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The purpose of this research is to explore the processes and strategies through which members of a group or organization use their organizational identity to make salient a normatively dissonant identity. Using both the functionalist perspectives of social identity theory and the existing narrative literature on identity formation in organizations, a conceptual process model of identity formation is created that integrates the identification process with the interaction of multiple identities, including the identity as members of an organization, a normatively dissonant identity, and other salient preexisting identities such as race and gender. This research also examined part of this conceptual model empirically, using members of a national running organization for Black women, Black Girls Run!, using a mixed-methods design including interviews and surveys of participants. Distance running, as a form of physical activity, is not a normative identity for Black women in the United States. Findings from Study 1 showed that members developed a running identity that informed their running behavior. Study 2 highlighted the process through which members used their identity as members of the organization to negotiate through their dissonance and become runners using modeling strategies. Findings from this study contribute to both sport management and organizational literature by empirically demonstrating the effects of and the processes through which an organizational identity might create a pathway for marginalized groups to adapt previously dissonant identities. It highlights the importance of organizational identities in the formation of deeper connections with physical activity, which has been shown to be an essential element of health maintenance and a conduit for sustainable active behaviors. / Tourism and Sport

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Thesis (PhD (Education )--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / 355 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- xxiii and numbered pages 1-330. Includes bibliography and list of tables. Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sporting environment in South Africa started changing drastically when professional sport increasingly became a reality after years of sporting isolation. As a result of these changes new career opportunities opened up because professionals were required to manage professional sport. These new professional sporting organisations are modelled on economically active businesses that require managers at all levels. Training institutions soon started offering programmes to train these so-called sports managers. Although there are specialists working in the sporting environment, the generic term "sports manager" is used to identify these individuals. The appropriate and sustainable training of sports managers forms the nucleus of the research in this study. Training programmes for sports managers are mostly offered at departments of human movement studies or sports science. This tended to create the impression that these training programmes are merely adapted human movement studies programmes that do not necessarily make provision for the professional sports management industry. The main purpose of this study was to design a curriculum framework for sport management training that is not only practice-oriented, but that also ensures sustainable programmes. To realise this, both an international and a national historical perspective on sport management training were researched. A description of a theoretical curriculum model with specific reference to current trends in education in South Africa was given. Furthermore it endeavoured to establish, from within the sporting industry, the knowledge and skills that are required for a career in sports management. From this information an attempt was made to suggest a curriculum framework so that appropriate and sustainable sports management training programmes can be offered. From a historical survey it became evident that sports management training programmes are in a relatively early development phase. An analysis of international programmes revealed that these programmes focus mainly on the economic and management activities in sports management organisations. Few instances were found where human movement studies constituted a prominent part of the contents of the programmes. However, the opposite was found to be true when South African programmes were reviewed. The majority of these programmes include components of human movement studies/sport science in their contents. Some of the programmes focus specifically on human movement studies/sport science and merely offer introductory modules on aspects of sports management. This study indicates the necessity for sports management training programmes in higher education to fit into specific structures in the South African education framework. New developments centred around the South African Qualifications Authority, the Higher Education Board and more specifically the National Qualifications Framework have been researched and applied to sports management training programmes. To place this study within the perspective of curriculum development, various models and methods of curriculum evaluation were explored. As a result of this a synoptic list was compiled to which sports management programmes may be required to comply. As part of the study a questionnaire review was conducted to indicate sports managers' knowledge and skills requirements in three levels of management. Guidelines were derived from this for generic contents of sports management programmes. It was also indicated that specialist functions exist within the sports management industry and that this phenomenon cannot merely be ignored by academic institutions when curricula are designed. These findings were used to suggest a possible framework for sports management curricula. In the light of a changing environment in South Africa and the development of the professional sports management industry, it is necessary that this framework should continuously be supplemented in a dynamic sporting environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sportbedryf het in Suid-Afrika drasties begin verander toe beroepsport na jare van sportisolasie toenemend 'n werklikheid geword het. Uit hierdie veranderinge het daar nuwe beroepsmoontlikhede ontstaan deurdat professionele persone nodig was om professionele sport te bestuur. Hierdie nuwe professionele sportorganisasies is op die lees van ekonomies-aktiewe besighede geskoei wat beteken dat bestuurders op aile vlakke benodig is. Opleidingsinstellings het spoedig begin om programme aan te bied vir die opleiding van hierdie sogenaamde sportbestuurders. Alhoewel daar 'n verskeidenheid spesialiste in die sportomgewing werk, word die generiese term "sportbestuurder" gebruik om hierdie persone te identifiseer. Die toepaslike en volhoubare opleiding van sportbestuurders vorm die kern van ondersoek in hierdie studie. Opleidingsprogramme vir sportbestuuropleiding word meestal in departemente van menslike bewegingskunde of sportwetenskap aangebied, wat die vermoede laat ontstaan het dat hierdie programme slegs aangepaste menslike bewegingskundeprogramme is en nie noodwendig vir die volle spektrum van behoeftes van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf voorsiening maak nie. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was die daarstelling van 'n kurrikulumraamwerk vir sportbestuuropleiding wat nie net praktykgerig is nie, maar ook die volhoubaarheid van hierdie programme verseker. Om dit te verwesenlik, is daar gepoog om 'n internasionale en nasionale historiese perspektief oor sportbestuuropleiding daar te stel. 'n Teoretiese kurrikulummodel is beskryf met spesifieke verwysing na huidige onderwystendense in Suid-Afrika. Vervolgens is gepoog om vanuit die sportbedryf te bepaal wat die kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes is wat die sportbestuurberoep aan individue stel. Uit hierdie gegewens is gepoog om 'n kurrikulumraamwerk te ontwerp ten einde 'n bydrae te maak tot die volhoubare en toepaslike voorsiening van sportbestuuropleiding. Uit 'n historiese oorsig het dit geblyk dat sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in 'n relatief vroeë ontwikkelingsfase verkeer. Wat uit die ontleding van internasionale programme duidelik geblyk het, is dat hierdie programme veral op die ekonomiese en bestuursaktiwiteite van sportbestuurorganisasies gefokus is. Min gevalle is aangetref waar menslike bewegingskunde 'n prominente deel van die programinhoud uitmaak. Daar is egter bevind dat die teendeel grootliks waar is van programme in Suid-Afrika. Die meerderheid van die programme het wel komponente van menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap as deel van die inhoud. Sommige programme fokus spesifiek op menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap en bied sportbestuuraspekte slegs as inleidende modules aan. Die studie toon aan dat dit noodsaaklik is om sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in hoër onderwys binne spesifieke strukture in die Suid-Afrikaanse opvoedingsraamwerk in te pas. Ontwikkelinge rondom die Suid-Afrikaanse Kwalifikasie-owerheid, die Hoër Onderwysraad en meer spesifiek die Nasionale Kwalifikasieraamwerk is ondersoek in die lig van moontlike toepassings op sportbestuurprogramme. Om die studie binne die perspektief van kurrikulumontwikkeling te plaas, is ondersoek ingestel na verskillende modelle en metodes van kurrikulumevaluering. Hieruit is 'n oorsiglys waaraan sportbestuurprogramme moontlik beoordeel kan word, saamgestel. 'n Vraelysondersoek is benut ten einde kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes van sportbestuurders op drie bestuursvlakke aan te toon. Riglyne ten opsigte van generiese inhoude vir sportbestuurprogramme is hieruit verkry. Daar is ook aangetoon dat spesialisfunksies binne die sportbestuurbedryf bestaan en dat hierdie verskynsel tydens kurrikulumontwerp nie sonder meer deur akademiese instellings geignoreer kan word nie. Hierdie bevindinge is gebruik om 'n moontlike raamwerk vir sportbestuurkurrikula voor te stel. In die lig van 'n veranderende samelewing in Suid-Afrika en die ontwikkeling van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf is dit noodsaaklik dat hierdie raamwerk in 'n dinamiese sportomgewing voortdurend aangevul word.

In 2009, the Swedish Basketball Federation started a Region U15 development project in order to change the structure of the regional organization to get into a more transparent and similar operations throughout the country. My purpose is to study the attitudes to the change among the region leaders in the regional operations and evaluate the change from an organizational perspective. The study is primarily based on the following questions: What are the experiences of the change process among the region leaders in the regional organization? How involved have region leaders been in the changing process? Which are the positive and negative aspects with the regional operation today? What can be done further to develop the regional operation and to what extent do the organizational change follow general organizational theories? In my study, a qualitative method was used in terms of interviews with 8 regional leaders to understand their attitude to the project and the changing process. To analyze the results of the region leaders ‘responses, a transcription have been made. One of the main results of the study is that the organizational change to some extent mean bureaucratization and centralization, in order to structure the activities in the regions. One example is the development of a policy document for all regions to follow. The results also show that the attitudes to the change are overall very positive among the region leaders.

Bakgrund-Fotboll har gått från att vara en hobby till en professionell kommersialiserad industri därekonomi spelar en allt viktigare roll. En fotbollsklubb arbetar med flera dimensioner avframgång. Först och främst den sportsliga framgången som kan vara fotbollsklubbars tabellplacering eller antal titlar. Sedan finns ekonomisk framgång, till exempel vilkenekonomisk ställning fotbollsklubbar har. Det är rimligt att dessa dimensioner av framgång bör hänga ihop eftersom ekonomin sätter ramen för vilka spelare/tränare som fotbollsklubbar kanrekrytera, medan den sportsliga framgången bör generera ett högre kommersiellt intresse. Syfte-Utforska om det finns ett samband mellan sportslig framgång, i form av tabellplacering, och utvalda nyckeltal. Teori-Teorikapitlet inleds med generell teori angående nettoomsättningen, eget kapital ochkassaflödet som mått på framgång. Detta följs upp med ett avsnitt om sports management. Sedan förklaras Allsvenskans regelverk med bolagsform och regleringen av röstmajoritet. Därefter beskrivs tidigare forskning med hjälp av tidigare studier som undersökt sambandet mellan sportslig och ekonomisk framgång. Teorikapitlet avslutas sedan med hypoteser. Metod-En kvantitativ studie genomfördes där data från Allsvenskans fotbollsklubbars årsredovisningar använts för att göra korrelations- och regressionsanalyser i SPSS Statistics. Annan sekundärdata har inhämtats från vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur och webbsidor. Slutsats-Slutsatserna som studien kommer fram till är: Det finns ett samband mellan en allsvensk fotbollsklubbs tabellplacering och nettoomsättning. Det finns ett samband mellan en allsvensk fotbollsklubbs tabellplacering och eget kapital. Det finns inget samband mellan en allsvensk fotbollsklubbs tabellplacering och kassaflöde. Nyckelbegrepp: Sportslig framgång, Ekonomisk framgång, Nettoomsättning, Kassaflöde,Eget kapital, Sports management, Allsvenskan, Fotboll. / Background-Football has gone from being a hobby to a professional commercialized industry where economics play an increasingly important role. A football club works with several dimensions of success. First and foremost the sporting success which could be football clubs table position or number of titles. Then there is financial success, such as the financial position of footballclubs. It is reasonable that these dimensions of success should interlink as the economy sets the framework for which players/coaches the football clubs can recruit, while sporting success should generate a higher commercial interest. Purpose-Explore whether there is a connection between sporting success, in the form of table position, and selected key performance indicators. Theory-The theory chapter begins with general theory regarding net sales, equity and cash flow as a measure of success. This is followed up with a section about sports management. Then the rules of Allsvenskan are explained by the corporate form and the voting majority regulation. Thereafter, the earlier research is described using previous studies that examined the link between sporting and economic success. The theory chapter is then concluded with hypotheses. Method-A quantitative study was conducted using data from the annual reports of football clubs participating in Allsvenskan to make correlation and regression analysis in SPSS Statistics. Other secondary data have been obtained from scientific articles, literature and web pages. Conclusions-The conclusions from this study are: There is a connection between the table position and the net sales for a football club participating in Allsvenskan. There is a connection between the table position and the equity for a football club participating in Allsvenskan. There is no connection between the table position and the cash flow for a football club participating in Allsvenskan. Key words: Sports success, Economic success, Net sales, Cash flow, Equity, Sports management, Allsvenskan, Football.