu2Si2, which displays a body-centered tetragonallattice. We first provide a study case of the competition between antiferromagnetic(AF) and spin liquid phases. The antiferromagnetic state is study with spin-wave theory. Whereas the spin liquid analysis has been carried out in an algebraic spin liquid representation.In the second part, we describe an effective theory for Raman scattering experiments at these particular phases. We provide insight about the hidden order phase displayed by the heavy fermion compound URu2Si2.
32

Glace bidimensionnelle classique et quantique : phases de Coulomb et phases ordonnées / Classical and quantum two-dimensional ice : Coulomb and ordered phases

Henry, Louis-Paul 29 November 2013 (has links)
La frustration – c'est-à-dire la présence d'interactions de nature compétitive – donne lieu à des effets de grande complexité en physique. La glace – aussi bien la phase bien connue de l'eau, que ses analogues magnétiques, dites « glaces de spin » – en offre un exemple remarquable. Pour des interactions à courte portée et des degrés de liberté classiques, son état fondamental est infiniment dégénéré, et comporte en outre des corrélations à longue portée induites par une contrainte locale, caractéristiques de la phase dite de Coulomb. Ses excitations élémentaires correspondent au retournement d'un dipôle qui se « fractionnalise » en deux monopôles. Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à la stabilité de cette phase de Coulomb dans la glace bidimensionnelle – réalisée aussi bien comme glace de protons dans des composés organiques, que comme glace de spin dans des systèmes nanomagnétiques. Dans le cas classique, les interactions dipolaires – présentes dans les systèmes expérimentaux – déstabilisent la phase de Coulomb dans son état fondamental. Cependant, une déformation de la simple géométrie planaire permet de récupérer cette phase dans un régime où différents états ordonnés entrent en compétition. Dans le cas quantique, les fluctuations dues à un champ magnétique transverse induisent une brisure de symétrie dans l'état fondamental qui, à basse température, cède la place à une phase de Coulomb quantique, réalisant un liquide de spin quantique avec excitations fractionnalisées. Nos résultats sont obtenus à l'aide de méthodes analytiques (analyse harmonique classique et quantique et théorie de perturbations) aussi bien que numériques (Monte Carlo) fondées sur des algorithmes originaux. / Frustration – namely the presence of competing interactions – gives rise to highly complex effects in physics. Ice – be it the well known water ice or its magnetic equivalent, the so-called spin-ice – offers a remarkable example in this context. For short-range interactions and classical degrees of freedom, its ground state is infinitely degenerate, and exhibits long-range correlations induced by a local constraint, characterizing the so-called Coulomb phase. Its elementary excitations correspond to the flip of a dipole “fractionalizing” into two monopoles. In this thesis we are interested in the stability of this Coulomb phase in the two-dimensional ice – realized in the form of a proton ice in organic compounds as well as of spin ice in nanomagnetic systems. In the classical case, dipolar interactions – present in the experimental systems – destabilize the Coulomb phase in the ground state. However, a slight deformation of the simple planar geometry allows to recover this phase in a regime where different ordered states compete with each other. In the quantum case, fluctuations due to a transverse magnetic field induce a symmetry breaking in the ground state, that melts at low temperature into a quantum Coulomb phase, realizing a quantum spin liquid with fractionalized excitations. Our results were obtained with analytical (classical and quantum normal-mode analysis and perturbation theory) as well as numerical techniques (Monte Carlo) based on original algorithms.
33

Ab initio insights into the electronic structure of 3d-systems with linear coordination and triangular-lattice 4f -systems

Zangenehpourzadeh, Ziba 13 January 2021 (has links)
This work outlines the numerical strategies for two sets of problems of great importance in correlated materials research. First, we analyze the electronic structure and magnetic properties of 3d transition metals with linear coordination. Second, we study the mutiplet structure of 4f ions arranged on the 2D triangular-lattice.
34

Growth and Properties of Na2IrO3 Thin Films

Jenderka, Marcus 03 December 2012 (has links)
The layered honeycomb lattice iridate Na2IrO3 is a novel candidate material for either a topological insulator or spin liquid. These states of matter are one possible starting point for the future realization of scalable quantum computation, but may also find application in magnetic memory or low-power electronic devices. This thesis reports on the pulsed laser deposition of high-quality heteroepitaxial (001)-oriented Na2IrO3 thin films with well-defined in-plane epitaxial relationship on 5-by-5 and 10-by-10 square millimeter single-crystalline sapphire, YAlO3 and zinc oxide substrates. Three-dimensional Mott variable range hopping is the dominant conduction mechanism between 40 and 300 K. Moreover, a signature of the proposed topological insulator phase is found in magnetoresistance by observation of the weak antilocalization effect that is associated with topological surafce states. Compared to single crystals, a smaller, 200-meV optical gap in Na2IrO3 thin films is found by Fourier-transform infrared transmission spectroscopy.
35

Thermal transport in a two-dimensional Kitaev spin liquid

Pidatella, Angelo 15 November 2019 (has links)
Quantum spin liquids represent a novel phase of magnetic matter where quantum fluctuations are large enough to suppress the formation of local order parameters, even down to zero temperature. Quantum spin liquid states can emerge from frustrated quantum magnets. These states show several peculiar properties, such as topological order, fractional excitations, and long-range entanglement. The Kitaev spin model on the honeycomb lattice is one of the few models proposed which can exactly show the existence of a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ quantum spin liquid. The model describes spins featuring frustrated compass interactions, and it exhibits a quantum spin liquid ground state. The model's ground state can be found exactly by representing spins in terms of Majorana fermions. It turns out that spin excitations fractionalize into two degrees of freedom: spinless matter fermions and flux excitations of the emergent $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory. Recently, possible solid-state realizations of Kitaev quantum spin liquids have been proposed in a class of frustrated Mott insulators. Unfortunately, experiments can not unambiguously identify quantum spin liquids, due to their elusive nature. Nevertheless, indirect observations on a spin liquid state can be done by looking at its excitations. Along this line, thermal transport investigations provide for an option to study heat-carrying excitations, and thus the properties of the related spin liquid state. In this doctoral thesis work, I performed a study of longitudinal thermal transport properties in the two-dimensional Kitaev spin model. This study aims to advance the understanding of transport in prototypical frustrated quantum magnets that might harbor Kitaev physics, and in particular quantum spin liquid states. For this purpose, I explored the model for varying exchange coupling regimes $-$ to underline the impact of anisotropy on transport $-$ and I studied transport over a wide range of temperatures. Transport properties have been explored within the formalism of the linear response theory. Based on the latter, thermal transport coefficients can be evaluated by calculating dynamical energy-current auto-correlation functions. First, I performed an analytical study of the uniform gauge sector of the model $-$ where excitations of gauge degrees of freedom are neglected. Analytical findings for the energy-current correlations, and their related transport coefficients, imply a finite-temperature ballistic heat conductor in terms of free matter fermion excitations $-$ independent of exchange couplings. Second, thermal transport has been studied at finite temperatures, considering thermal gauge excitations off the uniform gauge sector. For this purpose, I made use of two complementary numerical methods able to treat finite-temperature systems. On the one hand, I resorted on the exact diagonalization of the Kitaev Hamiltonian given in terms of fermions and a real-space dependent $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge potential, to study relatively small systems. On the other hand, I used an approximate method based on a mean-field treatment of thermal gauge fluctuations. The method allowed to extend the study of thermal transport to systems with up to $\sim\mathcal{O}(10^4)$ spinful sites. It made possible the computation of correlation functions by reducing the exact trace over all gauge states to an average over dominant gauge states suited to a given temperature range. The reliability of the method has been checked by comparing to numerically exact thermodynamics of systems. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the method has been restricted to a temperature range where the mean-field treatment of gauge fluctuations is acceptable. Within such temperature range, the method succeeded in well reproducing exact results. The prime advantage of this method is its capability to reveal important features in the energy-current correlation spectra, not captured by the exact diagonalization approach because of finite-size effects. I found that the energy-current correlation spectra, in the presence of thermal gauge excitations, show clear signatures of spin fractionalization. In particular, the low-energy part of spectra displays features arising from a temperature-dependent matter-fermion density relaxation off an emergent thermal gauge disorder. This static gauge disorder also leads to the appearance of a pseudogap in the zero-frequency limit, which closes in the thermodynamic limit. The extracted dc heat conductivity is consequently influenced by this interplay between matter fermions and gauge degrees of freedom. The anisotropy in the exchange couplings moves Kitaev systems through gapless and gapped phases of the matter fermion sector. Effects of anisotropy are visible in the dc conductivities which display a low-temperature dependence crossing over from power-law to exponentially activated behavior upon entering the gapped phase. Therefore, I found that in the thermodynamic limit, two-dimensional Kitaev systems feature dissipative transport, regardless of exchange couplings. This finding is in contrast to the ballistic transport found discarding gauge excitations in the uniform gauge sector, which underlines the relevance of gauge degrees of freedom in thermal transport properties of Kitaev systems.
36

Magnets with disorder and interactions:: dilution in novel spin liquids and dynamics of driven disordered spin chains

Rehn, Jorge Armando 03 February 2017 (has links)
A very important step in the art of cooking up models for the study of natural phenomena is the identification of the relevant ingredients. Taking into account too many details will lead to an overly complicated model, not at all useful to work with, but neglecting some crucial elements will lead to an equally useless model. So it is often the case that the actual experimental situation presents unavoidable sources of local randomness, whilst the analysed phenomenon does not really rely on presence/absence of such imperfections. For some other set of phenomena, however, disorder can play a crucial role, and must be carefully taken into account. Such is for example the case in certain phases of matter, the spin-glass phase, or the many-body localised phase. In this thesis we explore disorder in both of these situations and also as a theoretical means of testing the regime of liquidity in certain two-dimensional highly frustrated magnetic models. The focus here is placed on classical Heisenberg models defined on lattices consisting of clusters all sites of which interact mutually pairwise. This natural way to introduce frustration has been known in the literature to lead to so-called Coulomb spin-liquids, the single class of classical spin-liquids acknowledged to exist so far in Heisenberg models. Here we show that in fact two different classes of classical spin-liquids can be obtained from similarly defined frustrated models. In one of these, algebraic correlations exist at $T=0$, similar to the Coulomb phase, but the system exhibits a rather different low$-T$ effective action from the Coulomb phase. In the other class, the spin-liquid has spin correlations that decay exponentially with distance, with a correlation length smaller than a lattice spacing even at $T=0$. One special effect of disorder in these models, considered in the form of dilution by non-magnetic impurities, is to nucleate local degrees of freedom, so-called orphans, which express the concomitant spin-liquid phase through their non-trivial fractionalisation. When the associated spin-liquid exhibit algebraic correlations, it is also possible to find new effective spin-glass models as an effective $T=0$ description for interactions between the orphans, leading to so-called `random Coulomb magnets'. One part of this thesis is devoted to the first study of these new models. This investigation consists mainly of Monte Carlo simulations and numerical solution of the relevant large$-n$ equations ($n$ being the number of spin components). A clear spin-glass transition for infinitely large coupling strength is determined for the case of spins with an infinite number of components. The results presented on the situation for a finite number of spin components are more of an exploratory character, and large-scale simulations with further optimization schemes to ensure equilibration are still required to locate the transition. The final investigation treated in this thesis deals with the dynamics in a quantum model with disorder displaying the many-body localized phase, where in addition a periodic drive is applied. For a certain range of driving frequencies and amplitudes, it was found recently that the many-body localized phase is robust. These pioneering studies restricted themselves to an analysis of the stability of such a phase in the long time limit, while very little was known about the dynamics towards the asymptotic fate. Our study focuses on this aspect, and analyses the different dynamical behaviors as one varies the driving parameters, so that the many-body localized phase survives or is destroyed by the driving. We discover that on the border between these two asymptotic fates, a new dynamical behavior emerges, where the system heats up at a very slow, logarithmic in time, rate. / Die Bestimmung der wichtigsten Bestandteile stellt einen sehr wichtigen Schritt in der Kunst des Erstellens von Modellen dar. Die Annahme von zu vielen Details ergibt ein sehr kompliziertes, zu nichts zu gebrauchendes Modell, doch die Vernachlässigung von bedeutenden Zusammenhängen führt ebenfalls zu einem unbrauchbaren Ergebnis. Es ist so z.B. häufig der Fall, dass ein Experiment unter dem Einfluss von unvermeindlichen lokalen Zufälligkeiten steht, die allerdings kaum einen Einfluss auf ein beobachtetes Phänomen haben. Für gewisse Phänomene spielt Unordnung jedoch eine wesentliche Rolle und sie muss sehr genau in Betracht gezogen werden. Das ist für bestimmte Phasen, wie beispielsweise Spinglas oder die Vielteilchen-Lokalisation, der Fall. In dieser Dissertation untersuchen wir ungeordnete Systeme, die solche Phasen aufweisen. Außerdem verwenden wir Unordnung als ein theoretisches Werkzeug für die Analyse von bestimmten `Spinflüssigkeiten' in zweidimensionalen Spinmodellen. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf klassischen Heisenberg Modellen definiert auf Gittern, die aus einer Anordnung von Clustern bestehen, sodass jede einzelne paarweise Heisenberg-Wechselwirkung innerhalb eines Clusters stattfindet. Dadurch weist das System geometrische Frustration auf und in mehreren Fällen tritt eine sogennante Coulomb Spinflüssigkeit ---die bislang einzig bekannte Klasse von klassischen Spinflüssigkeit in Heisenberg Modellen--- auf. Wir zeigen, dass mindestens zwei weitere Arten von klassischen Spinflüssigkeiten in solchen Modellen zu finden sind. Für die eine Klasse sind Spinkorrelationen zu erwarten, die algebraisch mit der Entfernung bei $T=0$ abnehmen, ähnlich wie für eine Coulomb Phase. Diese neu entdeckte Spinflüssigkeit lässt sich jedoch von der Coulomb Phase durch eine neue effektive Tieftemperatur-Theorie unterscheiden. Für die andere Klasse von Spinflüssigkeiten sind die Spinkorrelationen kurzreichweitig, und selbst bei $T=0$ nehmen sie exponentiell ab, mit einer Korrelationslänge, die kleiner als ein Gitterabstand ist. Unordnung, in der Form von nicht-magnetischen Störstellen, kann lokale Freiheitsgrade entstehen lassen (diese werden in der Literatur auch als `Orphans', Waisen, bezeichnet). Die Orphans verweisen durch ihre `Fraktionierung' eindeutig auf die nicht trivialen Korrelationen der spinflüssigen Phase. Falls die Spinflüssigkeit algebraische Korrelationen aufweist, findet man auch langreichweitige Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Orphans bei $T=0$. Dies führt zu neuen Spinglasmodellen, sogenannten `Random Coulomb Magnets'. Ein Teil dieser Dissertation ist der Untersuchung solcher Modelle gewidmet. Diese Untersuchung besteht hauptsächlich aus Monte Carlo Simulationen und numerischer Lösung der relevanten Large-$n$ Gleichungen (wobei $n$ hier auf die Anzahl an Spinkomponenten hinweist). In dem Fall von Spins mit unendlich vielen Spinkomponenten können wir einen eindeutigen Spinglas Phasenübergang für eine unendlich große Kopplungsstärke bestimmen. Die entsprechenden Ergebnisse für den Fall von Spins mit einer endlichen Anzahl an Spinkomponenten sind von einem exploratorischen Charakter. Zusätzliche Simulationen, die möglicherweise weitere Optimierungsschema verwenden um Äquilibrium zu gewährleisten, sind noch von nöten um eine eindeutige Aussage über den Übergang in solchen Fällen zu treffen. Der letzte Teil dieser Dissertation widmet sich der Untersuchung der Dynamik eines ungeordneten Quantenmodells. Das ausgewählte Modell weist die sogennante Vielteilchen-lokalisierte Phase auf, und wir untersuchen insbesondere den Effekt eines periodischen Antriebs auf die Dynamik des Systems. Für eine bestimmte Auswahl der Antriebs-frequenz und -amplitude, wurde es bereits vor kurzem bewiesen, dass die Vielteilchen-lokalisierte Phase diese Störung übersteht. Unsere Studie ist darauf ausgelegt, wie sich die Dynamik des Systems durch Variation der Antriebsparameter ändert, so dass die Vielteilchen-lokalisierte Phase für lange Zeit entweder den Antrieb übersteht oder von ihm zerstört wird. Wir konnten dadurch entdecken, dass an der Grenze zwischen diesen beiden Fällen ein neues dynamisches Verhalten entsteht, bei der das System eine sehr langsame, logarithmisch mit der Zeit, Erwärmung aufweist.
37

Magnetic-Field-Driven Quantum Phase Transitions of the Kitaev Honeycomb Model

Ronquillo, David Carlos 11 September 2020 (has links)
No description available.
38

Magnetic Interactions in Systems with Strong Spin-Orbit Coupling

Eldeeb, Mohamed Sabry 09 July 2024 (has links)
In the context of the search and tuning for novel magnetic materials, transition metal compounds exhibit remarkable features where the spin-orbit interaction is crucial. The collective interactions between various effects, like spins and charges, create different classes of unique magnetic systems. For heavy transition-metal compounds, the strength of spin-orbital coupling is enhanced. The jeff. = 1/2 Mott insulating state emerges from the combination of the spin-orbit interaction and the electronic correlations. The quantum-chemistry methods are employed in this thesis to investigate single- and two-site magnetic interactions of the selected transition-metal compounds. We also provide different estimations for the single- and two-site magnetic interactions based on the level of calculation accuracy. In this thesis, we apply ab initio quantum-chemistry methods to explore the electronic and magnetic properties of several d/f compounds. The thesis structure is as follows: In Chapter 1, the introduction of the thesis provides a short discussion of the electronic correlations and magnetism in transition metal compounds. In Chapter 2, the fundamentals of the quantum chemistry wavefunction-based approach are covered. This chapter gives an overview of the applied methods in this thesis. In Chapter 3, we discuss the quantum chemistry approach to investigate the material candidates to host Kitaev physics. The technique to obtain the strength of two-site magnetic couplings, including the Kitaev coupling, is discussed in-depth. In Chapter 4, we apply the technique, which is described in Chapter 3, to investigate the two-site magnetic interactions in the H3LiIr2O6, and Cu2IrO2 compounds as Kitaev candidates. The two-site magnetic couplings are reported in these compounds. In Chapter 5, we use quantum chemistry methods to investigate the on-site electronic and magnetic properties in the KCeO2 compound where 4f1 Ce3+ ions form a triangular two-dimensional lattice with sites of effective spin-1/2. Similar ytterbiumbased delafossites had been investigated as candidates for quantum spin liquid ground states. The absence of ordinary magnetic order is characteristic of quantum spinliquid states where quantum entanglements and fractionalized excitations are enriched. In Chapter 6, the magnetic properties of Co 3d8 ions doped in the Li3N crystalline solid are discussed. The results of the quantum chemistry investigation are been set side by side along with the experiment’s results. The Co ion in such a rare environment gives rise to single-site magnetism of an easy-plane anisotropy.:Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 Electronic correlations and magnetism in transition metal compounds ...........1 1.2 Thesis outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Quantum chemistry methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Many-electron Hartree-Fock approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Multi-configurational self-consistent field and multi-reference configuration methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4 Spin-orbit interaction and g-factors calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.5 Embedded cluster approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3 Quantum chemistry investigation of Kitaev material candidates . . . . . . . . . . .21 3.1 Introduction to the Kitaev model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2 Kitaev materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3 Two-site quantum chemistry calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.4 Effective Model of Two Spin-1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.5 Non-canonical correspondence between two-site QC results and the effective Hamiltonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.6 Pseudospin coordinate system and canonical correspondence between two-site QC results and the effective Hamiltonian . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.7 Signs of the g-tensor in the Kitaev limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4 Kitaev material candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2 Details of QC calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.3 QC investigation of H3LiIr2O6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.4 QC investigation of Cu2IrO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.5 Impact of local symmetries on the obtained sets of magnetic couplings ......... 82 4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5 Ce ions in two-dimensional triangular spin-1/2 lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.1 Spin-1/2 frustrated triangular lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2 Correlated 4f -compounds as frustrated triangular lattices . . . . . . 94 5.3 Crystal structure of KCeO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.4 QC results for the electronic structure of Ce3+ ions in KCeO2 . . . . 100 5.5 The competition of SOC and crystal field splittings in KCeO2 . . . . 102 5.6 Chapter summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6 Co-ion substitutes with linear coordination in Li3N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.2 Crystal structure of Li2(Li(1−x)Cox)N and spectroscopic measurements .......112 6.3 QC computational details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6.4 Ab initio QC investigation of the Co+ 3d8 electronic structure doped into Li3N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.5 Chapter summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
39

Liquides de spin dans les modèles antiferromagnétiques quantiques sur réseaux bi-dimensionnels frustrés

Iqbal, Yasir 24 September 2012 (has links) (PDF)
La recherche de phases magnétiques exotiques de la matière qui fondent même à T=0 uniquement sous l'action des fluctuations quantiques a été long et ardu, à la fois théoriquement et expérimentalement. La percée est venue récemment avec la découverte de l'Herbertsmithite, un composé formant un réseau kagome parfait avec des moments magnétiques de spin-1/2. Des expériences pionnières, mêlant des mesures de NMR, µSR et de diffusion de neutrons, ont montré une absence totale de gel ou d'ordre des moments magnétiques de spin, fournissant ainsi une forte signature d'une phase paramgnétique quantique. Théoriquement, l'Herbertsmithite est extrêmement bien modélisé par le modèle de Heisenberg quantique antiferromagnétique pour des spins-1/2 sur le réseau kagome, problème qui n'a pas été résolu jusqu'à présent. Plusieurs méthodes approximatives numériques et analytiques ont donné différents états fondamentaux, allant des liquides de spins Z2 gappés et un liquide de spins exotique algébrique U(1) de Dirac aux liquides de spins chiraux et les cristaux à liaisons de valence. Dans cette thèse, le problème est traité dans le cadre d'une approche particule-esclave fermionique, à savoir le formalisme des fermions de Schwinger SU(2). Il est conclu qu'un liquide de spins sans gap algébrique de Dirac a l'énergie variationnelle la plus basse et peut en fait constituer un vrai état fondamental physique de liquide de spins. Une implémentation sophistiquée de méthodes numériques de pointes comme le Monte-Carlo variationnel, le Monte-Carlo fonctions de Green et l'application de pas Lanczos dans un schéma variationnel ont été utilisés. Il est montré que contrairement à la croyance habituelle, le liquide de spins de Dirac U(1) projeté en "2+1" dimensions est remarquablement robuste par rapport à une large classe de perturbations, incluant les liquides de spins topologiques Z2 et les cristaux à liaisons de valence. De plus, l'application de deux pas Lanczos sur la fonction d'onde du liquide de spins de Dirac U(1) montre que son énergie est compétitive avec celles proposées pour les liquides de spins topologiques Z2. Ce résultat, combiné avec les indications expérimentales qui pointent vers un liquide de spins sans gap pour l'Herbertsmithite, appuie l'affirmation que le vrai état fondamental de ce modèle est en fait un liquide de spins algébrique de Dirac.
40

Nouveaux états quantiques de spin induits par frustration magnétique sur le réseau kagome / New quantum spin states induced by magnetic frustration on the kagome lattice

Kermarrec, Edwin 05 December 2012 (has links)
La déstabilisation de l’ordre antiferromagnétique de Néel au profit de nouvelles phases quantiques à température nulle à deux dimensions est envisageable grâce au phénomène de frustration magnétique. Le modèle théorique de spins Heisenberg S=1/2 répartis sur le réseau bidimensionnel frustré kagome, constitué de triangles joints uniquement par leurs sommets, est susceptible de stabiliser des phases quantiques originales de liquides de spin, qui ne présentent aucune brisure de symétrie à T = 0. Cette thèse a été consacrée à l’étude expérimentale de deux types de composés de spins S=1/2 (Cu2+) à géométrie kagome à l’aide de techniques spectroscopiques locales, la RMN et la μSR, ainsi que de mesures thermodynamiques (susceptibilité magnétique, chaleur spécifique). Dans Mg-herbertsmithite, la frustration est générée par une interaction d’échange premiers voisins antiferromagnétique J et est responsable d’un comportement liquide de spin jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de J/10000. Par rapport au composé isostructural antérieur, Zn-herbertsmithite, nous avons montré qu’il possédait des propriétés physiques similaires tout en permettant une caractérisation fine du taux de défauts de substitutions Cu/Mg. Nos expériences réalisées à partir d’échantillons contrôlés permettent d’étudier finement l’origine des plateaux de relaxation observés en μSR à basse température en lien avec l’existence des défauts de spins interplans. La kapellasite et l’haydéite possèdent des interactions ferromagnétiques (J1) et antiferromagnétiques (Jd), offrant la possibilité d’explorer le diagramme de phases générées par la compétition de ces interactions sur le réseau kagome. Pour la kapellasite, nos mesures de μSR démontrent le caractère liquide de spin jusqu’à T ≈ J1/1000. La dépendance en température de la susceptibilité magnétique sondée par RMN du 35Cl ainsi que de la chaleur spécifique permettent d’évaluer le rapport Jd/J1 = 0.85, qui localise classiquement son fondamental au sein d’une phase originale de spins non coplanaires à 12 sous-réseaux appelée cuboc2. Les interactions présentes dans l’haydéite localisent son fondamental au sein de la phase ferromagnétique, en bon accord avec nos mesures qui indiquent une transition partielle à caractère ferromagnétique à T = 4 K. Cette étude confirme la pertinence du réseau kagome frustré pour la stabilisation de phases quantiques originales et démontre l’existence d’une nouvelle phase liquide de spin sur ce réseau, distincte de celle attendue pour des spins couplés antiferromagnétiquement. / Magnetic frustration helps destabilizing conventional Néel order at T = 0 in dimensions 2, and therefore allows the emergence of new original quantum phases. The S=1/2 Heisenberg Hamiltonian on the highly frustrated kagome lattice, which is made of corner-sharing triangles, is expected to stabilize such quantum states, including the spin liquid ones which do not break any symmetry even at T = 0. This thesis work focuses on the experimental study of two kinds of S=1/2 (Cu2+) kagome compounds using NMR and μSR local probes as well as thermodynamic measurements (magnetic susceptibility, specific heat).In Mg-herbertsmithite magnetic frustration occurs thanks to a first nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interaction J and is responsible for the spin liquid behavior observed down to T = J/10000. In comparison with the formerly known isostructural counterpart Zn-herbertsmithite, we showed that it shares similar physical magnetic properties while allowing sensitive structural refinements and therefore a control of the level of Cu/Mg substitutions defects. Our experiments performed on such well controlled materials allow us to investigate the origin of the dynamical relaxation in these compounds in relation with the existence of interplane spins defects. Kapellasite and haydeite possess both ferromagnetic (J1) and antiferromagnetic (Jd) interactions. They offer the possibility to explore the phase diagram generated by such competing interactions on the kagome lattice. For kapellasite, our μSR experiments evidenced a spin liquid character down to T ≈ J1/1000. We tracked the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility probed by 35Cl-NMR as well as of the specific heat, from which the ratio Jd/J1 = 0.85 can be evaluated. This ratio locates the ground-state of kapellasite to be within an original non-coplanar spin phase described by 12 magnetic sublattices and called cuboc2. Magnetic exchanges in haydeite locate its ground-state within the ferromagnetic phase. Both our local and thermodynamic measurements point to a partial ferromagnetic transition at T = 4 K. This study confirms the relevance of the frustrated quantum kagome lattice to stabilize original quantum phases and suggests the existence of a new spin liquid phase, distinct from the one expected for antiferromagnetically coupled spins.

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