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Pesquisadores têm buscado métodos confiáveis, não invasivos, práticos e de baixo custo para avaliar a flexibilidade da coluna vertebral. O instrumento Flexicurva consiste em uma régua de metal flexível coberta de plástico que moldado nas costas do indivíduo replica a forma da coluna vertebral. Alguns estudos propõem seu uso para avaliar a flexibilidade da coluna lombar no plano sagital, no entanto, a validade e a reprodutibilidade desse instrumento para a coluna torácica ainda não foi pesquisada. Neste contexto, essa dissertação apresenta dois estudos, cujos foram: (Estudo 1) identificar, a partir de uma revisão sistemática,quais são os métodos e instrumentos utilizados a para avaliar a flexibilidade da coluna vetebral torácica e lombar no plano sagital que apresentem validade e/ou repetibilidade e/ou reprodutibilidade confirmados, evidenciando seus respectivos índices psicométricos; (Estudo 2) avaliar se o Flexicurva é capaz de fornecer informações válidas e reprodutíveis para avaliação da flexibilidade de flexão e extensão da curvatura torácica e lombar. Para o Estudo1 foram realizadas buscas no banco de dados BIREME, EMBASE, PEDro, PubMed, Science Direct, SCOPUS e Web of Science, além de buscas manuais. Dois revisores independentes realizaram a seleção dos estudos, avaliaram a qualidade metodológica, o risco de viés e extraíram os dados. O sistema GRADE foi utilizado para avaliar a qualidade da evidencia. Foram incluídos 46 estudos, dos quais foram extraídos o número de participantes, o protocolo de avaliação e os índices psicométricos. Apenas sete estudos foram incluídos na análise quantitativa por meio de metanálise, suportando que há evidência científica apenas no que diz respeito à reprodutibilidade interavaliador do instrumento fita métrica no teste de Schöber modificado para o movimento de flexão lombar e a reprodutibilidade intra-avaliador dos instrumentos Flexicurva e sistema de análise de vídeo para os movimentos de extensão e flexão lombar. Para o Estudo 2, na avaliação da reprodutibilidade, 38 indivíduos tiveram a flexibilidade da coluna torácica e lombar avaliada nas posições em flexão e em extensão máximas. O molde com o Flexicurva foi realizado no mesmo dia, por três avaliadores (reprodutibilidade inter-avaliador); um avaliador realizou uma nova avaliação com um intervalo de sete dias (reprodutibilidade teste-reteste e intra-avaliador). Para avaliação da validade, 50 indivíduos foram avaliados com o Flexicurva e com o sistema de vídeo BTS Smart-DX (BTS Bioengineering, EUA) no primeiro dia, nas mesmas posições em flexão e em extensão máximasda coluna torácica e lombar. Os seguintes testes estatísticos foram utilizados: (1) para a validade: Coeficiente de Correlação Produto-momento de Pearson (r), Análise gráfica de Bland Altman, teste t independente e Erro RMS; (2) para a análise da reprodutibilidade teste-reteste, intra e interavaliador: ICC, SEM e MDC. (<0,05). Os resultados mostraram para a reprodutibilidade intraavaliador ICCs excelentes; reprodutibilidade teste-reteste ICCs de satisfatórios a pobre; e reprodutibilidade interavaliador ICCs satisfatórios para todas as variáveis. Os valores de SEM e MDC variaram de 0,9° a 8,3° e 0,4° a 16,3°, respectivamente. Quanto à validade do Flexicurva, encontrou-se correlação variando de excelente a fraca e erro RMS de 7,6° a 18,2°. Com base no Estudo 1, conclui-se que os resultados da revisão sistemática indicam baixa evidência científica sobre a validade, repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade dos 4 instrumentos e métodos indicados para a avaliação da flexibilidade da coluna vertebral torácica e lombar. Com base no Estudo 2,conclui-se que os resultados da reprodutibilidade devem ser vistos com prudência, devido aos altos valores de SEM e MDC, que indicam, em média, um erro de medida associado. Embora níveis aceitáveis de validade do Flexicurva tenham sido encontrados, sua utilização na flexão torácica e extensão lombar deve ser cautelosa. / Researchers have looking for reliable, non-invasive, practical and inexpensive methods to assess spine flexibility. The Flexicurve instrument consists of a flexible metal ruler covered in plastic and can be molded on the back of the individual, replicating the shape of the spine. Some studies propose its use to evaluate the flexibility of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane, however, a validity and a reproducibility of this instrument for a thoracic spine has not been researched yet. In this context, this study presents two studies, which were: (Study 1) to identify, from a systematic review, the methods and instruments used to evaluate the flexibility of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column in the sagittal plane that have confirmed validity and/ or repeatability and/ or reproducibility, evidencing their respective indexes psychometric; (Study 2) to access whether Flexicurve is capable of providing valid and reproducible information for assessing the flexibility of flexion and extension of the thoracic and lumbar curvature. For Study 1, searches were performed on BIREME, EMBASE, PEDro, PubMed, Science Direct, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, as well as manual searches. Two independent reviewers selected the studies, assessed methodological quality, risk of bias, and extracted data. The GRADE system was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. We included 46 studies, from which the number of participants, the evaluation protocol and the psychometric indexes were extracted. Only seven studies were included in the quantitative analysis by means of meta-analysis, supporting that there is scientific evidence only regarding the interobserver reproducibility of the metric tape measure instrument in the modified Schöber test for the lumbar flexion movement and the intra-observer reproducibility of the Flexicurve instruments and video analysis system for the movements of extension and lumbar flexion. For Study 2, in the evaluation of reproducibility, 38 subjects had the flexibility of the thoracic and lumbar spine evaluated at the positions of maximal flexion and extension. The model with Flexicurve was performed on the same day by three evaluators (inter-observer reproducibility); an evaluator performed a new evaluation with a seven-day interval (test-retest and intra-rater reproducibility). To evaluate the validity, 50 subjects were evaluated with the Flexicurva and BTS Smart-DX video system (BTS Bioengineering, USA) on the first day, in the same positions at maximal flexion and extension of the thoracic and lumbar spine. The following statistical tests were used: (1) for validity: Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r), Bland Altman graphical analysis, independent t-test and RMS error; (2) for the analysis of test-retest, intra and inter-rater reproducibility: ICC, SEM and MDC (<0,05). The results showed for intra-observer reproducibility excellent ICCs; Reproducibility test-retest ICCs ranged from satisfactory to poor; and interobserver reproducibility ICCs was satisfactory for all variables. The SEM and MDC values ranged from 0,9° to 8,3° and 0,4° to 16,3°, respectively. Regarding the validity of Flexicurve, correlation was found ranging from excellent to weak and RMS error from 7,6° to 18,2°. Based on Study 1, it is concluded that the results of the systematic review indicate low scientific evidence on the validity, repeatability and reproducibility of the instruments and methods indicated for assessing the flexibility of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Based on Study 2, it is concluded that the reproducibility results should be viewed with caution, due to high SEM and MDC values, which indicate, on average, an associated measurement error. Although acceptable levels of Flexicurve validity have been found, its use in chest flexion and lumbar extension should be cautious.

Tem sido apontado que tanto a avaliação da flexibilidade e/ou mobilidade corporal, quanto à avaliação da postura estática configuram um aspecto importante de ser observado antes de começar uma intervenção postural. Embora a flexibilidade seja primordial na estratégia para o movimento do corpo no espaço, ainda são incipientes as evidências acerca da relação entre a postura estática e a mobilidade da coluna vertebral. Visando fornecer subsídios para a compreensão dessa questão, a presente dissertação foi dividida em dois estudos: Estudo 1 – Objetivou investigar se existem evidencias de correlação entre flexibilidade e/ou mobilidade corporal com a postura estática. Esse estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos randomizados e seguiu as recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane. Com as palavras chave “Static Posture”, “Flexibility” e “Mobility”, realizou-se uma pesquisa nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Science, Embase e Bireme. Foram lidos na íntegra 51 estudos, após crivo dos critérios de elegibilidade (apresentação dos resultados do teste de correlação ou associação entre variáveis da postura estática e de mobilidade no plano sagital, evidenciando o grau e o sentido da relação). Destes, foram incluídos oito estudos, todos com alta qualidade metodológica, tendo a presente revisão forte força de evidência científica. Em linhas gerais, conclui-se que a presente RS apresenta evidências de que a flexibilidade corporal está relaciona com a postura corporal. E que apesar da maioria dos estudos incluídos concordarem entre si e apresentaram valores de correlação diferentes, estas diferenças podem ser explicadas devido à individualidade da flexibilidade corporal que irá apresentar padrões posturais diferentes Estudo 2 – A partir de uma amostra de 82 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos (Padrão Postural Posterior - PPP e Padrão Postural Anterior - PPA), objetivou-se correlacionar as variáveis posturais estáticas (Padrões Posturais, ângulo das curvaturas dorsal, lombar e inclinação da pelve, também pulsão da pelve), obtidas pela avaliação postural estática no plano sagital utilizando a fotogrametria, com a flexibilidade da coluna vertebral e dos isquiotibiais nos movimentos de flexão e extensão mensurados pelo flexímetro. Na análise estatística foram utilizados os seguintes testes: teste de correlação Momento-Produto de Pearson, teste de correlação de Spearman, teste de correlação de Kendall’s tau-b, teste t independente ou o teste de Mann Whitney, teste t pareado e teste qui-quadrado. (<0,05). Na comparação entre os grupos, o grupo PPA apresentou valores significativamente maiores em relação ao grupo PPP para: ADM de Extensão da CV [t = 566,5, p = 0,011], Lordose Lombar (LL) [t (80) = 2,44, p ≤ 0,05] e Inclinação da Pelve (IP) [t (80) = 4,970, p≤0,001]; e valores significativamente menores para a Cifose Dorsal (CD) [t (80) = -5,99, p ≤ 0,001]. Quanto aos resultados de correlação, no grupo PPA houve correlação significativa e inversa entre a CD com a ADM de Extensão da CV (r=-0,34; p=0,027); e no grupo PPP houve correlação significativa e direta entre a CD com o Movimento de Flexão da CV (r=0,31; p=0,001), entre a CD com a ADM de isquiostibiais (r=0,26; p=0,044) e entre a LL com o Movimento de Flexão da CV (r=0,42; p=0,001) Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que para os indivíduos PPA existe correlação entre a Cifose Dorsal e a ADM extensão da CV e para os indivíduos PPP, entre a Cifose Dorsal e Lordose Lombar com o movimento de Flexão da CV e entre a Cifose Dorsal e a ADM isquiostibiais. Esses resultados sugerem que a postura estática das massas tórax – pelve, vista no PS, que é dado por padrões posturais anterior ou posterior à um eixo vertical, está relacionada com a flexibilidade e/ou mobilidade corporal. Logo, ao identificarmos um padrão postural que apresenta uma organização articular e muscular diferente na busca por posicionamento do corpo no espaço, pode-se ter uma melhor compreensão das possíveis restrições de movimento e assim direcionar melhor o tratamento fisioterapêutico postural. / It has been pointed out that both the assessment of flexibility and / or body mobility, and the evaluation of static posture constitute an important aspect to be observed before beginning a postural intervention. Although flexibility is paramount in the strategy for body movement in space, the evidence about the relationship between static posture and spine mobility is still incipient. In order to provide support for the understanding of this issue, the present dissertation was divided into two studies: Study 1 - The objective was to investigate if there is evidence of a correlation between flexibility and / or body mobility with static posture. This study is a systematic review of observational studies and randomized clinical trials and followed the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. With the keywords "Static Posture", "Flexibility" and "Mobility", a search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, Science, Embase and Bireme. A total of 51 studies were read following the eligibility criteria (presentation of the results of the correlation test or association between static and mobility variables in the sagittal plane, showing the degree and the meaning of the relationship). Of these, eight studies were included, all of them with high methodological quality, and the present review has strong evidence base. In general terms, it is concluded that the RS presents evidence that body flexibility is related to body posture. And although most of the included studies agree with each other and have different correlation values, these differences can be explained due to the individuality of the body flexibility that will present different posture patterns Study 2 - A sample of 82 individuals, divided into two groups (Posterior Postural Pattern - PPP and Anterior Postural Pattern - PPA), aimed to correlate the static postural variables (Postural Patterns, dorsal, lumbar and slope curvature angle Of the pelvis, also the pelvic drive), obtained by the static evaluation in the sagittal plane using the photogrammetry, with the flexibility of the spine and the hamstrings in the flexion and extension movements measured by the fleximeter. In the statistical analysis, the following tests were used: Pearson's Moment-Product correlation test, Spearman's correlation test, Kendall's tau-b correlation test, independent t-test or the Mann Whitney test, paired t-test, square. ( <0.05). In the comparison between the groups, the PPA group presented significantly higher values in relation to the PPP group for: CV Extension ADM [t = 566.5, p = 0.011], Lumbosarcoma (LL) [t (80) = 2, 44, p ≤ 0.05] and Pelvic Tilt (PI) [t (80) = 4.970, p≤0.001]; And significantly lower values for Dorsal Kyphosis (CD) [t (80) = -5.99, p ≤ 0.001]. Regarding the correlation results, in the PPA group there was a significant and inverse correlation between the CD with the CV Extension ROM (r = -0.34; p = 0.027); (R = 0.26, p = 0.044), and in the PPP group, there was a significant and direct correlation between the CD with the Flexion Movement of the CV (r = 0.31, p = 0.001) between the CD with the ischiatibial ROM And between the LL with the CV Flexion Movement (r = 0.42, p = 0.001) Based on the results, it is concluded that for PPA individuals there is a correlation between Dorsal Kyphosis and ADM extension of CV and for PPP individuals, between Dorsal Kyphosis and Lumbar Lordosis with CV Flexion movement and between Dorsal Kyphosis And ischiatibial ADM. These results suggest that the static posture of the thorax - pelvis mass, seen in PS, that is given by postural patterns anterior or posterior to a vertical axis, is related to flexibility and / or body mobility. Therefore, when we identify a postural pattern that presents a different articular and muscular organization in the search for positioning of the body in space, we can have a better understanding of the possible restrictions of movement and thus better target the postural physiotherapeutic treatment.

Σκοπός: Πρόκειται για μια προοπτική μελέτη που αφορά στη χειρουργική θεραπεία ασθενών που έπασχαν από εκφυλιστική σπονδυλική στένωση της ΟΜΣΣ σε πολλαπλά επίπεδα (δύο ή περισσότερα). Αποσκοπεί στο να διερευνήσει εάν η συγκεκριμένη χειρουργική τεχνική βελτιώνει τα συμπτώματα των ασθενών και κατά πόσον αυτή η βελτίωση διατηρείται στο χρόνο. Υλικό-Μέθοδος: Σαράντα-ένας ασθενείς συμμετείχαν στην μελέτη, που έλαβε χώρα στην Ορθοπαιδική Κλινική του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, από το 1997 έως το 2004. Οι ασθενείς είχαν συμπληρώσει τουλάχιστον 1 έτος μετεγχειρητικής παρακολούθησης. Ο μ.ο. ηλικίας των ασθενών ήταν 61,02 +_ 9,62 έτη (κυμαινόμενη από 33 έως 79 έτη). Οι ασθενείς προεγχειρητικά υποβάλλονταν σε λεπτομερή ακτινολογικό και κλινικό έλεγχο. Ο ακτινολογικός έλεγχος περιελάμβανε απλές και δυναμικές ακτινογραφίες, αξονική τομογραφία (CT), μαγνητική τομογραφία (MRI) και/ή μυελογραφία με μυελο-CT. Ο κλινικός έλεγχος περιελάμβανε τη συμπλήρωση του ερωτηματολογίου της Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) και της Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Βάσει του προεγχειρητικού ελέγχου 23 ασθενείς έπασχαν από εκφυλιστική στένωση σε 2 σπονδυλικά επίπεδα (περιελάμβανε 3 σπονδύλους), σε 16 ασθενείς είχαν προσβληθεί 3 επίπεδα και 2 ασθενείς είχαν προσβληθεί 4 επίπεδα. Επιπλέον αναδείχθηκε ότι 12 ασθενείς έπασχαν από σκολίωση, 18 ασθενείς από σπονδυλολίσθηση 1ου βαθμού, ενώ 9 ασθενείς από τμηματική αστάθεια. Η κλινική εικόνα των ασθενών περιελάμβανε κυρίως άλγος στην οσφύ και στα κάτω άκρα και/ή νευρογενή διαλείπουσα χωλότητα. Επιπλέον 6 ασθενείς παρουσίαζαν σταδιακά επιδεινούμενη νευρολογική σημειολογία. Η χειρουργική τεχνική περιελάμβανε ευρεία οπίσθια αποσυμπίεση των οστικών και συνδεσμικών δομών. Περιελάμβανε αφαίρεση της ακανθώδους απόφυσης του σπονδυλικού πετάλου και του ωχρού συνδέσμου, ώστε να υπάρξει απελευθέρωση του σπονδυλικού καναλιού οπισθίως. Η αποσυμπίεση εκτείνονταν από το έξω όριο του ενός καναλιού των ριζών έως το έξω όριο του άλλου και αφορούσε όλα τα στενωτικά επίπεδα που εκ των προτέρων είχαν καθοριστεί μέσω, του προεγχειρητικού ελέγχου. Η σταθερότητα της Σ.Σ. επιτυγχανόταν με την τοποθέτηση διαυχενικού συστήματος σπονδυλοδεσίας, που εκτείνονταν ένα σπονδυλικό επίπεδο εκατέρωθεν των επιπέδων αποσυμπίεσης. Το τελικό στάδιο της τεχνικής περιελάμβανε τοποθέτηση μοσχευμάτων για την επίτευξη αρθρόδεσης, τα οποία τοποθετούνταν μεταξύ των εγκαρσίων αποφύσεων. Ο μέσος χειρουργικός χρόνος ήταν 228min (από 120min έως 420min). Η παρακολούθηση των ασθενών μετεγχειρητικά γίνονταν σε ετήσια βάση και περιελάμβανε τη συμπλήρωση της ODI και VAS όσον αφορά στο κλινικό σκέλος και απλές και δυναμικές ακτινογραφίες όσον αφορά στο ακτινολογικό σκέλος. Αποτελέσματα: Ο μέσος χρόνος παρακολούθησης των ασθενών ήταν 3,71 +_ 1,54 έτη (κυμαινόμενος από 1 έτος έως 6 έτη). Η συνολική ποιότητα ζωής των ασθενών, όπως εκτιμάται με την ODI, παρουσίασε στατιστικά σημαντική βελτίωση μετεγχειρητικά, που διατηρήθηκε για όλα τα έτη παρακολούθησης. Συγκεκριμένα από 61,06% προεγχειρητικά, βελτιώθηκε στο 16,30% το 4ο μετεγχειρητικό έτος. Στατιστικά σημαντική βελτίωση παρουσίασε και ο πόνος όπως εκτιμήθηκε με τη VAS. Συγκεκριμένα από 7,88 προεγχειρητικά, βελτιώθηκε σε 2,35 το 4ο μετεγχειρητικό έτος. Εκτιμώντας τις επιμέρους παραμέτρους της ODI, διαπιστώνεται πως η μεγαλύτερη βελτίωση επιτεύχθηκε στο άλγος, στην προσωπική φροντίδα, στην ικανότητα καθίσματος, στην ικανότητα ύπνου και στην ικανότητα για ταξίδι. Στις παραπάνω δραστηριότητες ποσοστό ασθενών μεγαλύτερο από 90% παρουσίαζε φυσιολογική ή σχεδόν φυσιολογική δραστηριότητα, με βαθμολογία ‘0’ ή ‘1’ το 4ο μετεγχειρητικό έτος στην 6βάθμια κλίμακα. Η ακτινολογική παρακολούθηση μετεγχειρητικά ανέδειξε αστάθεια σε παρακείμενο επίπεδο σε 2 ασθενείς (4,87%), θραύση μιας βίδας στον Ι1 σπόνδυλο σε 1 ασθενή (2,43%) και χαλάρωση μιας βίδας σε 1 ασθενή (2,43%). Όλοι οι ανωτέρω ασθενείς υποβλήθηκαν σε νέα επέμβαση. Η πιθανότητα συνεπώς για τους ασθενείς της μελέτης να μην υποβληθούν σε νέα επέμβαση λόγω μηχανικής αποτυχίας της αρχικής επέμβασης, ήταν 90,24%. Οι υπόλοιποι ασθενείς παρουσίασαν στον ακτινολογικό έλεγχο πλήρη πώρωση με συνεχή οστική γεφύρωση μεταξύ των εγκαρσίων αποφύσεων άμφω και σταθερότητα σε παρακείμενα επίπεδα. Τέλος οι 39 ασθενείς (95,12%) δήλωσαν ικανοποιημένοι με το αποτέλεσμα της επέμβασης και ότι θα την επαναλάμβαναν κάτω από τις ίδιες συνθήκες. Συμπέρασμα: Η ευρεία οπίσθια αποσυμπίεση συνοδευόμενη από οπισθοπλάγια σπονδυλοδεσία με χρήση υλικών, προσφέρει ικανοποιητικά και αναπαραγόμενα κλινικά και ακτινολογικά αποτελέσματα σε ασθενείς που υποφέρουν από πολυεπίπεδη σπονδυλική στένωση και αστάθεια (εκφυλιστική σκολίωση και/ή εκφυλιστική σπονδυλολίσθηση). Με την παραπάνω τεχνική αποφεύγεται η υποτροπή της στένωσης λόγω άναρχης οστικής αναδόμησης (bone regrowth). Όταν η τεχνική εφαρμόζεται σε προσεκτικά επιλεγμένους ασθενείς οδηγεί σε μικρό ποσοστό επιπλοκών, αποτελώντας μια αξιόπιστη λύση στο πρόβλημα της σημαντικής παθολογίας της σπονδυλικής στήλης. / Aim: This is a prospective study on the surgical treatment of patients who suffered from degenerative spinal stenosis of lumbar spine in multiple levels (2 or more). Our goal was to show if our technique improves substantially patient’s symptoms and if the improvement is long lasting. Patients and Method: Between 1997 and 2004, 41 patients were participated in this study, which took place at the Orthopaedic Department of Patras University Hospital. All patients had completed 1-year postoperative follow up. Mean age was 61 years (range 33 – 79 years). All patients underwent preoperatively detailed radiological and clinical evaluation. Radiological aproach included face, profile and dynamic x-rays, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resorance (MRI) and/or myelography with myelo-CT. Clinical evaluation was done using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Twenty-three patients suffered from degenerative stenosis in 2 levels (included 3 vertebral bodies), in 16 patients were involved 3 levels and in 2 patients were involved 4 levels. Furthermore 12 patients suffered from concomitant scoliosis, 18 patients from concomitant spondylolisthesis (1st grade), 9 patients from segmental instability and 2 patients from scoliosis and spondylolisthesis. Patients’ symptoms were low back pain, sciatica and/or neurologic intermittent claudication. In 6 patients neurologic deterioration was observed. Surgical technique was wide posterior decompression. This included removal of spinous process, vertebral lamina and ligamentum flavum, and lead to fully posterior exposure of the spinal canal. Decompression was taken place in all the stenotic segments and was extended from one to another root canal in each segment. In order to achieve stability of the spine we used transpedicular screw fixation system, which extended one segment above and one below the decompressed area. Finally we used osseous graft and allograft between transverse processes. Mean surgical time was 228 (120-420) min. Patients’ follow up was done once per year and included the completion of ODI and VAS and face profile and dynamic x-rays for clinical and radiological assessment respectively. Results: Mean follow up was 3,7 (1-6) years. The quality of patients’ life, as is estimated with ODI, showed substantial improvement, which lasted all years. In specific from 61% preoperatively, improved to 16% the 4th postoperative year. Pain also presented statistical significant improvement, as is estimated with VAS. In specific from 7,9 preoperatively improved to 2,3 the 4th postoperative year. Evaluation of ODI’s parameters showed that the greater improvement was achieved in pain, personal care, sitting, sleeping and traveling. More than 90% of the patients had normal or nearly normal activity in these aforementioned parameters, the 4th postoperative year. Two patients had instability in an adjacent level (4,9%). Also one screw breakage in 1 patient (2,4%) and one screw loosening in another one (2,4%), both in S1 vertebral, was observed. These 4 patients underwent second surgical intervention due to instability. Finally there was possibility 90,2% for the patients not to underwent second operation due to mechanical failure. The rest of the patients presented with solid fusion, confluent osseous bridging between the transverse processes and stable adjacent vertebral levels. Conclusions: Wide posterior decompression combined with posterolateralinstrumented fusion, lead to satisfactory and reproducible clinical and radiological results to patients who suffer from degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis in multiple levels with concomitant instability (degenerative scoliosis and/or degenerative spondylolisthesis). The aforementioned technique avoids substantial bone regrowth and stenosis recurrence. Proper use in carefully selected patients has low complication rate, giving us a good and long-lasting result.

There are about 250 new spinal cord injury cases in Lithuania each year. Usually, young people of a „working age” are getting injured. Men are getting spinal cord injuries four times often than women. Researches were made in Wellness center of Vilkpėde in year 2004 and year 2005, in Vilnius (rehabilitation takes 35 days). In this supportive rehabilitation participated 24 patients who have experienced cord injuries in a past 2 years. There were 32 – 45 years old, both sex patients (79,2 % males, 20,8 % females). Participants were divided into two groups. There were 12 patients with spinal cord injuries participating in each group (paraplegics). In the first (control) group researched patients were treated only with kinesitherapy, and the second group was experimental where patients were treated using K.Nyshi method. There were made 40 procedures for the patients in each group. Purpose of this research is – the influence of K. Nyshi method for the patients with spinal cord injures. Goal of this work is – to compare the efficiency of K. Nyshi method and kinesitherapy; to evaluate patient’s functional independence; shoulder joint flexibility. During this research the following evaluation tests were used – functional independence, spinal muscle strength, waist muscular strength balance, shoulder joint flexibility, waist flexibility. Chances of bedsores were evaluated by scale of Norton. After spinal cord injuries, in period after traumas or when disease was irascible and heavy... [to full text]

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Tem sido apontado que tanto a avaliação da flexibilidade e/ou mobilidade corporal, quanto à avaliação da postura estática configuram um aspecto importante de ser observado antes de começar uma intervenção postural. Embora a flexibilidade seja primordial na estratégia para o movimento do corpo no espaço, ainda são incipientes as evidências acerca da relação entre a postura estática e a mobilidade da coluna vertebral. Visando fornecer subsídios para a compreensão dessa questão, a presente dissertação foi dividida em dois estudos: Estudo 1 – Objetivou investigar se existem evidencias de correlação entre flexibilidade e/ou mobilidade corporal com a postura estática. Esse estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos randomizados e seguiu as recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane. Com as palavras chave “Static Posture”, “Flexibility” e “Mobility”, realizou-se uma pesquisa nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Science, Embase e Bireme. Foram lidos na íntegra 51 estudos, após crivo dos critérios de elegibilidade (apresentação dos resultados do teste de correlação ou associação entre variáveis da postura estática e de mobilidade no plano sagital, evidenciando o grau e o sentido da relação). Destes, foram incluídos oito estudos, todos com alta qualidade metodológica, tendo a presente revisão forte força de evidência científica. Em linhas gerais, conclui-se que a presente RS apresenta evidências de que a flexibilidade corporal está relaciona com a postura corporal. E que apesar da maioria dos estudos incluídos concordarem entre si e apresentaram valores de correlação diferentes, estas diferenças podem ser explicadas devido à individualidade da flexibilidade corporal que irá apresentar padrões posturais diferentes Estudo 2 – A partir de uma amostra de 82 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos (Padrão Postural Posterior - PPP e Padrão Postural Anterior - PPA), objetivou-se correlacionar as variáveis posturais estáticas (Padrões Posturais, ângulo das curvaturas dorsal, lombar e inclinação da pelve, também pulsão da pelve), obtidas pela avaliação postural estática no plano sagital utilizando a fotogrametria, com a flexibilidade da coluna vertebral e dos isquiotibiais nos movimentos de flexão e extensão mensurados pelo flexímetro. Na análise estatística foram utilizados os seguintes testes: teste de correlação Momento-Produto de Pearson, teste de correlação de Spearman, teste de correlação de Kendall’s tau-b, teste t independente ou o teste de Mann Whitney, teste t pareado e teste qui-quadrado. (<0,05). Na comparação entre os grupos, o grupo PPA apresentou valores significativamente maiores em relação ao grupo PPP para: ADM de Extensão da CV [t = 566,5, p = 0,011], Lordose Lombar (LL) [t (80) = 2,44, p ≤ 0,05] e Inclinação da Pelve (IP) [t (80) = 4,970, p≤0,001]; e valores significativamente menores para a Cifose Dorsal (CD) [t (80) = -5,99, p ≤ 0,001]. Quanto aos resultados de correlação, no grupo PPA houve correlação significativa e inversa entre a CD com a ADM de Extensão da CV (r=-0,34; p=0,027); e no grupo PPP houve correlação significativa e direta entre a CD com o Movimento de Flexão da CV (r=0,31; p=0,001), entre a CD com a ADM de isquiostibiais (r=0,26; p=0,044) e entre a LL com o Movimento de Flexão da CV (r=0,42; p=0,001) Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que para os indivíduos PPA existe correlação entre a Cifose Dorsal e a ADM extensão da CV e para os indivíduos PPP, entre a Cifose Dorsal e Lordose Lombar com o movimento de Flexão da CV e entre a Cifose Dorsal e a ADM isquiostibiais. Esses resultados sugerem que a postura estática das massas tórax – pelve, vista no PS, que é dado por padrões posturais anterior ou posterior à um eixo vertical, está relacionada com a flexibilidade e/ou mobilidade corporal. Logo, ao identificarmos um padrão postural que apresenta uma organização articular e muscular diferente na busca por posicionamento do corpo no espaço, pode-se ter uma melhor compreensão das possíveis restrições de movimento e assim direcionar melhor o tratamento fisioterapêutico postural. / It has been pointed out that both the assessment of flexibility and / or body mobility, and the evaluation of static posture constitute an important aspect to be observed before beginning a postural intervention. Although flexibility is paramount in the strategy for body movement in space, the evidence about the relationship between static posture and spine mobility is still incipient. In order to provide support for the understanding of this issue, the present dissertation was divided into two studies: Study 1 - The objective was to investigate if there is evidence of a correlation between flexibility and / or body mobility with static posture. This study is a systematic review of observational studies and randomized clinical trials and followed the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. With the keywords "Static Posture", "Flexibility" and "Mobility", a search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, Science, Embase and Bireme. A total of 51 studies were read following the eligibility criteria (presentation of the results of the correlation test or association between static and mobility variables in the sagittal plane, showing the degree and the meaning of the relationship). Of these, eight studies were included, all of them with high methodological quality, and the present review has strong evidence base. In general terms, it is concluded that the RS presents evidence that body flexibility is related to body posture. And although most of the included studies agree with each other and have different correlation values, these differences can be explained due to the individuality of the body flexibility that will present different posture patterns Study 2 - A sample of 82 individuals, divided into two groups (Posterior Postural Pattern - PPP and Anterior Postural Pattern - PPA), aimed to correlate the static postural variables (Postural Patterns, dorsal, lumbar and slope curvature angle Of the pelvis, also the pelvic drive), obtained by the static evaluation in the sagittal plane using the photogrammetry, with the flexibility of the spine and the hamstrings in the flexion and extension movements measured by the fleximeter. In the statistical analysis, the following tests were used: Pearson's Moment-Product correlation test, Spearman's correlation test, Kendall's tau-b correlation test, independent t-test or the Mann Whitney test, paired t-test, square. ( <0.05). In the comparison between the groups, the PPA group presented significantly higher values in relation to the PPP group for: CV Extension ADM [t = 566.5, p = 0.011], Lumbosarcoma (LL) [t (80) = 2, 44, p ≤ 0.05] and Pelvic Tilt (PI) [t (80) = 4.970, p≤0.001]; And significantly lower values for Dorsal Kyphosis (CD) [t (80) = -5.99, p ≤ 0.001]. Regarding the correlation results, in the PPA group there was a significant and inverse correlation between the CD with the CV Extension ROM (r = -0.34; p = 0.027); (R = 0.26, p = 0.044), and in the PPP group, there was a significant and direct correlation between the CD with the Flexion Movement of the CV (r = 0.31, p = 0.001) between the CD with the ischiatibial ROM And between the LL with the CV Flexion Movement (r = 0.42, p = 0.001) Based on the results, it is concluded that for PPA individuals there is a correlation between Dorsal Kyphosis and ADM extension of CV and for PPP individuals, between Dorsal Kyphosis and Lumbar Lordosis with CV Flexion movement and between Dorsal Kyphosis And ischiatibial ADM. These results suggest that the static posture of the thorax - pelvis mass, seen in PS, that is given by postural patterns anterior or posterior to a vertical axis, is related to flexibility and / or body mobility. Therefore, when we identify a postural pattern that presents a different articular and muscular organization in the search for positioning of the body in space, we can have a better understanding of the possible restrictions of movement and thus better target the postural physiotherapeutic treatment.

Pesquisadores têm buscado métodos confiáveis, não invasivos, práticos e de baixo custo para avaliar a flexibilidade da coluna vertebral. O instrumento Flexicurva consiste em uma régua de metal flexível coberta de plástico que moldado nas costas do indivíduo replica a forma da coluna vertebral. Alguns estudos propõem seu uso para avaliar a flexibilidade da coluna lombar no plano sagital, no entanto, a validade e a reprodutibilidade desse instrumento para a coluna torácica ainda não foi pesquisada. Neste contexto, essa dissertação apresenta dois estudos, cujos foram: (Estudo 1) identificar, a partir de uma revisão sistemática,quais são os métodos e instrumentos utilizados a para avaliar a flexibilidade da coluna vetebral torácica e lombar no plano sagital que apresentem validade e/ou repetibilidade e/ou reprodutibilidade confirmados, evidenciando seus respectivos índices psicométricos; (Estudo 2) avaliar se o Flexicurva é capaz de fornecer informações válidas e reprodutíveis para avaliação da flexibilidade de flexão e extensão da curvatura torácica e lombar. Para o Estudo1 foram realizadas buscas no banco de dados BIREME, EMBASE, PEDro, PubMed, Science Direct, SCOPUS e Web of Science, além de buscas manuais. Dois revisores independentes realizaram a seleção dos estudos, avaliaram a qualidade metodológica, o risco de viés e extraíram os dados. O sistema GRADE foi utilizado para avaliar a qualidade da evidencia. Foram incluídos 46 estudos, dos quais foram extraídos o número de participantes, o protocolo de avaliação e os índices psicométricos. Apenas sete estudos foram incluídos na análise quantitativa por meio de metanálise, suportando que há evidência científica apenas no que diz respeito à reprodutibilidade interavaliador do instrumento fita métrica no teste de Schöber modificado para o movimento de flexão lombar e a reprodutibilidade intra-avaliador dos instrumentos Flexicurva e sistema de análise de vídeo para os movimentos de extensão e flexão lombar. Para o Estudo 2, na avaliação da reprodutibilidade, 38 indivíduos tiveram a flexibilidade da coluna torácica e lombar avaliada nas posições em flexão e em extensão máximas. O molde com o Flexicurva foi realizado no mesmo dia, por três avaliadores (reprodutibilidade inter-avaliador); um avaliador realizou uma nova avaliação com um intervalo de sete dias (reprodutibilidade teste-reteste e intra-avaliador). Para avaliação da validade, 50 indivíduos foram avaliados com o Flexicurva e com o sistema de vídeo BTS Smart-DX (BTS Bioengineering, EUA) no primeiro dia, nas mesmas posições em flexão e em extensão máximasda coluna torácica e lombar. Os seguintes testes estatísticos foram utilizados: (1) para a validade: Coeficiente de Correlação Produto-momento de Pearson (r), Análise gráfica de Bland Altman, teste t independente e Erro RMS; (2) para a análise da reprodutibilidade teste-reteste, intra e interavaliador: ICC, SEM e MDC. (<0,05). Os resultados mostraram para a reprodutibilidade intraavaliador ICCs excelentes; reprodutibilidade teste-reteste ICCs de satisfatórios a pobre; e reprodutibilidade interavaliador ICCs satisfatórios para todas as variáveis. Os valores de SEM e MDC variaram de 0,9° a 8,3° e 0,4° a 16,3°, respectivamente. Quanto à validade do Flexicurva, encontrou-se correlação variando de excelente a fraca e erro RMS de 7,6° a 18,2°. Com base no Estudo 1, conclui-se que os resultados da revisão sistemática indicam baixa evidência científica sobre a validade, repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade dos 4 instrumentos e métodos indicados para a avaliação da flexibilidade da coluna vertebral torácica e lombar. Com base no Estudo 2,conclui-se que os resultados da reprodutibilidade devem ser vistos com prudência, devido aos altos valores de SEM e MDC, que indicam, em média, um erro de medida associado. Embora níveis aceitáveis de validade do Flexicurva tenham sido encontrados, sua utilização na flexão torácica e extensão lombar deve ser cautelosa. / Researchers have looking for reliable, non-invasive, practical and inexpensive methods to assess spine flexibility. The Flexicurve instrument consists of a flexible metal ruler covered in plastic and can be molded on the back of the individual, replicating the shape of the spine. Some studies propose its use to evaluate the flexibility of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane, however, a validity and a reproducibility of this instrument for a thoracic spine has not been researched yet. In this context, this study presents two studies, which were: (Study 1) to identify, from a systematic review, the methods and instruments used to evaluate the flexibility of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column in the sagittal plane that have confirmed validity and/ or repeatability and/ or reproducibility, evidencing their respective indexes psychometric; (Study 2) to access whether Flexicurve is capable of providing valid and reproducible information for assessing the flexibility of flexion and extension of the thoracic and lumbar curvature. For Study 1, searches were performed on BIREME, EMBASE, PEDro, PubMed, Science Direct, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, as well as manual searches. Two independent reviewers selected the studies, assessed methodological quality, risk of bias, and extracted data. The GRADE system was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. We included 46 studies, from which the number of participants, the evaluation protocol and the psychometric indexes were extracted. Only seven studies were included in the quantitative analysis by means of meta-analysis, supporting that there is scientific evidence only regarding the interobserver reproducibility of the metric tape measure instrument in the modified Schöber test for the lumbar flexion movement and the intra-observer reproducibility of the Flexicurve instruments and video analysis system for the movements of extension and lumbar flexion. For Study 2, in the evaluation of reproducibility, 38 subjects had the flexibility of the thoracic and lumbar spine evaluated at the positions of maximal flexion and extension. The model with Flexicurve was performed on the same day by three evaluators (inter-observer reproducibility); an evaluator performed a new evaluation with a seven-day interval (test-retest and intra-rater reproducibility). To evaluate the validity, 50 subjects were evaluated with the Flexicurva and BTS Smart-DX video system (BTS Bioengineering, USA) on the first day, in the same positions at maximal flexion and extension of the thoracic and lumbar spine. The following statistical tests were used: (1) for validity: Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r), Bland Altman graphical analysis, independent t-test and RMS error; (2) for the analysis of test-retest, intra and inter-rater reproducibility: ICC, SEM and MDC (<0,05). The results showed for intra-observer reproducibility excellent ICCs; Reproducibility test-retest ICCs ranged from satisfactory to poor; and interobserver reproducibility ICCs was satisfactory for all variables. The SEM and MDC values ranged from 0,9° to 8,3° and 0,4° to 16,3°, respectively. Regarding the validity of Flexicurve, correlation was found ranging from excellent to weak and RMS error from 7,6° to 18,2°. Based on Study 1, it is concluded that the results of the systematic review indicate low scientific evidence on the validity, repeatability and reproducibility of the instruments and methods indicated for assessing the flexibility of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Based on Study 2, it is concluded that the reproducibility results should be viewed with caution, due to high SEM and MDC values, which indicate, on average, an associated measurement error. Although acceptable levels of Flexicurve validity have been found, its use in chest flexion and lumbar extension should be cautious.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 antonietto_e_me_araca.pdf: 362598 bytes, checksum: 31bb67971bee7c5aee6467cbcebf7a2a (MD5) / A suspensão de ratos pela cauda é modelo utilizado para investigar o comportamento ósseo em animais impossibilitados de se locomoverem. O osso é um tecido adaptativo que se desenvolve em sua estrutura e função, entre outros fatores, em resposta a forças mecânicas aplicadas a ele e demandas metabólicas que o mesmo venha sofrer. A ausência de forças mecânicas e de deformação óssea faz com que ocorra uma diminuição na deposição de cálcio por ausência de estímulos nos osteoblastos e osteócitos, favorecendo a ação dos osteoclastos, tornando o osso enfraquecido e quebradiço. Portanto, a ação mecânica é necessária para estimular a resposta óssea local e, assim, proporcionar seu crescimento e remodelamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através da densitometria radiográfica, se a suspensão pela cauda por 15 e 36 dias altera a densidade mineral óssea das vértebras cervical (C3), torácica (T6) e lombar (L1 e L3) de ratos Wistar. Trinta Rattus norvegicus albinus, adultos, machos, linhagem Wistar, massa corpórea média de ± 350g, foram divididos em 3 grupos: controle (n=10) - não suspenso; S15 (n=10) - suspenso por 15 dias e S36 (n=10) - suspenso por 36 dias. Para análise densitométrica as vértebras foram radiografadas, escaneadas, digitalizadas e analisadas pelo programa computacional ImageJ®. Houve aumento estatisticamente significante da densidade mineral óssea no grupo S15, provavelmente pela inquietação dos animais à suspensão, com diminuição no grupo S36, fato este hipoteticamente ligado à acomodação dos mesmos, concluindo que a suspensão pela cauda alterou a densidade mineral óssea num primeiro momento com diminuição com o passar do tempo / The suspension of rats by the tail model is used to investigate the behavior of bone in animals unable to move around. Bone is an adaptative tissue that develops in structure and function, among other factors, in response to mechanical forces applied to it and metabolic demands that it will suffer. The absence of mechanical forces and deformation of bone that occurs causes a decrease in calcium deposition in the absence of stimuli on osteoblasts and osteocytes, favoring the action of osteoclasts, making bones weak and brittle. Therefore, the mechanical action is necessary to stimulate local bone response and thus provide growth and remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluable by radiographic densitometry, the tail suspension for 15 and 36 days alter the bone mineral density of cervical vertebrae (C3), thoracic (T6) and lumbar (L1 and L3) of Wistar rats. Thirty Rattus norvegicus albinus, adult, male, Wistar strain, average body mass ± 350g, were divided into 3 groups: control (n = 10) - not suspended; S15 (n = 10) - suspended for 15 days and S36 (n = 10) - suspended for 36 days. For densitometric analysis vertebrae were radiographed, scanned, digitized and analyzed by the computer program ImageJ ®. There was a statistically significant increase in bone mineral density in group S15, probably by the restlessness of the animals to the suspension, with a decrease in group S36, and this hypothetically is linked to the accommodation of the rats, concluding that the tail suspension altered bone mineral density in first time with a decrease over time