Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The genera Tupinambis comprises the largest lizards of America, which could reach 500 mm of corporal length. Two species possess wide distribution in South America (T. teguixin and T. merianae), while the others are restricted the specific biome (Amazonian Forest, Savannah and Chaco). The species T. merianae have the widest distribution of the gender, from the south of the Amazonian Forest to the north of Patagonia, at the east of Andes. In the present study, 640 h of sampling were accomplished (320 h of observations in the area to analyses of behavior; 320 h of observation along transects), in the total of 64 days. In the summer, there were no registrations of active lizards before 7:37 in the morning, nor after 17:43 of the afternoon. The use of community hibernacula was registered for the winter dormancy, being the burrows dug in cemented constructions used more frequently in the observation area. As for the seasonal activity, the first individuals emerged in August and the last ones returned to the dormancy in April. The emergency of the population demonstrated to be protandric, with adults emerging before juvenile. In the period after emergency, the males were basking in aggregations of up to 13 individuals, which changed of positions through audible resonant signs. Besides, sibilated sounds can be emitted in stress situations or agonistic interactions. There was significant difference of activity among the different certain periods in this study, along the months (F = 16.6; p <0.01), being October and December the months with registration of the individuals' larger activity. There was fluctuation in the population size and in the activity of the different age classes along the months. The minimum home range for three males and two females (variation from 0.05 to 20.29) were registered. The area of use of the animals did not differ along the months, but it was possible to observe gregarious behavior during the nine months of study. / No gênero Tupinambis estão representados os maiores sáurios das Américas, podendo atingir 500 mm de comprimento corporal. Duas espécies possuem ampla distribuição na América do Sul (T. teguixin e T. merianae), enquanto as demais são restritas a biomas específicos (Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Chaco). A espécie T. merianae possui a distribuição mais ampla do gênero, ocorrendo do sul da Amazônia ao norte da Patagônia, ao leste dos Andes. No presente estudo foram realizadas 640 h de amostragem (320 h de observações na área de análises de atos comportamentais; 320 h de observação ao longo de transectos), no total de 64 dias. No verão, não houve registros de lagartos ativos antes das 7:37 da manhã, nem após 17:43 da tarde. Foi registrada a utilização de hibernáculos comunitários para a dormência de inverno, sendo as tocas escavadas em artefatos de concreto, utilizadas com maior freqüência na área de observação. Quanto à atividade sazonal, os primeiros indivíduos emergiram em agosto e os últimos retornaram à dormência em abril. A emergência da população demonstrou ser protândrica, com adultos emergindo antes dos juvenis. No período pósemergência, os machos termorregularam em agregações de até 13 indivíduos, os quais trocavam de posições através de sinais sonoros audíveis. Além disso, sons sibilares podem ser emitidos em situações de stress ou interações agonísticas. Houve diferença significativa de atividade entre os diferentes períodos determinados neste estudo, ao longo dos meses (F = 16.6; p < 0.01), sendo outubro e dezembro os meses com registro de maior atividade dos indivíduos. Foi registrada flutuação no tamanho populacional e na atividade das diferentes classes etárias ao longo dos meses. A área mínima de vida para três machos e duas fêmeas (variação de 0.05 a 20.29) é apresentada. A área de utilização dos animais não diferiu ao longo dos meses e foi possível observar comportamento gregário durante os nove meses de estudo.

En Afrique, la contamination des zones humides par les métaux et les pesticides va se poursuivre durablement. Pour autant, le statut toxicologique de ces milieux reste trop peu documente. Le but du présent travail est d’estimer la valeur du varan du Nil (Varanus niloticus) en tant qu’espèce sentinelle pour la contamination des zones humides continentales d’Afrique sub-Saharienne. Plomb, cadmium, et pesticides organochlorés et organophosphorés ont été quantifies, par spectrométrie d’absorption atomique et chromatographie gazeuse (respectivement), dans plusieurs tissus provenant de 71 spécimens issus de quatre sites (au Mali et au Niger) juges a priori inégalement contamines. Bien que des différences claires apparaissent, la contamination environnementale s’avère modérée sur les quatre sites, et ne semble pas constituer un risque notable pour les varans ni pour les humains qui s’en nourrissent occasionnellement. Toutefois la variabilité interindividuelle est importante. Les organotropismes des polluants détectés sont cohérents avec ceux préalablement décrits. Si l’on n’a pu mettre en évidence de différence liée au sexe en ce qui concerne les pesticides, les femelles présentaient des charges en métaux supérieures. La relation entre d’autres facteurs (taille, proportion de graisse) et les concentrations tissulaires a également été considérée. Les varans sont susceptibles de révéler des différences subtiles de contamination environnementale entre sites, et la résolution spatiale de l’outil semble très fine. La possibilité pratique d’utiliser cet indicateur se trouve donc validée. Un travail expérimental sur des varans captifs a par ailleurs été mené pour approfondir l’étude / In Africa, metal and pesticide contamination of wetlands is supposed to continue on a permanent basis. However, the ecotoxicological status of these ecosystems remains poorly documented. The aim of the present work is to assess the value of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) as a sentinel species for the environmental contamination of continental wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa. Lead and cadmium on the one hand, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides on the other, have been quantified in several tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatography, respectively. Samples come from 71 specimens originating from four sites considered unequally contaminated (in Mali and Niger). Although clear differences appear between sites, the environmental contamination turns out to be moderate at the four sites, and does not seem to represent a significant risk neither for the monitors themselves, nor for occasional human consumers. However, the interindividual variability is important. The organotropisms relative to the detected pollutants are consistent with those described in previous studies. Concerning the pesticides, no gender effect has been found, whereas females were more contaminated by metals. The relation between other factors (size, proportion of fat) and tissue concentrations has been considered too. Nile monitors can reveal subtle differences in local pollution and the spatial resolution of this tool seems to be very sharp. Its practical relevance is thus validated. Additionally, an experimental work has been carried out on captive monitors to go into the subject in greater depth

In this thesis, I investigate the phylogeny and evolution of Lerista, a clade of more than 75 species of scincid lizards, distributed in arid, semi-arid, and seasonally dry habitats throughout Australia. Among extant tetrapods, Lerista is exceptional in comprising a large number of closely-related species displaying prodigious variability of body form; several species possessing well-developed, pentadactyl limbs resemble typical non-fossorial scincids in body proportions, while many other species exhibit varying degrees of limb reduction and body elongation, including two that are highly elongate and entirely limbless. The extensive variation in limb morphology observed among species, incorporating at least 20 distinct phalangeal configurations, has prompted some authors to identify Lerista as the best available model for studying limb reduction in squamates. Nonetheless, lack of a well-resolved phylogeny has impeded investigation of the pattern and mode of limb reduction and loss within the clade. The primary goal of my research was to furnish a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for Lerista, enabling more sophisticated study of the evolution of limb morphology and body form in this clade than has previously been possible. A recent phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences for a series of Australian Sphenomorphus group scincids (including two species of Lerista) recovered several well-supported, major clades, although these were generally separated by relatively short branches associated with low support values. Applying a recently described methodology for inferring lineage-level polytomies, I use ATP synthetase-β subunit intron sequences and the existing mitochondrial DNA data set (with sequences for additional taxa) to assess the hypothesis that the poorly resolved basal relationships within the Australian Sphenomorphus group are a consequence of the major clades having originated essentially simultaneously. Phylogenetic analyses of the separate mitochondrial DNA and intron sequence data reveal a number of congruent clades, however, the relationships among these clades indicated by the two data sets are generally incongruent. Although this may be partly ascribed in to error in estimating phylogenetic relationships due to insufficient data, some incongruence is evident when uncertainty in inferred relationships is allowed for. Moreover, the congruent clades are typically separated by very short branches, several having a length insignificantly different from zero. These results suggest that initial diversification of Australian Sphenomorphus group scincids was rapid relative to the substitution rates of the mitochondrial DNA and intron fragments considered, if not essentially simultaneous. The pattern and rate of limb reduction in Lerista are investigated, employing a nearly complete phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences for a nuclear intron and six mitochondrial genes. Ancestral digit configurations reconstructed assuming this phylogeny indicate at least ten independent reductions in the number of digits from a pentadactyl condition, including four independent losses of all digits, three from pentadactyl or tetradactyl conditions. At the highest rate, complete loss of digits from a pentadactyl condition is estimated to have occurred within no more than 3.6 million years. Patterns of digit loss for the manus and pes are consistent with selection for preserving hindlimb utility as the limbs are reduced, and suggest that intermediate digit configurations exhibited by extant species do not represent transitory stages in a continuing process of limb reduction. An increase in the relative length of the body is demonstrated to precede digit loss in lineages experiencing substantial reduction of the limbs, supporting the hypothesis that limb reduction and loss is a consequence of the adoption of lateral undulation as a significant locomotory mode. However, less extensive limb reduction may proceed in the absence of body elongation, perhaps due to a decrease in absolute body size. The exceptionally high frequency and rate of limb reduction in Lerista emphasise the potential for rapid and dramatic evolutionary transformation of body form in squamates. The substantial divergence of relative limb and body length evident within Lerista is more readily explained by the correlated progression model of phenotypic transformation than the independent blocks model. At each step in the attainment of a limb-reduced, elongate body form, alterations to the relative length of the limbs are accompanied by changes in relative snout-vent length (or vice versa) enabling the maintenance of locomotory ability. Nonetheless, some dissociation of hindlimb reduction and body elongation is possible, emphasising the potentially variable intensity of functional constraints and, accordingly, that the independent blocks model and correlated progression are extremes of a continuum of models (each invoking a different degree of functional integration) and do not describe discrete categories of phenotypic change. An increase in the extent of seasonally dry and arid habitats coincident with the origination of Lerista would have facilitated limb reduction and body elongation by furnishing an environment conducive to the adoption of fossorial habits, however, trends toward a limbless, highly elongate body form may be attributed primarily to the very low probability of re-elaborating reduced limbs. Such asymmetry in the probabilities of possible phenotypic changes may be a significant cause of evolutionary trends resulting in the emergence of higher taxa. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

In this thesis, I investigate the phylogeny and evolution of Lerista, a clade of more than 75 species of scincid lizards, distributed in arid, semi-arid, and seasonally dry habitats throughout Australia. Among extant tetrapods, Lerista is exceptional in comprising a large number of closely-related species displaying prodigious variability of body form; several species possessing well-developed, pentadactyl limbs resemble typical non-fossorial scincids in body proportions, while many other species exhibit varying degrees of limb reduction and body elongation, including two that are highly elongate and entirely limbless. The extensive variation in limb morphology observed among species, incorporating at least 20 distinct phalangeal configurations, has prompted some authors to identify Lerista as the best available model for studying limb reduction in squamates. Nonetheless, lack of a well-resolved phylogeny has impeded investigation of the pattern and mode of limb reduction and loss within the clade. The primary goal of my research was to furnish a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for Lerista, enabling more sophisticated study of the evolution of limb morphology and body form in this clade than has previously been possible. A recent phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences for a series of Australian Sphenomorphus group scincids (including two species of Lerista) recovered several well-supported, major clades, although these were generally separated by relatively short branches associated with low support values. Applying a recently described methodology for inferring lineage-level polytomies, I use ATP synthetase-β subunit intron sequences and the existing mitochondrial DNA data set (with sequences for additional taxa) to assess the hypothesis that the poorly resolved basal relationships within the Australian Sphenomorphus group are a consequence of the major clades having originated essentially simultaneously. Phylogenetic analyses of the separate mitochondrial DNA and intron sequence data reveal a number of congruent clades, however, the relationships among these clades indicated by the two data sets are generally incongruent. Although this may be partly ascribed in to error in estimating phylogenetic relationships due to insufficient data, some incongruence is evident when uncertainty in inferred relationships is allowed for. Moreover, the congruent clades are typically separated by very short branches, several having a length insignificantly different from zero. These results suggest that initial diversification of Australian Sphenomorphus group scincids was rapid relative to the substitution rates of the mitochondrial DNA and intron fragments considered, if not essentially simultaneous. The pattern and rate of limb reduction in Lerista are investigated, employing a nearly complete phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences for a nuclear intron and six mitochondrial genes. Ancestral digit configurations reconstructed assuming this phylogeny indicate at least ten independent reductions in the number of digits from a pentadactyl condition, including four independent losses of all digits, three from pentadactyl or tetradactyl conditions. At the highest rate, complete loss of digits from a pentadactyl condition is estimated to have occurred within no more than 3.6 million years. Patterns of digit loss for the manus and pes are consistent with selection for preserving hindlimb utility as the limbs are reduced, and suggest that intermediate digit configurations exhibited by extant species do not represent transitory stages in a continuing process of limb reduction. An increase in the relative length of the body is demonstrated to precede digit loss in lineages experiencing substantial reduction of the limbs, supporting the hypothesis that limb reduction and loss is a consequence of the adoption of lateral undulation as a significant locomotory mode. However, less extensive limb reduction may proceed in the absence of body elongation, perhaps due to a decrease in absolute body size. The exceptionally high frequency and rate of limb reduction in Lerista emphasise the potential for rapid and dramatic evolutionary transformation of body form in squamates. The substantial divergence of relative limb and body length evident within Lerista is more readily explained by the correlated progression model of phenotypic transformation than the independent blocks model. At each step in the attainment of a limb-reduced, elongate body form, alterations to the relative length of the limbs are accompanied by changes in relative snout-vent length (or vice versa) enabling the maintenance of locomotory ability. Nonetheless, some dissociation of hindlimb reduction and body elongation is possible, emphasising the potentially variable intensity of functional constraints and, accordingly, that the independent blocks model and correlated progression are extremes of a continuum of models (each invoking a different degree of functional integration) and do not describe discrete categories of phenotypic change. An increase in the extent of seasonally dry and arid habitats coincident with the origination of Lerista would have facilitated limb reduction and body elongation by furnishing an environment conducive to the adoption of fossorial habits, however, trends toward a limbless, highly elongate body form may be attributed primarily to the very low probability of re-elaborating reduced limbs. Such asymmetry in the probabilities of possible phenotypic changes may be a significant cause of evolutionary trends resulting in the emergence of higher taxa. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

BACKGROUND:The extant squamates (>9400 known species of lizards and snakes) are one of the most diverse and conspicuous radiations of terrestrial vertebrates, but no studies have attempted to reconstruct a phylogeny for the group with large-scale taxon sampling. Such an estimate is invaluable for comparative evolutionary studies, and to address their classification. Here, we present the first large-scale phylogenetic estimate for Squamata.RESULTS:The estimated phylogeny contains 4161 species, representing all currently recognized families and subfamilies. The analysis is based on up to 12896 base pairs of sequence data per species (average = 2497 bp) from 12 genes, including seven nuclear loci (BDNF, c-mos, NT3, PDC, R35, RAG-1, and RAG-2), and five mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cytochrome b, ND2, and ND4). The tree provides important confirmation for recent estimates of higher-level squamate phylogeny based on molecular data (but with more limited taxon sampling), estimates that are very different from previous morphology-based hypotheses. The tree also includes many relationships that differ from previous molecular estimates and many that differ from traditional taxonomy.CONCLUSIONS:We present a new large-scale phylogeny of squamate reptiles that should be a valuable resource for future comparative studies. We also present a revised classification of squamates at the family and subfamily level to bring the taxonomy more in line with the new phylogenetic hypothesis. This classification includes new, resurrected, and modified subfamilies within gymnophthalmid and scincid lizards, and boid, colubrid, and lamprophiid snakes.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1998 / Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Botany & Zoology. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There has been a long-standing need to systematically analyze and classify South African fossil Lacertilia. Although extensive assemblages of fossil lizard and amphibian material from Langebaan on the West Coast and elsewhere exist in museum collections, the fragmentary nature of the material has largely prevented in-depth analyses and identification. In this comparative study the skulls and lower jaws of 7 lizard genera, representing the six extant South African families, were disassembled and the bones analyzed individually. The aim was to compile a comparative database of each bone against which current and future fossil finds could be matched. Detailed descriptions of the isolated elements were given. The results showed that despite some intra-generic variation, unique structural differences do exist in individual bones which may be utilized in the taxonomic assessment of fragmentary fossil material. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar bestaan lank reeds 'n behoefte vir die sistematiese analise en klassifisering van fossielmateriaal van Suid-Afrikaanse Lacertilia. Alhoewel uitgebreide versamelings van akkedis- en amfibier-fossiele van Langebaan aan die Weskus en elders in museums bestaan, het die fragmentariese aard van die materiaal grootliks diepgaande analises en identifikasie belemmer In hierdie vergelykende studie is die skedels en onderkake van 7 akkedisgenera, wat die ses resente Suid-Afrikaanse families verteenwoordig, gedisartikuleer en elke been individueel geanaliseer. Die doel was om 'n vergelykende databasis van elke been saam te stel waarmee huidige en toekomstige fossielvondse vergelyk kan word. Gedetaileerde beskrywings van die ge'isoleerde elemente word gegee. Die resultate toon dat desondanks 'n mate van intra-generiese variasie, unieke strukturele verskille tussen individuele bene weI bestaan en dat hierdie verskille gebruik kan word om fossielfragmente taksonomies te analiseer.

This study deals with the three orders of Squamata (Sauria, Amphisbaenia, Serpentes) of the Orange Free State, South Africa. Following an intensive systematic survey 4 492 specimens have been examined comprising 77 different species and subspecies of which 25% represent new records for the study area. Variation in taxonomically important characters as well as informa- tion on colour, size, habitat, breeding, predators and diet are discussed. Certain taxonomic changes have been made. Distribution maps have been compiled on the basis of eighth-degree-units. Distributional patterns have been analyzed to establish areas of relative homogeneity separated by transitional zones. A causal analysis of the main distribution patterns of the O.F.S. Squamata indicated that rainfall is the major environmental factor influencing distribution. A comparative analysis of the squamate areas has been done with regard to various biogeographic phenomena. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1977.

Fossil Agamidae from Western Australia have been the subject of limited study. To aid in fossil agamid identification, Hocknull (2002) examined the maxilla and dentary of several extant species from Australia and determined diagnostic characters for various species groups. In the study here, fossil agamids from two localities in Western Australia, Hastings Cave and Horseshoe Cave, were examined, grouped, and identified to the lowest unambiguous taxonomic level. Morphometric analyses were conducted to compare morphotypes, and find additional diagnostic characters. From Hastings Cave there were two maxilla morphotypes and three dentary morphotypes. Based on identifications, taxa present at this locality were Pogona and Ctenophorus. Horseshoe Cave contained three maxilla morphotypes and two dentary morphotypes; taxa present were Pogona, Tympanocryptis, and Ctenophorus. Morphometric analyses showed separation between groups; however, the dentary morphotype separation was not as clear. Each morphotype identification matched a species in the respective localities today, but identifications are cautious.

En Afrique, la contamination des zones humides par les métaux et les pesticides va se poursuivre durablement. Pour autant, le statut toxicologique de ces milieux reste trop peu documente. Le but du présent travail est d'estimer la valeur du varan du Nil (Varanus niloticus) en tant qu'espèce sentinelle pour la contamination des zones humides continentales d'Afrique sub-Saharienne. Plomb, cadmium, et pesticides organochlorés et organophosphorés ont été quantifies, par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique et chromatographie gazeuse (respectivement), dans plusieurs tissus provenant de 71 spécimens issus de quatre sites (au Mali et au Niger) juges a priori inégalement contamines. Bien que des différences claires apparaissent, la contamination environnementale s'avère modérée sur les quatre sites, et ne semble pas constituer un risque notable pour les varans ni pour les humains qui s'en nourrissent occasionnellement. Toutefois la variabilité interindividuelle est importante. Les organotropismes des polluants détectés sont cohérents avec ceux préalablement décrits. Si l'on n'a pu mettre en évidence de différence liée au sexe en ce qui concerne les pesticides, les femelles présentaient des charges en métaux supérieures. La relation entre d'autres facteurs (taille, proportion de graisse) et les concentrations tissulaires a également été considérée. Les varans sont susceptibles de révéler des différences subtiles de contamination environnementale entre sites, et la résolution spatiale de l'outil semble très fine. La possibilité pratique d'utiliser cet indicateur se trouve donc validée. Un travail expérimental sur des varans captifs a par ailleurs été mené pour approfondir l'étude

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-12T20:12:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 570367.pdf: 16367156 bytes, checksum: 1f1b07c1e070439f024c11241f735e7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T20:12:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 570367.pdf: 16367156 bytes, checksum: 1f1b07c1e070439f024c11241f735e7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12 / CAPES / São estudados 84 exemplares de "lagartos" do Paleoceno de São José de ltaboraí. O material consiste em fragmentos isolados, imcompletos, de premaxila, maxilas e dentários. Sete táxons foram reconhecidos: Iguania incertae sedis (gên. e esp. nov.), Gekkonidae (gên. e esp. nov.), Scincomorpha incertae sedis (dois táxons – gêneros e espécies novas.), Teiidae (gên. e esp. nov.), e Anguimorpha incertae sedis (dois táxons – gêneros e espécies novas). A presença destes táxons no Paleoceno de ltaboraí, apresentam implicações paleobiogeográficas importantes. Dentre estes, os lguania, presentes já no Cretáceo da América do Sul, corroboram a hipótese de que este clado teve sua dispersão no Novo Mundo a partir do continente sul-americano. A ocorrência de Gekkonidae extende o registro fóssil deste grupo no Novo Mundo ao Paleoceno, reforçando a ideia de que membros deste clado tenham entrado neste continente via rafting vindos da África, durante o Cretaceo Superior (como fizeram alguns grupos de vertebardos), quando um oceano já estava presente entre os dois continentes, e mais trade se dispersaram para o norte. A presença de representantes próximos aos xantusídeos no Paleoceno de São José " de ltaboraí, representa provavelmente um grupo irmão de Xantusiidae, sugerindo q este grupo tenha se originado na América do Sul e dispersado para a América Centra e América do Norte durante o Cenozóico. A diversidade de "lagartos" do Paleoceno de ltaboraí é complementada pela presença de dois novos táxons do clado Anguimorpha, sendo o primeiro registro deste grupo da Bacia de ltaboraí representam o primeiro registro fóssil deste grupo na América do Sul. Estes provavelmente representem uma nova família relacionada aos Anguioidea ou Platynota. / ln this dissertation 84 selected "lizard" specimens of the Paleocene deposits from the São José de Itaboraí Basin were studied. The material consists of isolated, sometimes incomplete, premaxillae, maxillae and dentaries. Seven taxa were recognized as follows: Iguania incertae sedis (new gen. and esp.), Gekkonidae (new gen. and esp.), Scincomorpha incertae sedis (two taxa – new genus and species), Teiidae (new gen. and esp.), and Anguimorpha incertae sedis (two taxa – new genus and species). The presence of these taxa shows important paleobiogeographic implications. Among those is the occurrence of a member of Iguania, that were previously reported in the Cretaceous of South America, corroborating with the hypothesis that this clade was diversified in the New World from the south. The occurrence of Gekkonidae extends the fossil record of this clade in the New World to the Paleocene, reinforcing the idea that early members of this clade might have arrived to this continent from Africa by rafting sometime during the Late Cretaceous (as some other group of vertebrates hypothetically did), when a large seaway was already placed between those continents, and in latter times dispersed to the North. The presence of a xantusiid-like in the Paleocene deposits of the São José de Itaboraí < Basin, that possibly represents the sister group to the Xantusiidae, suggests that this clade might have originated in South America and than dispersed to Central and North America during the Cenozoic Era. The fossil "lizard" diversity of the Paleocene deposits of the São José de Itaboraí Basin, in complemented by the presence of two new taxa referable to the Anguimorpha, which is the first occurrence of this group in South America. They might represent new anguimorphan taxa that are closely related either to Anguiodea or Platynota.