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Reconstruction of South African sport: from sports activism to post-apartheid policy planning and implementationRoberts, Cheryl January 1992 (has links)
The six papers which appear in this publication were delivered at a consultative conference of the National and Olympic Sports Congress which was held in Johannesburg from 1-3 November 1991. There is no doubt that this conference on development could not have been held at a more critical juncture in South Africa's history, particularly at a time when the country stands on the threshold of an era which is expected to usher in a non-racial, democratic society. Given the legacy of apartheid, development and preparation have become priorities for the National and Olympic Sports Congress. It was against the background of the inequalities and future projections for transformation of the sports network which brought delegates together from across South Africa and from all codes of sport and co-ordinating regional councils. A central theme of the papers is that the reconstruction of South African sport demands a national programme, one that would ensure progress towards an equitable sports structure but also one that would set realistic goals without raising expectations that are unlikely to be realised. A central challenge of the conference was the search for a suitable combination of high performance sport and mass participation. The gender question in sport also came under the spotlight. Sport's male-dominated, hierarchical and sexist structure was mandated for urgent review. Conference was told that black women have very few opportunities to participate in sport unlike white sportswomen and sports people overall. Five resolutions, aimed at transforming the present state of South African sport, were adopted at the conference. After exhaustive discussions delegates identified the broad themes to be: national development and planning, national sports policy, building one sports federation, sponsorship, rural areas, affirmative action and empowerment. Conference noted the absence of a co-ordinated national sports policy, the heavy commercialisation of sport together with the lack of vision and planning for the future of sport. In this regard it was resolved to intiate the acceptance and development of a national sports policy which would emphasise development, national identity and patriotism, democracy, accountability, non-racialism and non-sexism. If the conference deliberations are to be seriously implemented then the apartheid sports network will undergo structural changes which will develop the historically disadvantaged and unleash the suppressed talents of millions of people who are trapped in an unequal and resourceless system.
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Employee perception of public sector compliance with corporate governance principles : case of the Western Cape Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport, South AfricaParker, Nazima Begum January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / Greater emphasis has in recent years been placed on the fiduciary duties of managers vis-a-vis Chief Financial Officers, Accounting Officers and political representatives. The exposure has given rise to the shift in focus to overarching activities promoting social responsibility, ethics, discipline, transparency, fairness, independence and most importantly, accountability. Previous research (Burger & Goslin, 2005) focused on the rising incidence of mismanagement of public funds within government departments which has been credited to non-compliance in good governance or best practices. The rising interest by the media and the public on governanace and the role of public officials may be attributed to the various high-profile televised media releases; which includes the alleged alliance of Jacob Zuma with Schabir Schaik as emerged in the Schabir Schaik trail, the "Travelgate Scam", the 'Oilgate Saga' and the 'Arms Deal', which are but a few media reports. Corporate governance is thus understood as the method of control and accountability prevailent within the management and directorship of an organisation. The seven principles as propagated by the King Report on Governance, 2002 (referred to as the King II report), namely discipline, transparency, independence, accountability, responsibility, fairness and social responsibility is examined in this paper so as to establish whether there is an understanding and application of corporate governance within the Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport, Western Cape Provincial Government or whether good governance is integrated throughout the Provincial Department in question. In addition, the paper presents the analysis and findings of the employee perception survey conducted on public sector compliance to corporate governance principles, within the above provincial department, who were utilised as the case-study for this paper. The survey findings has reveals that the application of corporate principles exist in terms of the perceptions of the employees within the Provincial Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport. However, the study further revealed that there exists opportunities for improvement. The paper will detail the recommendations for the said department to promote corporate governance.
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Sport as an educational strategy in a multicultural contextRamagoshi, Maphuthi Ephraim 27 August 2014 (has links)
M.Ed. (Physical Training) / Please refer to full text to view abstract
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South Africa's Bid for the 2004 Olympic Games as means for international unity and international awarenessMasuku, Philile 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mega-events such as the Olympic Games have emerged as one of the most significant
features of the global era. Not only has the number of participants increased, but also
the hosting of these events has been seen as an opportunity for countries to externally
market themselves, in an attempt to raise their international profile, and to develop
national identity. As such, many nations continue to enthusiastically compete to host
these events. Despite the prestige of hosting events, South Africa has in the past been
excluded from participating, let alone being considered to bid to host events of such
magnitude. This was as a result of the Apartheid policy that extended into sport. After
being admitted into the world of sport, it has joined the list of nations that regularly
compete to bid.
There are two questions that this study sets out to explore. Firstly, how did hosting of
the Games market South Africa internationally? Secondly, did hosting the Games help
celebrate South Africa's national identity? In trying to answer these questions, the
marketing power concept has been used. Part of the proposition is that marketing
power is more sought after by state elites who lack national identity. In light of this,
South Africa has been used as a case study. Bidding to host the Olympic Games was
no easy road for South Africa, and in the aftermath of the Bid, this study identifies the
reasons why the Bid was unsuccessful.
The findings suggest that South Africa's attempt to host the Games did indeed market
the country internationally. However, the findings indicate that bidding to host the
Games did not bolster national identity, instead it revealed that there was lack of unity.
In addition there are some important lessons that can be drawn from this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoë-profiel gebeure soos die Olimpiese Spele is een van die mees opmerklike
gevolge van die globale era. Buiten dat die aantal deelnemers aan sulke gebeurtenisse
dramaties togeneem het, het die eise en die kompetisie om sodanige gebeurtenisse aan
te bied, toegeneem omdat state hierdeur hulself ekstern kan bemark en intern skep
sulke gebeurtenisse 'n geleentheid om nasionale identiteit te bevorder. Ten spyte van
die prestige wat die gasheer-staat in sulke gevalle te beurt val, is apartheid Suid-
Afrika histories uitgesluit van deelname aan veral hoë profiel sport, en was die
aanbieding van sulke gebeurtenisse in Suid-Afrika buite die kwessie. Namate Suid-
Afrika weer 'n aanvaarde lid van die gemeenskap van nasies geword het, het Pretoria
ook toenemend begin bie om hoë-profiel sportgebeurtenisse aan te bied.
Hierdie studie verken twee sentrale vraagstukke. Eerstens, hoe bemark die aanbied
van die Olimpiese Spele Suid-Afrika op 'n internasionale grondslag? Tweedens, help
die aanbieding van sulke sportgebeure werklik om 'n gevoel van 'n nasionale
identiteit onder Suid-Afrikaners aan te wakker? Ten einde die vrae te beantwoord,
word in 'n hoë mate van die konsep, 'bemarkingsmag' ('marketing power') gebruik
gemaak. Daar word deel geargumenteer dat bemarkingmag juis deur staatselites
nagejaag word in samelewings waar nasionale identiteit gebrekkig ontwikkel is. Die
Suid-Afrikaanse geval is dus by uitstek 'n toonaangewende voorbeeld van die tendens.
In die studie word daar aangedui hoekom die bie proses ten einde die Olimpiese Spele
aan te bied so 'n besondere komplekse uitdaging is, hoe dit deurgevoer is en waarom
Suid-Afrika misluk het.
Die bevindings suggereer dat motivering om die Spele aan te bied inderdaad gedryf is
deur die behoefte om Suid-Afrika se bemarkingsmag uit te brei. Ten spyte hiervan,
het die bie-proses ook 'n baie brose sin van nasionale identiteit ontbloot het en 'n
duidelike rasse-skeidslyn in terme van populere steun vir die bie-proses. Die studie
onttrek ook 'n aantal gevolgtrekkings wat vir ander bod-prosesse van waarde kan
wees.
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Affirmative action in South African sport : a moral game for allJohnson, Craig Virgil January 2017 (has links)
A research report submitted to the faculty of humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Applied Ethics for Professionals / The following paper examines the moral justification for affirmative action within South African sport, more specifically the forms pertaining to “preferential treatment” and “reverse discrimination”. The paper begins with an articulation of the nature of our sport as well as that of affirmative action, which in turn lays the foundation for my moral justification. South African sport, it seems, must share centre stage in our country’s reconciliation and nation-building process if we are to faster realise a substantively equal and non-racial society. I argue that by appropriately bringing about the right kind of integration in South African sport we can create a better country for all by reducing, inter alia, our racial and class disparities, racial prejudices and racism. That said, there appears to be a greater moral significance that comes from using “preferential treatment” and “reverse discrimination” in South African sport, as opposed to their complete absence. / MT2018
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Management and development of cricket in South Africa with special reference to Natal.Naidoo, Loganadhan Dalyiah January 1983 (has links)
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the management and development of cricket in South Africa with particular reference to Natal. The objectives of this evaluation included Highlighting the period of cricket prior to unification; Describing the unification process and the conditions necessary for unity; and Evaluation of the development programmes at national and provincial levels. The extensive area of investigation and the vastness of the area of study, restricts this research to specific aspects that are pertinent to the topic. The objectives of the study therefore focus on the following : To provide a theoretical foundation and analysis of administration, organisation and structure, and development, in order to establish whether the current situation did in fact meet with the objectives of the unification process; To investigate the effects of the apartheid policy on sport in South Africa; and To provide a critical appraisal of existing development programmes in order to enhance the knowledge and literature-base of cricket administration in South Africa. Within the framework of this research, and the theoretical foundations of cricket administration and development, the effects of the government's policy of "Apartheid", the emergence of the non-racial sports struggle, the unification process, and the structure of cricket with particular emphasis on the development programmes both at national and provincial levels, are discussed. The conclusion, which draws inferences from each chapter, provides certain recommendations pertaining to the following: The establishment of a National Sports Coordinating Body; The development of a National Development Policy; The establishment of a National Development Fund; The Development of Talented Players; The Development of Officials; The Development of Clubs; The Provision of Facilities; The establishment of School Cricket Unification; and Control and Accountability. It is hoped that the recommendations and suggestions made address some aspects of the various issues raised about the unification process in cricket in South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, Durban, 1993.
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A case-based analysis of the implementation of transformation in Western Cape rugbyCupido, Evan Dean 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rugby in South Africa has a long racial and political history. This history was a direct result
of the policy of apartheid in which a deliberate attempt was made to arrange all areas of life
along racial lines. One saw rugby being played and administered on the basis of race in which
disparities between races became apparent. Twenty years into democracy and one has seen
transformation in South African sport been increasingly prioritized by national government in
which numerous policies have been developed to bring about redress and equity in sport. The
South African Rugby Union (SARU) and Provincial Rugby Unions in their attempt to
transform rugby have implemented numerous strategic plans to ensure greater access to the
game in historically disadvantaged areas. Yet despite the efforts of both state and non-state
actors rugby at a senior national and provincial level is still dominated by white players even
though the majority of rugby players at a junior level are non-white.
The research focused on how transformation policies in rugby have been implemented in the
Western Cape. The research design was a case study, in which the author conducted a
number of interviews with rugby administrators and managers, both past and present,
involved at the Western Province Rugby Football Union (WPRFU). The objectives of the
research was to look at what implementation initiatives have been put in place, both on and
off the field, to bring about transformation of rugby in the Western Cape. The case study
focused on rugby played at an intermediate level in which rugby institutions, school rugby
and recruitment and club rugby in the Western Cape were explored. The research focused on
how transformation policies have been implemented by those involved with rugby at a
provincial and local level. Implementation of transformation policies in rugby was seen as a
dynamic and complex process in which both state and non-state actors played an important
role. Thus the theoretical approach of the research was a bottom-up approach to public policy
implementation.
The findings showed that while there was no strict enforcement of a quota on teams at the
intermediate level the WPRFU have carried out a number of implementation initiatives in
which transformation has been advanced. This is particularly true of transformation off the
field in which employment equity and preferential procurement of the Union’s broader
administrative structure has been advanced. Yet findings into school and club level rugby
showed that there still existed great social and economic disparities between historically
advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Thus the goal of achieving equity and access in rugby
has yet to be reached at these levels. The research highlighted that transformation at a senior professional level will remain a challenge as rugby cannot escape the socioeconomic context
in which it is embedded in. Therefore increase focus needs to be placed on transforming
rugby at school and club level in which disadvantaged groups need to be assisted so as to
ensure that rugby is played on a level playing field. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Rugby in Suid-Afrika het ’n lang rasse- en politieke geskiedenis. Hierdie geskiedenis is die
direkte gevolg van die apartheidsbeleid, wat opsetlik daarop gemik was om alle lewensfasette
op grond van rasseonderskeid te organiseer. Rugby is ook op grond van ras gespeel en
geadministreer, en die ongelykhede tussen rasse het duidelik daaruit geblyk. Twintig jaar
sedert demokrasie ingestel is, word transformasie in Suid-Afrikaanse sport toenemend deur
die nasionale regering voorop gestel. Verskeie beleide is ontwikkel om herstel en gelykheid
in sport te bewerkstellig. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie (Saru) en provinsiale rugbyunies
het talle strategiese planne implementeer in hulle poging om rugby te transformeer en groter
toegang tot die spel onder histories-benadeelde gemeenskappe te verseker. Ten spyte van
pogings deur regerings- sowel as nieregeringsrolspelers oorheers blanke spelers steeds rugby
op senior-nasionale en -provinsiale vlak, al is die meeste spelers op junior vlak nieblank.
Die navorsing fokus op die implementering van transformasiebeleide in rugby in die WesKaap.
Die navorsingsontwerp is ’n gevallestudie waarin die outeur ’n aantal onderhoude met
rugbyadministrateurs en -bestuurders gevoer het wat tans of in die verlede by die Westelike
Provinsie Rugby Voetbalunie (WPRVU) betrokke is of was. Die navorsingsdoelwit was om
te kyk na die implementeringsinisiatiewe wat ingestel is, op die veld sowel as daarvan af, om
transformasie in rugby in die Wes-Kaap te bewerkstellig. Die gevallestudie het gefokus op
rugby op intermediêre vlak; rugby-instellings, skoolrugby en -werwings en klubrugby in die
Wes-Kaap is ondersoek. Die navorsing het gefokus op die manier waarop
transformasiebeleide op provinsiale en plaaslike vlak geïmplementeer is.
Beleidsimplementering het geblyk ’n dinamiese en komplekse proses te wees waarop
regerings- sowel as nieregeringsrolspelers ’n belangrike invloed het. Die teoretiese
benadering tot die navorsing was dus ’n onder-na-bo-benadering tot openbare
beleidsimplementering.
Die bevindinge toon dat, hoewel ’n streng kwotastelsel nie op spanne op intermediêre vlak
toegepas is nie, die WPRVU wel transformasie deur middel van ’n aantal
implementeringsinisiatiewe bevorder het. Dit geld in die besonder van transformasie weg van
die veld af, waar die Unie se breër administratiewe struktuur diensbillikheid en
voorkeurverkryging bevorder het. Bevindings wat rugby op skool- en klubvlak betref, het
egter getoon dat daar steeds groot sosiale en ekonomiese ongelykhede tussen historiesbevoordeelde
en -benadeelde groepe bestaan. Op hierdie vlak is die doelwit om gelykheid en
toegang in rugby te bewerkstellig dus nog onbereik. Die navorsing beklemtoon dat transformasie op senior provinsiale vlak ’n uitdaging sal bly, aangesien rugby nie kan ontsnap
aan die sosio-ekonomiese konteks waarin dit gesetel is nie. Wat dus nodig is, is ’n verhoogde
fokus om rugby op skool- en klubvlak te transformeer en dat benadeelde groepe bygestaan
word om te verseker dat die speelveld vir rugby gelyk gemaak word.
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Increasing soft power - a case study of South Africa's bid to host the FIFA 2010 World CupMarx, Andrew Morne 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to determine if South Africa was actively attempting to boost its
soft power or symbolic power during the country’s bid to host the Fifa 2010 World
Cup. Preceding works dealing with mega-events identified a number of potential
benefits to the hosting nation. Some of these benefits include opportunities for
development (sport and socio-economic), nation building, urban regeneration, and
marketing. Previous works have focused a great deal on economic and nation
building aspects of mega-events. The marketing possibility for a host to develop as a
tourist destination has also enjoyed some focus.
There also exists a large amount of literature dealing with power – its nature,
resources and types. There is for instance structural and relational power while, in the
traditional sense, wealth and military might may be seen as power resources.
However, the importance and maintenance of soft power – or symbolic or co-optive
power, as defined in this study – has been greatly overshadowed by the traditional
ideas of power and as a result, neglected by International Relations scholars.
This study links the marketing potential of mega-events with the deployment of soft
power. The case study specifically deals with South Africa’s World Cup bid as a
marketing forum for enhancing the country’s soft power. For such an analysis it is
necessary to investigate South Africa’s diplomatic status, global position, relationship
with the North and South, and power resources. The importance of soft power being
essential to South Africa’s specific situation, global position and future, is also
investigated.
Using the bid for the 2010 World Cup, this study concludes that South Africa was
indeed projecting specifically chosen images of the country with the intention of
enhancing the country’s soft power. It is furthermore argued that these images are
both a reflection and in support of South Africa’s foreign policy and emerging middle
power position. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie poog om vas te stel of Suid Afrika doelgerig probeer het om die land se
sagte mag te versterk tydens die Fifa 2010 Wêreldbekerbod. Vorige studies oor
grootskaalse gebeurtenisse meen dat dit sekere potensieële voordele inhou vir die
gasheer. Dit sluit in geleenthede vir ontwikkeling (sport en sosio-ekonomies), nasiebou,
en stedelike herlewing en bemarking. Vorige werke het ook meerendeels
gefokus op die ekonomiese en nasie-bou aspekte van grootskaalse gebeurtenisse. Die
bemarkingsvoordele wat dit inhou vir die gasheer se toerismebedryf is ook gereeld
vehandel.
Daar bestaan ook vele geskrewe werke oor mag. Verskillende bronne van mag is
ondermeer ‘n gewilde onderwerp. Daar is byvoorbeeld strukturele mag en
verhoudings mag. Tradisioneel word militêre en ekonomiese vermoëns gesien as
bronne van mag. Die belangrikheid van sagte mag of simboliese mag, soos dit in
hierdie studie gedefinieër word, is egter tot ‘n groot mate oorskadu deur traditionele
idees van mag. Daardeur het Internasionale Betrekkinge akademici dit ook tot ‘n
mate afgeskeep.
Hierdie studie illustreer die bemarkingspotentiaal wat grootskaalse gebeurtenisse
inhou vir sagte mag. Die gevallestudie handel spesifiek oor Suid Afrika se 2010 bod
as ‘n potentieële bemarkingsforum vir die bevordering van die land se sagte mag. Die
analise het vereis dat Suid Afrika se diplomatieke status, globale posisie, verhouding
met die Noorde en Suide, en bronne van mag behandel word. Die belangrikheid van
sagte mag vir Suid Afrika se toekoms word ook aangespreek.
Die gevolgtrekking is dat Suid Afrika wel gepoog het om sekere gekose beelde na die
buiteland te projekteer. Die spesifieke doel met die beelde was om die land se sagte
mag uit te brei. ‘n Verdere bevinding is dat die beelde gelyktydig Suid Afrika se
buitelandse beleid en ontluikende middel magsposisie gereflekteer het.
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The 2003 Cricket World Cup : implications for identity formation and democratization prospects for ZimbabweVan der Merwe, Justin Daniel Sean 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There can be little doubt about the ability of major international sporting events to capture the
aspirations and hopes of nations. These events have an uncanny ability of seemingly effortlessly
doing what a hundred speeches and mass rallies by politicians could only hope to achieve.
Therefore, it is no surprise that they are commonly understood to be able to bring nations and
people together and provide a focus for national identity and unity. The 1995 Rugby World Cup in
South Africa is an obvious proponent of such a claim, whereby South Africa was emerging from a
long and arduous political transition and needed something more than going to the polling booths to
unite the nation.
Major international sporting events are also said to be able to provide a catalyst or incentive for
democratization and human rights enhancement in authoritarian or semi-authoritarian regimes. The
1988 Olympics in South Korea is a landmark of such claims whereby the South Korean government
was said to bow to the democratizing pressures exerted on it due to its hosting of the event. Many
have argued that China’s hosting of the Olympics in 2008 will have a similar effect. However,
equally potent, major international sporting events can have various unintended consequences in
terms of identity formation, democratization prospects and human rights for the host nations. An
analysis of South Africa and Zimbabwe’s co-hosting of the 2003 Cricket World Cup demonstrates
this point.
The outcomes of the study suggest that whilst it is normally the intention for the host nations to use
the games to bring nations and people together, the Cricket World Cup opened up a rift between
races, both within the race contours of the cricket playing Commonwealth world and within South
Africa's domestic politics. It was also established that much like the 1995 Rugby World Cup had
sought to reconcile blacks and whites domestically under the “Rainbow Nation” during Mandela's
presidency, the 2003 Cricket World Cup, with its more regional focus and under Mbeki’s
presidency, presented an excellent opportunity for transnational reconciliation between Africa and
the Anglo-Saxon world. However, the 2003 Cricket World Cup, as a project in racial
reconciliation, was essentially a failure. This was predominantly due to the choice by South Africa
of Zimbabwe as co-host and due to the shift of South Africa's national identity from that of the
“Rainbow Nation” under Mandela, to that of “Africanism” under Mbeki. President Mbeki’s drive
towards “Africanism” proved divisive both transnationally and domestically. Symbolically, the
Cricket World Cup, when compared with the 1995 Rugby World Cup, had served to highlight the
decline of the “Rainbow Nation”. Zimbabwe's co-hosting of the event had served to further entrench the authoritarian regime.
Instead of the regime opening up due to its co-hosting of the event, a broad clampdown on civil and
political liberties was experienced. The Zimbabwean government felt the need to tighten its grip
during the lead up to the event and throughout the tournament itself. The aim was to project a
sanitized view of Zimbabwe to the rest of the world. Thus, the event presented an opportunity for
the government to shore up its credibility and produce political propaganda. South Africa’s stance
of “quiet diplomacy” also indirectly helped to further entrench the regime through the World Cup.
Zimbabwe's co-hosting also impacted negatively on the opposition, the MDC. In addition to this,
the various pressures which major events are said to exert on a host nation to reform politically and
which result from boycott campaigns, pressure from the media, stimulation of civil society and
protests, were not very effective in enhancing democratization prospects and human rights in
Zimbabwe.
This study reaches the overall conclusion that the claims that major events bring nations and people
together and provide a catalyst or incentive for democratization and human rights enhancement in
authoritarian regimes, need further revision. South Africa and Zimbabwe's co-hosting of the event
did indeed have unintended consequences. Policy implications are also assessed. Future areas for
research are also identified. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar bestaan min twyfel dat groot internasionele sportgebeurtenisse die strewes en verwagtinge van
nasies aanwakker. Hierdie gebeutenisse het die vermoë om op ‘n oënskylike moeitelose wyse meer
te bereik as wat ‘n honderd toesprake en massavergaderings deur politici kan hoop om te bereik.
Daarom is dit geen verrassing nie dat daar vry algemeen aanvaar word dat hierdie gebeurtenisse oor
die vermoë beskik om nasies en mense by mekaar te bring en ‘n fokus vir nasionale identiteit en
eenheid kan verskaf. Die 1995 Rugby Wêreldbeker in Suid-Afrika, is ‘n ooglopende voorbeeld:
Suid Afrika het uit ‘n lang en moeilike politieke oorgang gekom en het meer as ‘n blote verkiesing
nodig gehad ten einde die nasie te verenig.
Voorts is dit ook so dat groot internasionale sportgebeurtenisse ‘n katalisator of aansporing is vir
demokratisering en die bevordering van mensregte in outoritêre en semi-outoritêre regerings. Die
1988 Olimpiese Spele in Suid-Korea ondersteun hierdie aanspraak. As gasheerland van hierdie
spele, het die Suid-Koreaanse regering onder toenemende druk gekom om aan die vereistes van
demokrasie te voldoen. Daar word verwag dat die Olimpiese Spele van 2008 dieselfde impak op
China, die gasheerland, sal hê. Terselfdertyd is dit egter ook so dat groot internasionale sportgebeurtenisse
vir die gasheerlande onverwagte negatiewe gevolge ten opsigte van identiteitsvorming,
demokratiseringsvooruitsigte en bevordering van menseregte kan hê. n’ Ontleiding van Sui-Afrika
en Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die 2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker staaf hierdie stelling.
Die resultate van die studie toon aan dat alhoewel gasheerlande normaalweg groot
sportgebeurtenisse gebruik om nasies en mense byeen te bring, het die 2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker ‘n
kloof tussen rasse veroorsaak – binne die krieketspelende Statebondswêreld sowel as die Suid-
Afrikaanse huishoudelike politiek. Daar is ook vasgestel dat net soos die 1995 Rugby Wêreldbeker
aan Suid-Afrika tydens die presidentskap van Mandela en onder die vaandel van die
“Reënboognasie” ‘n plaaslike versoeningsgeleentheid tussen swart en wit gebied het, net so het die
2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker, met sy regionale fokus en onder presidentskap van Mbeki, ook ‘n
uitstekende geleentheid vir trans-nasionale versoening tussen Afrika en die Anglo-Saksiese wêreld
gebied. As versoeningsprojek was die 2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker egter in wese ‘n mislukking,
hoofsaaklik as gevolg van Suid-Afrika se besluit dat Zimbabwe ‘n mede-gasheer moes wees en
weens die feit dat Suid-Afrika se nasionale identiteit ‘n klemverskuiwing van “Reënboognasie”
onder Mandela tot “Afrikanisme” onder Mbeki, ondergaan het. President Mbeki se beklemtoning
van “Afrikanisme” was ook huishoudelik en trans-nasionaal verdelend. Simbolies gesproke, het die
Krieket Wêreldbeker – in teenstelling met die Rugby Wêreldbeker – die “Reënboognasie” se
verkwyning beklemtoon. Daar is ook vasgestel dat Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die Krieket Wêreldbeker inderdaad
hierdie outoritêre regering versterk het. In plaas daarvan die Zimbabwiese regering sy outoritêre
greep as gevolg van sy mede-aanbieding verslap het, was daar inderdaad ‘n verdere breë
onderdrukking van burgerlike en politieke regte. Die Zimbabwiese regering het in die aanloop tot
en in die loop van die toernooi sy outoritêre greep verstewig ten einde ‘n gesaniteerde beeld van
Zimbabwe aan die res van die wêreld te kon voorhou. Die Zimbabwiese regering het die
geleentheid misbruik om geloofwaardigheid te probeer wen en politieke propaganda uit te stuur.
Suid-Afrika se standpunt van “stille diplomasie” het ook die hand van Zimbabwiese regering
versterk; en Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die toernooi het ‘n negatiewe impak op die
opposisie, die MDC, gehad. Die dwang wat op gasheerlande deur middel van boikotte, die media
en proteste uitgeoefen kan word om polities te hervorm, was in die geval van Zimbabwe nie
effektief nie.
In hierdie studie word tot die slotsom gekom dat die aansprake dat groot sportgebeurtenisse nasies
en mense saambring en ‘n aansporing vir demokratisering van outoritêre regerings is, verdere
hersiening verg. Suid-Afrika en Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die toernooi het onbeoogde
gevolge gehad – en in sommige gevalle was hierdie gevolge selfs direk die teenoorgestelde van wat
verwag is. Beleidsimplikasies word ook evalueer. Voorts word toekomstige navorsingsareas ook
identifiseer.
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The sport for development legacies of the 2010 FIFA World CupBurgess, Meryl 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the last decade, a significant trend could be observed with regards to the growth of the
number of sport for development initiatives globally, as well as the increasing range of
stakeholders involved in the sport for development field. Many international organisations
and institutions began to put more emphasis on the use of sport and sport activities to initiate
social change. This was further observed with the growing trends in sport for development
activities within the Global South. In order to explore the impacts of the trends in sport for
development, this study examined the recent sport for development trends in South Africa
and in what way the 2010 FIFA World Cup has affected it. This study attempts to do this by
exploring the historical underpinnings of sport for development in South Africa, as well as
current trends in the field. The study further examines the sport for development initiatives
that have been implemented during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and explores their
ramifications for the sport for development landscape in South Africa.
With its assessment of the sport for development legacies of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, this
study builds on the existing international literature by an increasing number of scholars
assessing the trends in sport for development as well as evaluating the effectiveness of the
field for promoting development. Moreover, due to the recent increase in developing
countries in the Global South hosting sport mega-events, with a purpose to achieve social
development objectives through the event (for example, South Africa and the 2010 World
Cup), this study builds on literature examining a potential link between sport mega-events
and sport for development. As a point of departure this study looked to provide an overview
of the sport for development field, the recent debates raised among scholars as well as a
theoretical framework informing the field. The study then looked towards the historical
underpinnings of sport for development in South Africa, creating a framework for the
analysis of the empirical study regarding the sport for development initiatives implemented
during the World Cup.
The main findings of this study included the rapid growth of sport for development initiatives
during the World Cup period, the increase and range in public and private actors forming
institutional arrangements and partnerships in sport for development initiatives and the
outcomes and implications of those trends for the South African sport for development
context. Through the hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it was found that the sport mega-event was ultimately used as a strategic opportunity for initiatives to achieve objectives and
aims including the creation of awareness of initiatives, potentially meeting new partners and
funders, and increasing participant numbers. Moreover, through the formation of institutional
arrangements and partnerships, implementing organisations could potentially ensure
sustainability of the initiative due to the resources made available by the range of partners
involved. It must be noted however, that although the 2010 FIFA World Cup was used
strategically by the sport for development initiatives implemented during that period, sport
mega-events cannot be said to achieve social development objectives, especially those of
sport for development, due to the many neoliberal tendencies that is found in the hosting of
the event. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die laaste dekade was 'n kenmerkende / belangrike trant opgemerk, t.o.v. die groei
van die getal globale sport vir ontwikkeling, sowel as die toename van rolspelers betrokke by
die ontwikkeling van sport. Baie internasionale organiSuid-Afrikasies en inrigtings sit meer
klem op die gebruik van sport en aktiwiteite om sosiale verandering uit te oefen. Die is verder
opmerkend met die groeiende trant van sport-ontwikkeling in die Globale lande. Om die
impak van sport-ontwikkeling te ondersoek, het hierdie studie die onlangse sportontwikkeling
trant in Suid-Afrika getoets, asook die manier hoe die 2010 FIFA Wêreld-beker
dit beinvloed het. Die navorsing probeer dit doen deur die historiese ondersteuning van sportontwikkeling
in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek, sowel as die huidige trant. Dié navorsing
ondersoek ook die sport-ontwikkeling inisiatief wat geinplimenteer was gedurende die 2010
FIFA Wêreld-beker, asook die vertakking van sport-ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika.
Met die assesering van die sport-ontwikkeling van die 2010 FIFA Wêreld-beker, gaan hierdie
studie op die huidige internasionale literatuur bou by die groei van die getal narvorsers wat
die trant in sport-ontwikkeling en evaluering wat die uitwerking op sport-ontwikkeling
bevorder. Sodoende, met die onlangse groei van ontwikkelinde lande tussen Globale lande
wat groot sport byeenkomste huisves, met die doel om sosiale ontwikkeling te bereik (bv.
Suid-Afrika en die 2010 Wêreld-beker), gaan hierdie studie die Literatuur ondersoek van ‘n
potensiale koppeling tussen mega-sport byeenkomste en sport-ontwikkeling opbou.
Hierdie studie verskaf 'n oorsig van sport-ontwikkeling as 'n vetrek-punt om die onlangse
debatte tussen leerders en die teoretiese raamwerk in die veld in te lig. Die studie kyk ook na
die historiese ondersteuning vir sport-ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika, deur ‘n raamwerk in die
analise van die studie m.b.t. sport-ontwikkeling inisiatief tydens die Wêreld-beker te skep.
Die hoof bevindings van hierdie studie sluit in die vinnige groei van sport-ontwikkeling
inisiatief tydens die Wêreld-beker; die toename en reeks publieke en private ondersteuners
wat instansie rëelings vorm en verhoudings in sport-ontwikkeling en die uitkoms en
implikasies in die Suid-Afrika konteks. Deur die 2010 FIFA Wêreld-beker te huisves, het
hierdie mega-sport gebeurtenis eintlik 'n strategiese geleentheid om doele te bereik, insluitend
die bewustheid van inisiatief, die ontmoeting van nuwe genote en skenkers, asook die groei in deelname. Verder, deur die formasie van instansie rëelings en verhoudings, implementerende
organisasies kan potensiale Suid-Afrikasies kan potensiale steun verseker, a.g.v. die bronne
beskikbaar gemaak deur die betrokke vennote. Kennis moet geneem word dat al was die 2010
FIFA Wêreld-beker strateties gebruik om sport-ontwikkeling te implementeer tydens hierdie
periode, groot sport byeenkomste kan nie verantwoordelik gehou word vir sosiale
ontwikkeling doelwitte, veral vir sport-ontwikkeling, a.g.v. die neo-liberale tendens wat by
die huisvesting van hierdie geleenthede gevind word.
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