Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arteries and is defined as a form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty lesions called atheromatous plaques form on the intima of arteries. The formation of these plaques begins early, within the first two decades of life, and may be started by damage to the endothelial cells and intima of the artery walls (Guyton, 1981). A number of factors may cause the initial damage, including physical abrasion of the endothelium, abnormal substances in the blood or pulsating arterial pressure on the vessel wall (Guyton, 1981). There is a growing body of epidemiologic, genetic, experimental, and clinical evidence to support the hypothesis that there is a cause and effect relationship between high blood levels of cholesterol and the development of atherosclerosis in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of exercise and diet in predicting the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio in college age males and females. Variables controlled for included age, gender, smoking, medication use, contraceptive use, hormone use and intense physical activity.

It was hypothesized that a concentration routine intervention would have a significant positive effect on the performance of intercollegiate golfers. A concentration routine consisted of a preshot and a postshot routine. In addition, this study predicted that a positive relationship would exist between routine execution and golf performance. The seven members of an NCAA Division I female golf team participated in this study. A one-way factorial design with repeated measures on multiple dependent variables tested the effects of the treatment among three time-frames. The three timeframes were: (a) Pre-treatment, which consisted of the four tournaments prior to the intervention; (b) Treatment-one, which consisted of the three tournaments immediately following the Introduction and Implementation Phases of the intervention; and (c) Treatment-two, which consisted of the three tournaments immediately following treatment-one. The results indicated that the treatment had a significant effect on golf performance. Subsequent discriminant function analyses and univariate F-tests revealed that scoring differential -- score minus the course rating -- contributed most to the difference in overall golf performance and exhibited a significant treatment effect. On the other hand, (a) percentage of fairways hit, (b) percentage of greens hit in regulation, (c) percentage of up-and-downs, and (d) number of putts per round revealed no significant treatment effect. A Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test indicated that: (a) Scoring differential increased significantly from pre-treatment to treatment-one; (b) Scoring differential decreased significantly from treatment-one to treatment-two; and (c) Scoring differential decreased significantly from pre-treatment to treatment-two. A multivariate multiple regression found a significant relationship between routine execution and golf performance. The canonical correlation coefficient (Rc), combined with the canonical correlation coefficient squared (Rc2 ), revealed that a majority of the variance between the sets was shared. Additional canonical correlation analyses indicated that a portion of the variance in the individual measures of golf performance was explained by a linear composite of routine execution. Therefore, for this sample of golfers, it was asserted that routine execution was a significant contributor to golf performance.

This study presents a systematic literature review of research evaluating components of athletic identity in participating NCAA Division I, II, and III athletes. Publications were gathered from six databases: APA PsycINFO, APA PsycARTICLES, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, ERIC, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus. 26 records met the criteria for inclusion. Four themes were analyzed in the research: academic factors, demographic factors, sport-specific factors, and psychological factors. Study limitations and recommendations for future research are assessed, such as challenges associated with self-report instruments and benefits of employing a longitudinal research design. Recommendations for practitioners and staff are also discussed.

Officiating sport contests requires much personal control and poise, self-confidence, and a thorough knowledge of the rules and mechanics. Accepted as a part of sport, through exhibitions of improper player, coach, and spectator behavior, is criticism of officials. The impact of such criticism on the self-esteem of the official appears to be a key question and prompted this research. The study problem was to determine the gender and rating difference in self-esteem, if any, of Amateur Softball Association (A.S.A.) officials of the Greater San Joaquin Valley (GSJV) Metro. Specifically, the study compared the self-esteem level of: (1) softball officials and the normative population; (2) female and male softball officials; and (3) rated and unrated softball officials. One hundred softball officials were used as subjects for this study. The officials completed the Culture-Free Self~Esteem Inventory (CFSEI) and a Biographical Data Questionnaire. The inventories were hand scored and the t-ratio technique was used to compare the mean scores of the officials and the normative population, while the APP-STAT program analysis of variance was·used for the female/male and rated/unrated comparisons. All null hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance. It was determined that (1) Softball officials had a significantly higher level of self-esteem than the normative population. (2) No significant difference of total self-esteem between females and males was discovered. However~ the females had significantly lower personal self-esteem than the men. {3) Rating status was not a significant factor in the self-esteem level of softball officials. It was concluded that {1) The self-esteem level of A.S.A. officials, of the GSJV Metro, greatly exceeds that of the normative population. {2) Gender and rating status are not significant factors in differentiating self-esteem levels.

This experimental study was designed to test whether viewing a West Coast Athletic Conference Basketball Game in person had a significantly greater effect on spectators than watching the same event on television or listening to it on the radio. The literature revealed mixed opinions concerning this type of testing.

This parallel investigation was conducted to survey and to determine the immediate and longitudinal attitude values in selected college women following participation in elective physical activity classes. The expressed attitudes were measured by a modified Carlos L. Wear Physical Education Attitude Inventory adapted for use in this present study by the investigator. Four experimental groups were chosen according to the cluster sampling technique, representing two life-time sport course offerings of badminton and women's fitness. Seventeen women enrolled in the fall fitness class and fourteen women in the fall badminton classes, comprised the longitudinal sample for this study. The spring semester fitness class numbered fourteen and thirteen women in the badminton classes made up the immediate term data. Sixteen randomly selected women qualified as non-activity class participators during the spring semester, and were selected for the control group. The modified Wear Attitude Inventory, preceded by a short self-rating personal physical activity questionnaire, was administered in person, to all subjects on designated testing dates. Subjects participating in the longitudinal study were tested at the end of their fall semester 1975 classes and again at 12 and 20 weeks. The spring 1976 immediate- term subjects were administered the Attitude Inventory at the beginning, middle, and conclusion of their elective activity class participation. The control group was tested twice following a time sequence corresponding to the pro and post survey dates of the immediate-term study groups. Total subjects examined in this parallel attitude study numbered seventy-four. Analysis of the data determined that there were no statistical differences in the comparison of the pretest and posttest attitude scores between the women enrolled in elective physical activity classes and the control group. Likewise, no significant differences were found in the attitude scores of college women during a semester of elective activity participation. The most positive attitude level was achieved on the posttest; however the gain was insignificant at the .05 level. Examination of the longitudinal attitude scores showed no significant statistical differences following participation in elective activity classes. Contrary to the study hypothesis, longitudinal attitude scores projected a slight numerical trend upward; however the gain Has not statistically significant. Additionally, there were no significant differences found in the comparison of the longitudinal mean gain scores of women who have participated in elective activity classes and them mean gain scores of women not electing to participate. Findings indicated that women at the University of the Pacific possess generally positive attitudes toward the values of physical activity. Both women's fitness groups expressed a more favorable attitude than both beginning badminton study groups and control group members. Analysis of the data obtained from the self-rating Personal Physical Activity Questionnaire indicated that although the women held positive attitudes toward physical activity, 47 percent spend less than four hours per week engaged in actual physical outlets. This inability to spend more time involved in sport and recreational pursuits was reportedly due to lack of time prompted by study requirements and outside work. Since no significant attitudinal changes between any of the tested variables was determined, It was concluded that these results might reflect the increased favorable conditions evident in an elective physical activity program.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between aggression, as measured by various personality questionnaires, and competitive anxiety, as measured by the Illinois State Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire, among the intercollegiate football players at the University of the Pacific. A sub-purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of aggression scores among intercollegiate football players as measured by the selected personality questionnaires.

Insurance is a vital factor in the billed cost to the patient, but to what degree does insurance explain the amount a patient is left to pay? Also, does obesity further influence patient’s billed cost? This thesis assesses the type of thoracic trauma patient, insurance status, and their billed cost. Database variables were analyzed in IBM SPSS 25. Table 1 characteristics were evaluated based on demographics and systematic hospital factors. Linear regressions used Private0_Government1 and BMI Obese n_y_ as independent variables while Total Patient Cost was the dependent variable. Private0_Government1 insurance explained .03% of Total Patient Charges. Private0_Government1 and BMI Obese n_y_ explained 1.4% of Total Patient Charges. Private0_Government1 and BMI Obese n_y_ explained a low percentage of Total Patient Charges. This shows that there are factors other than insurance type and obesity that are influential upon patient charges.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical fitness and absenteeism comparisons between exercising and non-exercising employees who participate in worksite wellness program.

The purpose of this study was to expand on goal orientation theory and its relationship with beliefs about the causes of sport success by differentiating by age group in youth USA Swimming registered swimmers, ages 11-18. 80 swimmers from six different USA Swimming clubs completed the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Beliefs About the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire (BACSSQ) after providing parent consent and child assent to take part in the study. Similar to previous research, the ego orientation was found to have a significant positive relationship with ability and deception as beliefs about the causes of sport success and the task orientation was found to have a significant positive relationship with higher effort as well as a significant negative relationship with deception as a belief about the cause of sport success. New findings included the 13-14 year old and 15-18 year old age groups having a significantly higher ego orientation than the 11-12 age group, the 15-18 age group having a significantly lower task orientation than both the 11-12 and 13-14 age groups, and the 13-14 age group believed deception caused success in swimming significantly more than the 11-12 age group. It is concluded that older swimmers could develop a higher ego orientation and lower task orientation as they age due to more visible differences in ability and an increased focus on performance.