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Title: Reasons why children in pubescence (age 14 - 18) terminate their sport activity at judo competitions Objective: Goal of my dissertation work is to find out possible reasons why children terminate their sport activity at judo competitions in pubescence. Methods: A survey sent to 42 judo trainers and 21 children helped to find out the reasons why children terminate their sport activity at competitions at the age 14 - 18. Results: We have found out that the main reasons are feeling of anxiety before the match, lack of time and demanding studies at high school and university out of the hometown. Keywords: reasons for termination of the sport activity at competitions, trainer, judo, motivation

Denna studies syfte var att undersöka vilken effekt idrottsaktivitet har på brottsnivån i Sveriges kommuner. Fokuset var att studera om sport kan användas som brottsförebyggande åtgärd mot ungdomsbrottslighet på kommunnivå i Sverige. Kvantitativa metoder genomfördes främst genom linjära regressionsanalyser för att undersöka effekterna mellan beroende- och oberoende variabler kontrollerat för andra faktorer. Datan vi använt oss av i denna studie kommer från olika statliga myndigheter och organisationer. Resultatet visar att idrottsaktivitet har negativa effekter på anmälda brott, det vill säga när idrottsaktiviteten ökar så minskar brottsligheten. Vår studie visar också att idrottsaktivitetet har negativa effekter på flera enskilda brottstyper som studerats. Studien har öppnat upp för ett nytt perspektiv kring idrottsaktivitet och dess brottsförebyggande effekter, och en förhoppning med denna studie är att skapa ett välgrundat underlag för vidare forskning. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sport activity on the crime rate in Swedish municipalities. The focus was to study whether sports can be used as a crime prevention measure against youth crime at the municipal level in Sweden. Quantitative methods were used, mainly linear regressions to investigate the effects between dependentand independent variables controlled for other factors. The data we have used in this study comes from different government agencies and organizations. The result shows that sport activity has negative effects on reported offenses, when the sport activity increases, the crimes decrease. Our study also shows that sport activity has negative effects on many individual crimes that have been studied. The study has opened for a new perspective on sport activity and their crime prevention effects, and an expectation we have on this study is to create a well-founded basis for further research.

Körperliche Aktivität ist eine wirkungsvolle Maßnahme der kardiovaskulären Prävention. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich metabolische Mediatoren identifiziert, die vor der Entstehung von Atherosklerose schützen könnten. Hierfür wurden Daten bezüglich körperlicher Aktivität und vaskulärer Phänotypen von 2160 Teilnehmer der LIFE Heart Study analysiert. In einer Metabolomanalyse wurden 81 Metabolite des Aminosäure- und Acylcarnitinstoffwechsels mittels Flüssigchromatographie und Tandem-Massensprektrometrie (LC-MS/MS) bestimmt. Um kausale Beziehungen aufzudecken, untersuchten wir mittels Mediationsanalyse Interaktionen zwischen körperlicher Aktivität, Metabolite und Atherosklerosephänotypen. Anamnestisch erfasste sportliche Aktivität war mit einer signifikant geringeren Atheroskleroseausprägung assoziiert: Die Odds Ratio (OR) betrug für das Vorhandensein eines Atherosklerose-Subphänotyps 0,76 (95 % KI 0,62–0,94), für Carotisplaque OR 0,79 (0,66–0,96) und für die periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit (pAVK) OR 0,74 (0,56–0,98). 12 Aminosäuren, freies Carnitin und fünf Acylcarnitine waren mit sportlicher Aktivität assoziiert. Von diesen waren acht Metabolite außerdem mit der Ausprägung von Atherosklerose assoziiert. Mittels Mediationsanalyse wurde ein Cluster von Aminosäuren identifiziert, die als mögliche kausale Mediatoren der Atheroprotektion angesehen werden können: Arginin, Glutamin, Pipecolinsäure, Taurin. Dagegen waren Metabolite aus dem Carnitin Metabolismus mit körperlicher Inaktivität und einer erhöhten Atheroskleroseprävalenz assoziiert: freies Carnitin, Acetylcarnitin und Octadecenoylcarnitin. Die Untersuchung des Metaboloms, der körperlichen Aktivität und der Atherosklerose mit Hilfe der Mediationsanalyse bietet neue Einsichten in den komplexen Prozess der Atheroprotektion und Atheroskleroseprävalenz. Hier sind sowohl Metabolite mit antioxidativen und endothelialen Effekten als auch Metabolite, die in den Prozess der Insulinsensitivität involviert sind, beteiligt. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen jetzt neue Möglichkeiten, um Ziele für präventive und therapeutische Interventionen der Athersoskleroseprävention zu verfolgen.:Bibliographische Beschreibung...............................................................................................................3 1. Einführung................................................................................................................5 1.1 Körperliche Aktivität................................................................................................5 1.2 Die Harvard Alumni Health Study...........................................................................6 1.3 Die LE-Heart Studie...............................................................................................7 1.4 Die Berechnung der körperlichen Aktivität.............................................................8 1.5 Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten zur Skalierung der Atherosklerose..........................9 1.5.1 Koronarangiographie...........................................................................................9 1.5.2 Ankle-brachial-index (ABI) ................................................................................10 1.5.3 Farbkodierte Doppler-/Duplexsonographie der hirnversorgenden Gefäße……10 1.6 Metabolomanalyse zur Bewertung des Stoffwechsels.........................................12 1.7 Ziele der Arbeit.....................................................................................................13 2. Publikation..............................................................................................................14 2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................15 2.2 Methods................................................................................................................16 2.3 Results……………………….................................................................................18 2.4 Discussion ...........................................................................................................20 2.5 References ..........................................................................................................22 3. Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................24 4. Anlagen .................................................................................................................29 4.1 Literaturverzeichnis .............................................................................................29 4.2 Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen und Symbole ..................................33 4.3 Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis ..................................................................34 4.4 Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags an der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit………….…35 4.5 Erklärung über die eigenständige Anfertigung der Arbeit ....................................36 4.6 Curriculum vitae...................................................................................................37 4.7 Danksagung ........................................................................................................39 5. Supplement ...........................................................................................................40

Title: The Level of Postural Maturation of Children in Athletic-preparatory Schools Author: Terezie Janečková Objective: There are more and more athletic-preparatory schools in athletic units and clubs nowadays. Athletic-preparatory school means a group of five or six-year-old children with one or two training lessons per week. Czech athletic association wants to spread an interest in athletics among parents and their children, to find athletic talents as soon as possible and develop them by this way. The recruitment of children at this age already exists in many sports, but it is new in athletics in the Czech Republic. But that does not go for everyone that this sport training at preschool age is the appropriate and healthy way for a child motor development. I would like to evaluate the influence of athletic-preparatory schools on the child motor development. Due to the fact that there are no tests to apply for this purpose in literaure, we have to compose our own set of tests, which are used in physiotherapy. The theoretic part of the work is a bibliographic search of accessible information about postural maturation and motor development. The experimental part of the work is an evaluation of the level of postural maturation of children in athletic-preparatory schools before their start of regular...

In the 2005 year the companies of the small and average business amounted up to 99,4 percentage of the all Lithuanian companies, they were engaged the 69,7 percentage of all Lithuanian staff and produced about 68,2 percentage of all Lithuanian surplus value. All the companies dependent on the market’s competition, taxes, technological advances, quality’s and environment’s rules, the changes of the laws, but the small and average companies differ from the gross companies, because they cannot reach these effects, similar to gross companies, and the small and average companies usually can only work in the market as gross companies’ partners. The main aim of the master work is to analyze the theoretical aspects of the activity of the small and average companies, besides to analize the main indicators of the small and average companies in Lithuania in the period of 2001 -2004 years (their structure, wages, size, financial rates and so on) and to analyze their taxation in 2005 year.

Title: Neurophysiologic intervention induced changes of the functional foot characteristics in school children. Objectives: The aim of the research was to identify the functional characteristics of the foot in school children selected on the basis of the activity of physical activity in the highest intensity (sporting children) and in the lowest intensity (non-sporting children) and to find out possibilities of influencing the functional characteristics of the foot by targeted neurophysiological intervention. The whole research study was divided into 3 related parts, which were examined separately. The first study aim was an identification of group specific functional characteristics of the foot in 2 groups of school children - actively sporting children and non-sporting children. The second study aim was the influence determination of long-term duration high performance sport activity on the functional characteristics of the school children foot in adolescent elite soccer players. And the aim of the third study was to verify the effect of the targeted neurophysiologic active intervention on the functional foot characteristics in actively sporting children with foot dysfunction of pronated foot and/or flatfoot type. Methods: The research study was divided into three study parts consisted of...