Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2013-10-25T18:00:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuela da Silva Solcà. Uso do PCR...pdf: 11332317 bytes, checksum: 657938584a2c80bcdcc02a52c2d8fa4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-25T18:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuela da Silva Solcà. Uso do PCR...pdf: 11332317 bytes, checksum: 657938584a2c80bcdcc02a52c2d8fa4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / No Brasil, os cães são considerados como o principal reservatório doméstico para Leishmania infantum (sin. L. chagasi). Desta forma, o diagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) deve ser rápido e preciso. Este trabalho visa comparar a performance da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em detectar o DNA do parasito em diferentes tecidos para diagnóstico da LVC. Com este intuito, na primeira parte do estudo, foi padronizado um protocolo de PCR convencional (cPCR), para detecção do DNA do minicírculo do cinetoplasto (kDNA) de Leishmania sp., em 45 fragmentos esplênicos caninos. As mesmas amostras foram avaliadas utilizando-se um protocolo de PCR quantitativa (qPCR) tendo como alvo o gene da subunidade do RNA ribossomal (SSU rRNA) de Leishmania sp. Também foi comparada a eficácia do diagnóstico para LVC pelas técnicas moleculares e convencionais como a cultura e o ELISA. A cPCR apresentou sensibilidade mais elevada para detecção de DNA de Leishmania sp. (88,9%), comparada à qPCR (83,3%). Possivelmente o melhor desempenho da cPCR foi devido ao maior números de cópias do kDNA no genoma da Leishmania sp. Diante dos promissores resultados apresentados pela cPCR tendo o kDNA como alvo, na segunda parte do estudo foi padronizado um novo protocolo de qPCR com este mesmo alvo, objetivando-se aumentar a sensibilidade da técnica. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 61 cães errantes e classificados de acordo com o número de sinais clínicos associados à LVC apresentados. Todos os cães foram eutanasiados, e durante a necropsia, foram coletados fragmentos de linfonodo, aspirado esplênico, medula óssea e sangue. Também foram realizadas culturas esplênicas e ELISA. A qPCR foi empregada para a avalição da taxa de detecção do DNA do parasito e carga parasitária nos diferentes tecidos. As diferenças entre a carga parasitária de cada tecido foram avaliadas pelo teste de Friedman (p ≤ 0,05). Para inclusão dos tecidos nas análises dos resultados de qPCR, foi avaliada a integridade do material genético de cada amostra. Desta forma, 52 animais apresentaram resultados que atendiam aos critérios de seleção para baço, sangue e linfonodo, e destes, 24 animais também atendiam aos critérios para medula óssea. Utilizando-se a qPCR e considerando pelo menos um dos tecidos avaliados, foi detectado o DNA do parasito em todos os cães. A qPCR detectou DNA do parasito em 98,1% dos aspirados esplênicos, 80,8% das amostras sanguíneas, 53,8% dos linfonodos e 41,7% dos aspirados de medula óssea. A carga parasitária foi melhor detectada nos aspirados esplênicos, em relação ao linfonodo, nos animais oligossintomáticos e polissintomáticos (p ≤ 0,05). O aspirado esplênico foi o tecido com maior taxa de detecção do DNA de Leishmania sp. pela qPCR. No entanto, não foi achada diferença estatística entre a carga parasitária do aspirado esplênico e do sangue. Desta forma, a amostra sanguínea, por ser a segunda amostra de melhor taxa de detecção, e por necessitar uma coleta menos invasiva, foi considerada como uma amostra alternativa válida para a detecção do DNA de Leishmania sp. em cães sintomáticos, utilizando a qPCR. / Because infected dogs are widely considered to be the main domestic reservoir for Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) parasites in Brazil, the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) must be made both accurately and promptly. The aim of the present study was to compare the performance of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect parasite DNA in different clinical sample for CVL diagnosis. For this purpose, in the first stage of the study, a conventional PCR (cPCR) protocol was standardize to detect the presence of Leishmania sp. kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) in 45 canine spleen fragments. The same samples were evaluated using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) technique targeting the Leishmania sp. sub-unit of the ribossomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. A comparison was made between the efficacies of these molecular diagnostic techniques and conventional parasitological and serological methods. The cPCR presented the highest sensitivity for Leishmania sp. DNA detection (88,9%), when compared to qPCR was (83.3%). Possibly the cPCR best performance was due to a higher copies number of the kDNA in the Leishmania sp. genome. Given the promising results presented by the cPCR targeting the kDNA, a new qPCR protocol with the same target was standardized in the second stage of the study, aiming increase the technique sensitivity. Sixty-one stray dogs were randomly selected and classified according to the number of clinical signs of CVL. All dogs were euthanized and lymph node fragments and splenic, bone marrow and blood aspirates were obtained during necropsies. ELISA and parasite culture of spleen aspirates were performed to confirm parasite infection. The qPCR was used to determine the parasite DNA detection rate and the parasite load in the clinical samples. Differences between parasite loads of each tissue were evaluated using Friedman test (p ≤ 0.05). In order to include the samples in the qPCR data analysis, the DNA integrity of each sample was analyzed. This way, 52 dogs fulfilled the selection criteria for DNA results for spleen, blood and lymph nodes, with 24 of these dogs also fulfilling the criteria for bone marrow results. Using qPCR, all the 52 dogs showed positivity, considering at least one of the tissues evaluated. Positivity in qPCR was detected in 98.1%8 of the splenic aspirates, 80.8% of blood samples, 53.8% of lymph node fragments and 41.7% of bone marrow samples. Using qPCR, parasite DNA was better detected in splenic aspirates in comparison with lymph node in both polysymptomatic and oligosymptomatic (p ≤ 0.05) dogs. Splenic aspirates have shown to be the tissue with highest Leishmania sp. DNA detection rate using qPCR, however no statistical difference was found between blood and splenic aspirate to detect. Thus, the blood sample, being the second sample with best DNA detection rate and requiring a less invasive collection, was considered a valid alternative sample for Leishmania sp. DNA detection in symptomatic dogs using the qPCR.

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia maligna de origem endotelial vascular de ocorrência comum em cães. Nessa espécie, o órgão primário mais acometido é o baço. O hemangiossarcoma de partes moles em cães é caracterizado por ter um comportamento biológico muito agressivo e metástases, principalmente para o pulmão e fígado, são frequentes e ocorrem de maneira rápida no início do curso da doença. O óbito ocorre na maioria dos casos devido a hemorragia interna aguda secundária à ruptura do tumor e/ou devido ao processo metastástico. A cirurgia continua a ser o principal método de tratamento para quase todos os cães com hemangiossarcoma, mas a quimioterapia adjuvante é indicada em razão do alto índice metastático e do prognóstico ruim associado com o procedimento cirúrgico sozinho. Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado para determinar o tempo de sobrevida e potenciais fatores de risco em cães diagnosticados com hemangiossarcoma visceral. Prontuários de 42 cães foram revisados. Dados como idade e peso no momento do diagnóstico, raça, sexo, localização do tumor, estágio clínico da doença, tipo de tratamento, e tempo mediano de sobrevida foram analisados. Vinte e três cães foram tratados apenas com cirurgia, enquanto que 19 cães foram tratados com cirurgia e quimioterapia adjuvante. Houve diferença estatística na sobrevida dos cães tratados com cirurgia e Doxorrubicina (274 dias) em comparação com cães tratados apenas com cirurgia (66 dias). Cães com hemangiossarcoma esplênico tiveram um tempo mediano de sobrevida mais longo do que os cães com hemangiossarcoma localizados em outros sítios primários e com metástase (274 versus 117 versus 38 dias, respectivamente, p = 0,013). O tempo mediano global de sobrevida para esses 42 cães foi de 237 dias, e a taxa de sobrevida de um ano foi estimada em 26,32%. Conclui-se que a localização primária do hemangiossarcoma teve associação com o prognóstico e que o uso da Doxorrubicina após o tratamento cirúrgico aumentou a sobrevida dos cães diagnosticados com essa doença. Neste estudo, o estadiamento clínico dos cães não influenciou o prognóstico / Hemangiosarcoma is a very common canine neoplasm of vascular endothelial origin. In the dog, the most frequent primary site for hemangiosarcoma is the spleen. Typically, canine hemangiosarcoma has a very aggressive biologic behavior with metastases, especially to lung and liver, occurring early in the course of the disease. In the majority of cases, death is related to acute hemoabdomen secondary to tumor rupture and/or metastases. Surgery remains the main method of treatment for most dogs with this type o cancer, but adjuvant chemotherapy is highly recommended due to the high risk of metastasis and the poor outcome associated with surgery alone. A retrospective study was performed to determine survival times and potential risk factors in dogs diagnosed with visceral hemangiosarcoma. Medical records of 42 dogs were reviewed. Age and baseline weight at the time of diagnosis, breed, sex, tumor location, clinical stage of the disease, treatment type and median survival time were evaluated. Twenty-three dogs were treated with surgery alone, while 19 dogs were treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. There was significant difference in survival between dogs treated with surgery alone (66 days) and with surgery followed by Doxorubicin (274 days). Dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma had a longer median survival time than dogs with hemangiosarcoma of other sites, and with metastasis (274 versus 117 versus 38 days, respectively, p = 0,013). The overall median survival time for these 42 dogs was 237 days, and the one-year survival rate was estimated to be 26.32%. In conclusion, primary tumor location was associated with prognosis and the addition of doxorubicin after surgery did improve survival. In this study, clinical stage had no association with prognosis

The progressive growth of tumors in human cancer patients and experimental animals has frequently been associated with a generalized depression of immunological responsiveness. Suppressor cells have been implicated as mediators of tumor-associated immunosuppression, but the identities of the cells causing suppression and the mechanisms by which they act have been unclear. The object of this thesis was thus to determine: if suppressor cells capable of non specifically suppressing immune responses were present in anergic mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas; the cell types responsible for suppression; and the mechanisms by which suppression occurs. The spleens of mice with large tumors were found to contain two distinct populations of non specific suppressor cells. One population inhibited the proliferative responses of normal lymphocytes to the T cell mitogen, Concanavalin A (Con A) and the B cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These cells also inhibited the generation of antibody forming cells by normal lymphoid cells stimulated in vitro with the T cell dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the T cell independent antigen, dinitrophenylated-lipopolysaccharide (DNP-LPS). These suppressor cells appeared to be from the macrophage/monocyte line since they adhered to plastic and nylon wool, were removed by carbonyl iron and magnet, and were inactivated by carragheenan treatment, but were not removed by anti-Thy-1 or anti-mouse immunoglobulin sera plus complement. They were among the less dense spleen cells since they were retained in the light fraction after centrifugation on hypaque-ficoll of specific gravity 1.08 and did not appear to require cell division in order to suppress- since mitomycin C treatment did not inactivate them. Cell-cell contact appeared to be essential for suppression. The second population of suppressor cells, which pelleted to the bottom of a hypaque-ficoll gradient, inhibited only the generation of plaque forming cells to the T cell dependent antigen, SRBC. These cells appeared to be T cells since they were non adherent to plastic or nylon wool, were not removed by carbonyl iron and magnet, but were removed by anti-Thy-1 serum plus complement. Cell division was necessary since suppressive activity was totally removed by mitomycin C treatment. Suppression by this cell type appeared to be mediated by a soluble factor with a molecular weight of about 3,500 to 12,000. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate

Foram utilizadas vinte tartarugas da espécie Trachemys scripta elegans, sendo duas fêmeas jovens, quatro fêmeas adultas, oito machos jovens e seis machos adultos. Inicialmente, retiramos o plastrão, isolamos o coração e, já na aorta descendente, introduzimos uma cânula antes da bifurcação da aorta para injeção de solução de látex corado com pigmento vermelho para identificarmos as artérias com maior precisão. Após a injeção, os animais foram colocados em solução aquosa de formaldeído 20% por período não inferior a 72 horas e, após esse período, dissecamos as artérias responsáveis pela irrigação do baço. Observamos em 30% dos casos, o baço posicionado caudalmente ao cólon transverso e, em 70%, cranialmente ao mesmo, mas sempre apoiado neste segmento intestinal. Com relação à irrigação do baço, observamos que em 95% dos casos, o maior aporte sangüíneo era proveniente da artéria mesentérica cranial, onde apenas 30% dos animais apresentavam irrigação somente pela artéria lienal; já em 40% apresentavam irrigação pela artéria lienal e pequenos ramos da artéria cólica esquerda. Em 5% dos casos era irrigado pela artéria lienal e por um único ramo emitido por uma das artérias jejunais, 5% eram irrigados pela artéria lienal e por um ramo da artéria pancreaticaduodenal cranial e por uma artéria que tinha origem no tronco comum das artérias jejunais; 15% dos animais tinham seu baço irrigado pela artéria lienal e por ramos da artéria pancreaticaduodenal cranial. Em 5% dos animais observamos o baço sendo irrigado apenas por ramificações da artéria cólica esquerda. / This study was conduct using 20 turtles specie Trachemys scripta elegans, which 2 young females, 4 adults females, 8 young males and 6 adults males. Initially, it was took the hoof belly and, isolating the heart to identify more precisely the arteries was injected latex solution with red pigment through aorta descendens with one thin tube before aorta\'s bifurcation. After the latex injection, all the animals were submerged in 20% formaldeid water solution by a period of more than 72 hours. After that period, the arteries responsible by spleen irrigation were dissected. It was found in 30% of the cases the spleen was positioned behind colon transversum; and in 70% in front of colon transversum. Regarding the spleen irrigation, it was observed in 100% of the cases that arteria lienalis had its origin in arteria mesenterica cranialis. Which 30% had irrigation only by arteria lienalis. In 40% the irrigation was done by arteria lienalis and small branches of arteria colica sinistra. In 5% of the cases it was irrigated by arteria lienalis and by na unique branch sent by one of arteriae jejunales. In 5% of the cases the irrigation through arteria lienalis and by one branch of arteria pancreaticaduodenalis cranialis, and also by one artery with origin in the common trunk from arteriae jejunales. In 15% from the animals, irrigation was done by arteria lienalis and by branches from arteria pancreaticaduodenalis cranialis. In 5% of the cases the spleen was irrigated just by ramifications of arteria colica sinistra.

<p> Mouse spleen leukocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and infected with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. The virus titre from stimulated and unstimulated cells was determined and the number of infected cells in stimulated and unstimulated cultures was examined. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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No / Combinatorial antibody libraries were constructed from the spleen of a patient with concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus and idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Following selection of the libraries with DNA, a panel of 15 anti-DNA Fabs was isolated. Sequence analysis of these antibodies coupled with measurements of their affinities for ss- and dsDNA were used to investigate the role of somatic mutation in affinity maturation of the anti-DNA response. Examination of the germline genes used by these Fabs supports previous studies that suggest there is no restriction of the gene usage in the anti-DNA response. However, data are presented indicating that VH3 genes and the A27 V¿ paired with the J¿1 may be over-expressed in the anti-DNA repertoire. Analysis of the role of somatic mutation in increasing affinity for DNA indicates that affinity maturation has occurred and suggests that the CDR1 and CDR2 of the heavy chain are of importance in this process.

The use of brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound (US), color Doppler (CD), and power Doppler (PD) can all help evaluate and characterize splenic lesions. A relatively new non-Doppler technology used to evaluate vasculature called B-Flow helps overcome certain limitations of CD and PD that affect visualization of blood flow. There are no studies describing the use of B-Flow characterizing splenic lesions in dogs. A total of 97 splenic lesions were evaluated. Splenic lesions that were larger than 2 cm, distorted the splenic capsule, or accompanied free fluid were significantly associated with malignancy. Lesions with tortuous internal vessels on CD or B-Flow were significantly associated with malignancy. Lesions with large internal vessels compared to external vessels on PD and B-Flow were significantly associated with malignancy. In conclusion, these B-mode and vascular characteristics on CD, PD and B-flow may help clinicians prioritize malignant etiologies over benign ones and prompt more aggressive diagnostic recommendations.