Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report examines stock market reactions to sudden changes in investor mood. The motivation for the study is the large volume of psychology and finance research showing that investor mood is affected by various non-economic or economically-neutral phenomena. Previous research has provided strong evidence of a link between the outcome of international sporting results, particularly soccer, and investor mood. This report examines the impact of South Africa's national soccer, rugby and cricket teams' performances in international matches on returns on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). Match results constitute a mood proxy variable hypothesised to affect stock returns through its influence on investor mood. The unconditional mean return on the JSE All Share index for a 13 ½ year period from September 1995 to February 2009 was compared to the mean return after wins, draws and losses by the national sport teams. An event study approach was followed and four different statistical tests were conducted in order to test for a relationship. The results of the tests indicate the existence of a moderate win effect, with mean returns after wins being statistically significantly higher for all sports combined, cricket and soccer. The report concludes that there is some evidence of a relationship between sporting success and stock returns. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsverslag ondersoek die reaksie van die aandelebeurs op skielike veranderings in beleggersentiment. Die motivering vir die studie is die aansienlike volume sielkundige en finansiële navorsing wat toon dat beleggersentiment beïnvloed word deur verskeie nie-ekonomiese of ekonomies-neutrale verskynsels. Vorige navorsing het sterk getuienis verskaf van 'n verband tussen die uitkoms van internasionale sportresultate, veral sokker, en beleggersentiment. Hierdie verslag ondersoek die impak van Suid Afrika se nasionale sokker-, rugby- en krieketspanne se prestasies in internasionale wedstryde op opbrengste op die Johannesburg Effektebeurs (JEB). Wedstryduitslae verteenwoordig 'n sentimentsveranderlike met die hipotese dat dit aandeeloprengste sal beïnvloed deur die uitslae se invloed op beleggersentiment. Die onvoorwaardelike gemiddelde oprengs op die JEB All Aandele-index vir 'n 13 ½ jaar periode van September 1995 to Februarie 2009 is vergelyk met die gemiddelde oprengs na oorwinings, nederlae en gelykopuitslae van die drie nasionale spanne. 'n Gebeurtenisstudie-benadering is gevolg en vier verskillende statistiese toetse is uitgevoer om te toets vir 'n verband. Die resultate van die toetse dui op die bestaan van 'n matige oorwiningseffek met gemiddelde oprengste na oorwinnings wat statisties wesenlik hoër is vir alle sportsoorte gekombineerd, krieket en sokker. Die verslag kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat daar wel getuienis is van 'n verband tussen sportsuksesse en aandeeloprengste.

Background The external requirements for the European top clubs within the UEFA football industry are changing. Due to mismanaged finances during a significant period of time derived from the clubs’ ruthless aim for short-term sporting success, UEFA (The Union of European Football Association) has decided to change the rules of the game. UEFA’s newly implemented financial fair play regulations, with the main requirement of breaking even, force clubs that aim to participate in future UEFA competitions to drastically improve their financial performance. Consequently, we are witnessing a fundamental shift in the European top club’s upcoming strategy. From now on, the club must go from pursuing a short-term strategy almost exclusively based on the quest for sporting success, to successfully implement a long-term strategy that besides being based on the main purpose of sporting success also is characterized by the quest for financial success. Purpose The purpose with this thesis is to provide guidance towards the European top club’s adjustment to UEFA financial fair play and its simultaneous achievement of competitive advantage within the changing UEFA football industry. Approach With the more decisive aim for profitability, the similarities between the European top club and a profit-seeking firm become evident. Consequently, the authors apply and adapt business strategic management theories to formulate a long-term strategy based on the simultaneous achievement of profitability and improved sporting performance.   Results Formulating a long-term strategy based on the simultaneous quest for financial and sporting success, the authors finally come to an understanding of how the European top club possibly could comply with financial fair play and simultaneously create conditions for competitive advantage within the changing UEFA football industry.

Title: Case study of the training process of couples performing Latin American dances. Objectives: The main objective of this paper is the creation of case studies aimed at developing the sports career of Latin American dance couples. Another objective is to create a training plan for the next dance season based on the information gathered. Methods: The paper used content analysis and critical analysis of expert literature. The research was carried out through case studies, interviews and testing. The research sample consisted of adult Latin American dance couples. The results are presented via text, illustrative graphs and tables. Results: It was found that nowadays the performance of dance couples is most affected by their mental state at individual competitions. Depending on the current level of dancers it is necessary to focus primarily on building up psychological resilience for the next dance season. Another focus point of the preparation will be on practicing expressing the character and experience of the individual dances. Key words: sporting performance, dance technique, physical fitness, psychological resilience, training plan Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Title: Trends in world and czech swimming performance during years 2000-2017 Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to analyze the performance development of czech and world elite swimmers in the last 18 years. The trend of progressive performance changes is monitored in the male and female categories in all individual disciplines on the short course races. Methods: To obtain the data for the thesis, we used a combination of historical and documentary methods. The initial data processing was performed by basic statistical survey, in the result part in the graphical form, with used tables and graphs with partial discussions. The studied object was represented by the national czech and world swimming records of the short course of all individual disciplines for women and men in the senior category Results: During the period 2000-2017, in all individual disciplines, record-breaking values in the Czech Republic and in world swimming were improved. The trend of swimming performance development in the Czech Republic is comparable to the performance development in the world swimming. The development of record values have been greatly influenced by changes in swimming rules, especially in rules, which defines swimwear. The 2008- 2009 period shows a significantly above-average value of the flooded record...

Multi-club ownership [MCO] is a concept within the football industry which entails that an owner holds significant stakes in multiple teams. This ownership strategy is not new, however, what are the driving forces of this type of ownership structure and what are the outcomes? The purpose of this study was to explore potential drivers of MCO, to irradiate the concept and determine whether traditional business administration theories can be applied to explain its existence. The main theoretical framework is based upon the shareholder theory and resource-based view of the firm with supplementary reasoning collected from other relevant theories. The study encompasses five seasons and consisted of the teams competing in the top two divisions in the English Football League system. The quantitative study covered six hypotheses and deployed both Two sample t-tests and regression models which sought to measure international player trading activity, sporting performance and financial performance. The results of the study show that multi-club portfolio members [MCPMs] tend to trade a larger share of players internationally compared to Non-MCPMs. However, the other models yielded no significant results in regard to MCPMs, although, value creation through the strategy cannot be disregarded as it may be present through other channels. The wider footballing industry has been studied extensively in previous literature. However, this study is focused on MCO, a topic that lacks a previous body of research. By filling this research gap the authors hope to illuminate the concept and increase transparency for both decision makers (owners of clubs) and supporters of clubs. In addition, a survey which is not empirically tested was conducted in order to help guide the proceedings of the research.

Syftet med studien är att kartlägga hur corporate social responsibility, sportsliga prestationer och supportrar påverkar Allsvenska herrfotbollsklubbars relationsmarknadsföring gentemot sponsorer. Fotboll är den största sporten i Sverige och sponsorer är en viktig inkomstkälla för svenska fotbollsklubbar. Detta innebär att fotbollsklubbar i Sverige måste vara effektiva i sin relationsmarknadsföring gentemot sponsorer för att skriva avtal med nya sponsorer samt bevara relationerna med deras befintliga sponsorer. Därav undersöker denna studie svenska fotbollsklubbars arbeta under hela livslängden av ett avtal med en sponsor från första kontakten till att avtalstiden är slut och hur fotbollsklubbens CSR- arbete, sportsliga prestation samt supportrar påverkar detta. En kvalitativ studie med en iterativ ansats har genomförts. Empirin innehåller information från semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex fallklubbar med olika bakgrund och framgångar inom den svenska herrfotbollen där alla har gemensamt att de spelar i högsta serien, Allsvenskan. Relationsmarknadsföring för de olika fallklubbarna varierar beroende på faktorer som sportslig framgång både nuvarande och historisk, geografisk placering, finansiell ställning samt deras supporterbas. De går att se att de fallklubbar med störst sponsorintäkter också har störst sportslig framgång, har störst supporterbas och är placerade i två av Sveriges tre största städer. Gemensamt för alla fallklubbar är att de ser CSR-arbetet som en viktig aspekt i deras relationsmarknadsföring. / The purpose of the study is to chart how corporate social responsibility, sporting performance and supporters affect relationship marketing towards sponsors of men’s football clubs in Allsvenskan. Football is the biggest sport in Sweden and sponsors are an important source of income for Swedish football clubs. This means that football clubs in Sweden must be effective in their relationship marketing towards sponsors to write new contracts with sponsors and to preserve the relations with sponsors that are already established. Therefore does this study examine Swedish football clubs work during the whole life cycle of a contract with a sponsor from the first contact until the contract ends and how the football clubs CSR-work, sporting performance and supporters’ affects this. A qualitative study with an iterative approach has been conducted. The empiric findings contain information gathered from semi-structured interviews with six case clubs with different backgrounds and success in the men’s football in Sweden where all case clubs have in common that they play in the highest league, Allsvenskan. The relationship marketing for the different case clubs varies depending on factors such as both present and historic sporting performance, geographic placement, financial position, and their supporter base. It is possible to see that the case clubs with the biggest income from sponsors also has the greatest sporting performance and has the biggest supporter base and are in two of Sweden’s three biggest cities. All case clubs have in common that they see their CSR-work as an important aspect in their relationship marketing.

This study examines the relationship between financial conditions and on-field success among 36 prominent European football clubs from 2010 to 2017. The research employs panel regression analysis to explore how clubs’ financial indicators such as wage costs, increasing revenues, debt-equity ratios, and return on assets correlate with their sporting performance. The findings suggest a substantial association between these financial factors and the clubs’ achievements. In particular, the results emphasize the importance of wage costs and increasingrevenues in boosting a club’s capacity to invest in high-quality players, thereby improving sporting outcomes. The presence of a top globally ranked player also has a significant impacton a club’s performance. These findings carry important policy implications for club management and governing bodies, particularly in revising wage regulations and promoting vigilant financial management for sustainable growth and competitiveness.

Syftet med studien är att analysera hur en rationell investerare kan förhålla sig till balansgången mellan ekonomiska och sportsliga prestationer. Arbetets process är uppdelat i två huvudsakliga områden finansiell ställning och börsuppgångar. Genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys har data samlats in och kategoriserats utifrån två huvudsakliga områden. Detta för att ge en djupare förståelse för hur balansgången påverkar bolagens aktiekurs på kort och lång sikt. Det teoretiska ramverket som utgör grunden i analysen består av rational choice theory (RCT) och den effektiva marknadsteorin. Den finansiella ställningen redovisas utifrån ett par valda nyckeltal och analyseras utifrån RCT. För att försöka förstå bakomliggande orsaker till börsuppgångar kommer den effektiva marknadsteorin utgöra analysen. De klubbar som medverkar i studien med respektive bolag är Aalborg BK, AGF Arhus, AIK, Bröndby IF, FC Köpenhamn och Silkeborg IF. Resultaten av studien visar att bolagen har svårt att hantera balansgången vilket avspeglar sig på börsen. Det blir en krock mellan klubbarnas motiv som fokuserar på sportsliga prestationer och den rationella investeringars motiv som är avkastning. Studien redogör även för en unik typ av ägare som är mer emotionellt drivna och som inte agerar rationellt. Detta leder till att bolagen är svårvärderade och svåra att förstå, kursrörelser sker slumpmässigt och marknaden är svag-effektiv. / The purpose of the study is to analyze how a rational investor can relate to the balance between financial and sporting performance. The work process is divided into two main areas, financial position and stock market rises. Through a quantitative content analysis, data has been collected and categorized based on two main areas. This is to provide a deeper understanding of how the balance sheet affects the companies' share price in the short and long term. The theoretical framework that forms the basis of the analysis consists of rational choice theory (RCT) and the effective market theory. The financial position is reported on the basis of a couple of selected key figures and analyzed on the basis of RCT. To try to understand the underlying causes of stock market rises, the effective market theory will constitute the analysis. The clubs participating in the study with each company are Aalborg BK, AGF Arhus, AIK, Bröndby IF, FC Köpenhamn and Silkeborg IF. The results of the study show that the companies have difficulty managing the balance sheet, which is reflected in the stock market. There will be a clash between the clubs' motives that focus on sporting performance and the rational investment's motive that is return. The study also describes a unique type of owner who is more emotionally driven and who does not act rationally. This leads to companies being difficult to value and difficult to understand, price movements taking place at random and the market being weak-efficient.