Scratchpad Memory (SPM) is an alternative to cache. With SPM, the CPU¡¦s fast internal memory (ie, the SRAM) is directly mapped into the memory address space. This has the advantages of reduced power (by avoiding the memory management Unit, MMU, that a cache need to manage its tags and evictions), reduced area (for the same reason), and predictability.[1] Predictability is important in real-time systems, because each task must be assigned a deadline. If a task finishes early, there is no benefit. But if a task finishes late, then the effect is undesirable or even catastrophic. This means that the worst-case execution time (WCET) is more important than average-case execution time (ACET). The disadvantage of SPM, when compared to cache, is that the SPM requires software management of the fast memory. In a previous student¡¦s work from our laboratory, [3], an SPM allocator was presented for WCET-targeted compilation. Compared to that work, this current thesis make four key contributions. First, it introduces a significant amount of code infrastructure to allow library variables to be allocated to SPM. These variables turn out to represent a majority of all data accesses in many programs. Second, this provides support for allocating variables within recursive programs. Third, we support allocation of temporary variable (PC-relative addressing). Fourth, we have developed a simulator to obtain cycle-accurate information on memory behavior. In [3], the costs of allocation were not modeled, nor were the behaviors of the ARM¡¦s complex memory subsystem. Keywords: SPM, memory allocation, memory modeling, library variables, WCET

ABSTRACT According to the data of the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network (TAQMN), the suspenden particulates decreases gradually with year at the Kao-Ping Air Quality Area, but the ozone increases with year and deteriorates. Therefore, the problem of the ozone is wating for solving at Kao-Ping Air Quality Area. Because the ground-level ozone has a relationship with NOx and VOC, they are thought to be the major precursors of the ozone. The concentration of the ozone is not linearly related with concentrations NOx and VOC. The precursors of the ozone affect the ground-level ozone, so the photochemical indicators are further developed in recent years. The photochemical indicators H2O2,HNO3 and NOy in this study in Kaohsiung area are analysed by criteria values (Sillman,1995 and 1997) and on-site sampling. The sampling sites are at Nan-Zih, Siao-Gang, Lin-Yuan and Chiao-Tou. The results can determine the major precursors forming ozone. In addition Smog Production Model (SPM) is also used to analyze the results. According to the analyses of the photochemical indicators, Nan-Zih, Siao-Gang, Lin-Yuan and Chiao-Tou are VOC-limited in the spring, summer, fall and winter.According to the analysis result of SPM, the four sites are also VOC-limited in four seasons.

The purposes of this study are to understand the variations of the particulate and dissolved Pb-210 and Po-210 in profiles in the South China Sea and to estimate the residence time of these nuclides through their extent of radioactive disequilibrium. The profiles of Pb-210 and Po-210 in particulate and dissolved phases were measured at four stations in the northern South China Sea (station B, C, D and F) and three in the Bashi Channel (stations W2, W3 and W5) from four Ocean Researcher I cruises (ORI-575, ORI-580, ORI-588 and ORI-606). At Station C two profiles were taken, one before and the other after a typhoon to see its effect, if any, during the ORI-588 cruise. As the associated Ra-226 profiles were not measured their relations to Pb-210 profiles are not available for discussion in this thesis. The mean suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration for each station is about 0.2 mg/kg with small deviations. Activities of Pb-210 and Po-210 in the northern South China Sea were all higher than those in the sea off NE Taiwan easured during the KEEP program. The dissolved Pb-210 profiles generally display a maximum around 15 to 25 dpm/100kg in the surface layer due to atmospheric input, and a minimum of about 5 to 15 dpm/100kg from 300 to 1000 m. The activities below 1000 m vary only slightly with a deep maximum as high as 20 dpm/100kg around 2000 to 3000 m, as seen at Station C. The particulate Pb-210 is around 3 to 5 dpm/100kg with small variation for the entire water column. The dissolved Po-210 profiles are somewhat similar to the dissolved Pb-210 profiles, but lower by about 5 to 10 dpm/100kg in activity. The mean residence time is about 0.76 year for total Po-210 in the entire water column, and 0.35 to 2.13 years for total Pb-210 in the mixed layer. At each station, Po-210 is deficient relative to Pb-210 in either the particulate or dissolved phase. The mean total Po-210/Pb-210 activity ratio is about 0.58, indicating that Po-210 is more effectively scavenged. It is imperative to understand the fate and pathway of the missing Po-210. Judging from its biophilic nature, Po-210 may have been absorbed or consumed by biomass and enriched in various tropic levels in the food chain, in addition to being scavenged and removed by sinking particles.

With the essence of robustness toward fiber nonlinearity owing to the increasingly required high-speed data rate from the country to country or country to the state, many useful methods are proposed upon the long-haul optical fiber transmission, such as modulation format, dispersion map and repeater spacing, etc. Return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK) format was chosen in this master thesis because of its high tolerance toward nonlinear effect in the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system transmission. It has been realized that the system performance is wavelength-dependent by the combination of the WDM technology and the RZ-DPSK system with the commonly used block-type dispersion map, especially for the significant performance difference between including or excluding the self-phase-modulation (SPM) effect. Therefore, it is quite significant to investigate the unwanted fiber nonlinearity. In this master thesis, the influence relating to the cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect and the SPM effect with the conventional dispersion map after long distance transmission is the mainly concerned issue to be discussed. In this master thesis, both experiment and theoretical simulation are investigated. On the theoretical simulation part, the Q-factor of the system zero dispersion wavelength at 1543.8nm, 1550nm, 1556.2nm were degraded and their value were less than 10dB. The Q-factor was around 1.5dB less than the averaged value. However, the performance of the long-haul RZ-DPSK system based on the block-type dispersion map shows no significant performance by shifting the system zero dispersion wavelength out of the WDM signal wavelength band. On the experimental part, the impact of the XPM effect and the SPM effect on the long-haul optical fiber communication system is investigated quantitatively. For the XPM experiment, the system performance was just only 0.1 dB difference after 6000km transmission. On the contrary, for the SPM experiment, the Q-factor between best and worst performance was up to 1.3dB difference. At last, the experiment and the simulation support each other successfully in this master thesis.

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tip-based nanofabrication (TBN) is a technique that directly creates a variety of nanostructures on a substrate using the nanoscale probe tips. SPM TBN possesses superior resolution and flexibility: nanostructures with feature size under 5 nm have been achieved via SPM TBN, which is beyond what the state-of-the art optical-based lithography technique can provide. However, the inherent serial nature of SPM TBN makes it a low throughput process. Multi-probe SPM systems have therefore been developed to increase the nanofabrication efficiency. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are two most commonly used SPM TBN techniques. Most of prior work has focused on contact-mode AFM-based TBN. This work, using CMOS MEMS technology as the design and fabrication platform, develops an active conductive probe array that aims to perform parallel surface imaging and nanofabrication in non-contact STM mode. The CMOS-MEMS process provides a monolithic integration of MEMS devices with CMOS electronics that can facilitate future automation and parallel probe operation. The CMOS-MEMS probe adopts a micro-cantilever structure and applies bimorph electrothermal actuation to control the vertical displacement of the probe tips. The cantilever is designed to be stiff, with a spring constant of 36 N/m that is larger than the force gradient of the cantilever tip-sample interaction forces in the working distance regime of STM in order to avoid the tip-to-sample “snap-in” and ensure the stability of the STM feedback system. A modified Spindt tip process, compatible with post-CMOS MEMS processing, is developed to batch fabricate Ni/Pt composite tips on CMOS-MEMS probe arrays that are used as STM end-effectors. The integrated Ni/Pt tips on the MEMS probes have a tip radius down to 50 vii nm. The Spindt tip demonstrates the capability of both imaging and nanowire fabrication in STM mode. A hierarchical dual-servo STM system is constructed for the parallel STM imaging using two CMOS-MEMS probes. The system consists of a piezoelectric actuator-driven servo and an electrothermal actuator-driven servo to control the vertical displacement of two probe tips and maintain a constant current between the tips and the sample. Both servos use a proportionalintegral controller. The dual-servo STM system is capable of parallel STM image acquisition using CMOS MEMS probe arrays. An on-chip electrothermal proximity sensor pair and probes with embedded microgoniometers are designed to assist the alignment between the CMOS-MEMS probe array and the examined sample surface. The electrothermal proximity sensor pair is used to measure the separation and the non-parallelism between the probe chip and the sample. The electrothermal proximity sensor has a positioning accuracy of around 1 μm. An electrothermal microgoniometer platform is developed to hold a one-dimensional array of active CMOS-MEMS probes and serves to provide the in situ fine adjustment of relative height among these probes. The micro-goniometer has a maximum tilt of 1.2°, which is sufficient to compensate the probe chip-sample misalignment and the possible height difference among array probes introduced by process variations.

abstract: This thesis describes several approaches to next generation DNA sequencing via tunneling current method based on a Scanning Tunneling Microscope system. In chapters 5 and 6, preliminary results have shown that DNA bases could be identified by their characteristic tunneling signals. Measurements taken in aqueous buffered solution showed that single base resolution could be achieved with economic setups. In chapter 7, it is illustrated that some ongoing measurements are indicating the sequence readout by making linear scan on a piece of short DNA oligomer. However, to overcome the difficulties of controlling DNA especially ssDNA movement, it is much better to have the tunneling measurement incorporated onto a robust nanopore device to realize sequential reading of the DNA sequence while it is being translocated. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2011

The diploma thesis deals with the combined use of SEM and SPM techniques using optical fiber, which is used to collect the cathodoluminescent signal in close proximity to the sample. The thesis also includes a research section, which lists description of CPEM technique, the techniques used to modify the optical fiber, theoretical introduction to cathodoluminescence and techniques used to measure it. The practical part discusses the obtained measurement results and the problems that occurred in the process of modification of the optical fiber, its use as an SPM probe and in the measurement of cathodoluminescence active materials.

Un traitement possible de l'épilepsie partielle pharmaco-résistante consiste en l'exérèse de la région cérébrale responsable des crises. La difficulté est de localiser cette zone et d'en définir l'étendue. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter des données permettant de préciser la localisation et le volume des régions pathologiques, en exploitant deux modalités : l'imagerie TEP (Tomographie par Emission de Positons) et l'EEGHR (EEG Haute Résolution : signaux cérébraux recueillis sur le scalp avec un nombre important d'électrodes et une fréquence d'échantillonnage élevée). En imagerie TEP, il s'agit de segmenter les zones d'hypométabolisme qui sont liées aux régions responsables des crises. Des méthodes de comparaisons statistiques à l'aide d'outils de type SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping) entre les images TEP de sujets pathologiques et de sujets sains ont été appliquées, en effectuant des tests d'hypothèse voxel à voxel entre les différentes images. Pour pouvoir être comparées à une population de référence, les différentes images ont subi des transformations non linéaires afin que chaque voxel corresponde à la même région anatomique chez tous les sujets. Deux algorithmes ont été appliqués : une méthode SPM classique et une méthode Block-Matching. Les résultats sont comparés par analyse subjective clinique et également sur des données simulées. En ce qui concerne l'EEG-HR, la localisation spatiale et temporelle de sources d'événements intercritiques (pointes et ondes lentes) a été réalisée par résolution du problème inverse. Ceci a permis de localiser les sources électriques intracérébrales d'intérêt qui sont à l'origine des signaux acquis sur le scalp. Enfin, une représentation des données multimodales (images TEP et signaux EEG-HR) dans un même référentiel a permis d'accroître les connaissances sur les relations existant entre les activités électriques et métaboliques et ainsi de mieux définir les régions épileptogènes / A possible treatment for drug-resistant partial epilepsy involves the resection of the brain region which generates crisis. The difficulty is to locate this area and to determine its extent. The objective of this thesis is to provide data to specify the location and the volume of pathological regions, using two modalities: PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging and HR-EEG (High-Resolution EEG: brain signals collected on the scalp with a large number of electrodes and a high sampling rate). In PET imaging, hypometabolic areas associated with regions generating seizures have to be segmented. Statistical comparisons methods using tools such as SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping) between images of pathological and healthy subjects have been applied. Voxelwise statistical analyses between the different images were thus used to highlight the hypometabolic areas. For comparison with a reference population, nonlinear transformations were applied to the images so that each voxel corresponds to the same anatomical region in every subject. Two algorithms were applied: a conventional SPM method and a Block-Matching method. The results were compared by subjective clinical analysis and also on simulated data. Regarding the HR-EEG, the spatial and temporal source localizations of interictal events (spikes and slow waveforms) were done by solving the inverse problem. This allowed to localize intracerebral electrical sources generating the signals acquired on the scalp. Finally, a representation in the same space of multimodal data (PET images and HR-EEG) allowed to increase the knowledge on the relationship between electrical and metabolic activities and to better define the epileptogenic regions

In this work we made a review of how a multi-probes microscope using Atomic Force and Near Field Scanning Microscopy works. Currently, the Nanonics Multiview 4000 instaled at the Materials Caracterization and Microscopy Laboratory (LCMMAT) is not completly working. Nowadays, we are able to do Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and reflection and transmission Scanning Near Field Microscopy (SNOM) measurements. This kind of microscope have three probes which are able to do simultaneaous mesurements of AFM, C-AFM, SNOM, Raman Microscopy and nanolitography. It is the first multi-probe microscope to be instaled in Latin America. This work consists in studying the structure of this kind of microscope, how does it make AFM and SNOM measurements and how to analise them. We study the different electronic circuits which are used in this kind of microscopes and we compare both optical and tuning-fork feedback. It was explain step by step how to do and AFM and SNOM measurement. We study the processing and analise of this measurements. Finally, we made some different measurements using this tecniques. Some of this measurements were compared with that found in references in order to try to find some possible aplications which could be useful for future researches at our laboratory. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho realizamos uma revisão do funcionamento do Microscópio Raman Confocal Multipontas com Campo Próximo e Força Atômica modelo Multiview 4000 da empresa Nanonics. Atualmente, o microscópio Multiview 4000 do Laboratório de Caracterização e Microscopia de Materiais (LCMMAT) ainda não se encontra operando aos 100%. Ele encontra-se em fase de montagem, estando disponível hoje em dia para uso só o Microscópio de Força Atômica (AFM) e o Microscópio de Campo Próximo (SNOM) nos modos reflexão e transmissão. Este modelo de microscópio, o qual possui três ponteiras que são capazes de fazer medidas em simultâneo de AFM, C-AFM, SNOM e microscopia Raman Confocal, alem de poder fazer nanolitografia, é o primeiro a ser instalado na America Latina. Durante a realização do presente trabalho, estudamos a estrutura do microscópio, como ele realiza as medidas destas duas técnicas e como elas são feitas. No estudo estrutural do Microscópio foram descritos os princípios físicos que são usados para a formação da imagem, alem dos diferentes tipos de circuitos eletrônicos usados em equipamentos de este tipo. Explicou-se passo a passo como são feitas as medidas de AFM e de SNOM. Estudamos também como é feito o analise e o processamento das imagens. Finalmente foram mostradas algumas imagens que foram feitas usando o microscópio, e comparou-se com alguns resultados encontrados na bibliografia a fim de encontrar possíveis aplicações de cada uma das amostras aqui mostradas.

Följande studie har utförts på begäran av energiföretaget Norrenergi AB, där det finns en önskan att tillförlitlighetssäkra den nuvarande driften av stofttransportsystemet tillhörande två av värmeverkets hetvattenpannor. Studien har undersökt huruvida det finns möjlighet att framförallt minska underhållskostnaderna. Studien har framförallt inriktats mot två stofttransportfläktar som vardera tillhör ett stofttransportsystem, eftersom mycket underhållsarbete lagts på de fläktarna. En jämförelse med andra liknande verk har även utförts då det visats att Norrenergi AB:s lösning av stofttransporten är ytterst ovanlig. Vidare har en analys av fläktarna utförts, vilken visade att de är underdimensionerade för systemet. Det har konstaterats utifrån genomförda SPM-, temperatur- och bullermätningar. Olika typer av lösningar på problemet har undersökts och då på en förändring av hela systemet, alternativt enbart av fläktarna eller lagren till stofttransportfläktarna. Rapporten har utmynnat i flera förslag vilka innefattar en ny systemutformning, installation av nya fläktar samt en uppgradering av det nuvarande systemet, där installation av nya fläktar rekommenderas. / This study has been carried out at the request by the energy company Norrenergi AB. It consists of an analysis on how they can reduce the maintenance regarding two dust transporting fans installed in the flue gas cleaning compartment of their thermal power plant. The study also compares what solutions other plants have regarding the dust-transport. The solution installed at Norrenergi AB was found to be rather unusual. Measurements and calculations have been performed to investigate further what have caused the high maintenance on the fans. The study looks into what upgrades are available to the entire dust transporting system. The result of the study turned into different suggestions, which includes a new configuration of the dust transporting system, and installation of new fans and also an upgrade of the existing dust transporting system. Among the suggestions the final recommendation is the alternative of installing new fans.