Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2004. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 325-331).

Wer kaufte die Produktion deutscher Musikverleger? Welches soziale Niveau hatten die potenziellen Käufer? In der russischen musikwissenschaftlichen Fachliteratur wird die Frage nach den sozialen Bevölkerungsschichten, die musikalische Werke kauften und Musikalienhandlungen besuchten, noch sehr selten berührt.

Der Komponist und Dirigent Richard Strauss gehört zum Kreis der Künstler, die an der Grenze vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert die Aufmerksamkeit der musikalischen Gesellschaft der ganzen Welt geweckt haben. Die ersten Konzerte von Richard Strauss fanden 1896 in Moskau statt. Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung sind die Gastspiele von Richard Strauss in St. Petersburg, die im Jahre 1913 stattgefunden haben.

In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts lebte in St. Petersburg Johann Christian Leopold Fuchs (im Russischen: Iogann Leopol’d Fuks, auch: Ivan Ivanovič Fuks). Aus Anhalt-Dessau stammend, verbrachte er mehr als fünfzigJahre im russischen Zarenreich und ist auch in St. Petersburg gestorben.

The objective of this thesis is to examine the history of Oriental studies in Russia from the beginning of the first Russian interaction with Oriental societies to the end of the 19th century. In particular, the thesis attempts to explain under what conditions Russia had started conducting research on the language, history, geography and culture of the East and how Russian Oriental studies evolved from the practical aims to the academic goals. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that there is a close relationship between Russian Oriental studies and Russia&rsquo / s expansion to the East. Therefore, this thesis is an attempt to understand effects of Russian diplomatic, religious, military and of course academic goals on the Oriental studies.

Surrogacy is an arrangement whereby a woman conceives in order to give birth to child or children for another individual or couple to raise. This thesis explores how commercial gestational surrogacy is culturally framed and socially organised in Russia and investigates the roles of the key actors. In particular it explores the experiences of surrogacy workers, including those who migrate or commute long distances within and to Russia for surrogacy work and the significance of their origin, citizenship, ethnicity and religion in shaping their experience. Ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in St Petersburg between August 2014 and May 2015 and involved semi-structured interviews, (participant) observations, informal conversations and ethnographic fieldnotes with 33 surrogacy workers, 7 client parents, 15 agency staff and 11 medical staff in medical and surrogacy agency facilities. Data were analysed using inductive ethnographic principles. A reflexive account, which includes a consideration of the utility of making one’s own emotional responses a research tool, is also included. Drawing on and expanding on Colen’s (1995) conceptual framework of stratified reproduction and Crenshaw’s (1989) analytical framework of intersectionality, this research shows that surrogacy in Russia is culturally framed and therefore socially organised as an economic exchange, which gives rise to and reinforces different forms of intersecting reproductive stratifications. These stratifications include biological, social, geographic, geo-political and ethnic dimensions. Of particular novelty is the extension of Colen’s framework to address geographic and geo political stratifications. This was based on the finding that some women (temporarily) migrate or commute (over long distances) to work as gestational carriers. The thesis also demonstrates how an economic framing of surrogacy induced surrogacy workers to understand surrogacy gestation as work, which influenced their relationships with client parents. Given the rapid global increase in the use of surrogacy and its increasingly internationalised nature, this research into the social organisation of commercial gestational surrogacy in Russia is timely and has implications for users, medical practitioners and regulators, as well as researchers concerned with (cross-border) surrogacy and reproductive justice.

La présente thèse porte sur des mobilisations citoyennes qui ont court depuis quelques années à Saint-Pétersbourg, en Russie, contre la densification urbaine. La transformation de l’espace urbain en commodité a entraîné une augmentation fulgurante des constructions et ce, tant dans les périphéries qu’au centre-ville. La redéfinition de l’espace urbain, conséquence de la chute du régime communiste, a provoqué l’érosion d’espaces considérés comme publics et de nombreux espaces verts. De nombreuses voix se sont élevées pour dénoncer ce qui est souvent qualifié de catastrophe pouvant mener à la « disparition » de Saint-Pétersbourg. Je me suis intéressée à trois aspects de la mobilisation citoyenne contre la densification urbaine : 1) l’opposition de résidents à des projets de constructions qui menacent directement leur environnement immédiat; 2) les efforts de certaines organisations citoyennes pour sauver des espaces verts menacés et; 3) la mobilisation provoquée par la démolition du patrimoine historique. J’ai tenté de comprendre pourquoi la lutte contre la densification urbaine constitue la principale cause de mobilisation à Saint-Pétersbourg en ce début de 21e siècle. Je me suis questionnée sur le sens de cette mobilisation et sur les raisons qui poussent des citoyens à se transformer momentanément en activistes. J’ai examiné l’histoire singulière de cette ville et son passé de résistance qui ont contribué à donner naissance à une identité particulière qui a perduré au fil des siècles, malgré les guerres et les bouleversements politiques. L’analyse des récits et des actions des résidents a révélé que la densification urbaine met en lumière plusieurs enjeux qui touchent la société russe contemporaine, comme le fossé grandissant entre les riches et les pauvres et la perte de confiance aux autorités. La densification urbaine représente, pour ses opposants, une perte de qualité de vie. Mais les Pétersbourgeois qui s’unissent pour préserver leur ville craignent aussi que la densification urbaine mène à la disparition de la mémoire et de la culture incarnées par tous ces lieux menacés. En exprimant leur désaccord contre les divers projets qui envahissent la ville, les résidents souhaitent aussi faire entendre leur voix et participer de manière active à l’élaboration d’une vision qui prendrait en compte les intérêts non seulement de la classe dirigeante, mais de l’ensemble de la population. En ce sens, les mobilisations contre la densification urbaine constituent une tentative de (ré)appropriation de la ville, tant sur le plan matériel que symbolique. / This thesis examines the recent mobilization of citizens against urban densification in St-Petersburg, Russia. Urban spaces have undergone major transformations following the collapse of the communist regime. The commercialization of public spaces has caused a huge increase in the number of constructions in St-Petersburg. The redefinition of urban space has led to an erosion of what had been considered public spaces and has greatly affected the city’s green space. In the past few years a great number of voices have been raised to condemn this privatization of public space. In the opinion of many, in-fill construction can lead to a catastrophe: the disappearance of St-Petersburg. I have examined three aspects of this mobilization: 1) the opposition of residents against projects threatening their immediate living space; 2) the efforts displayed by local organizations to save public spaces and; 3) the mobilization against the destruction of historical monuments. My aim was to understand why the battle against urban densification has become the number one cause around which inhabitants of St-Petersburg mobilize today. I have tried to understand the meaning of this mobilization, and looked into the reasons why residents become activists. I have investigated the history of the city and its past tradition of resistance to see if I could find insights into current anti-densification movements. Since its very foundation St-Petersburg has developed its own identity, which has been transmitted from generation to generation and has survived wars, revolutions and political changes. The stories and actions of residents involved in the battle against in-fill construction reveal many issues pertaining to contemporary Russian society, including the growing gap between the wealthy and the rest of the population, and the loss of trust in the political class. From the standpoint of its opponents, urban densification is harmful to the quality of life of residents. But the residents of St-Petersburg who unite to protect their city also fear that urban densification will lead to the vanishing of a memory and a culture held by all these threatened places. By expressing their disagreement concerning construction projects, these residents wish to have their voices heard. They also wish to participate actively in the elaboration of a vision of their city that would take into account the interests of all citizens, not only a select few. In this sense, citizen mobilization against urban densification represents an attempt at (re)appropriating the city, both on a material and symbolic level.

A tese tem como objetivo o estudo do texto da cidade de Moscou, sua análise comparativa e diálogo com o texto de São Petersburgo, bem como a importância de ambos os textos no processo de formação de identidade cultural russa. A metodologia da pesquisa baseia-se no conceito de texto urbano elaborado por destacados estudiosos da escola semiótica de Tártu-Moscou, tais como: Iúri Lótman, Vladimir Toporov, entre outros. O trabalho apresentado é constituído de três partes: No primeiro capítulo é apresentada a análise teórica dos conceitos de texto e cidade e sua aplicação à Moscou; O segundo capítulo representa uma análise histórico-cultural do processo de formação do texto de Moscou desde a fundação da cidade até o século XXI, a reflexão do texto de Moscou na cultura e, principalmente, na literatura russa; A terceira parte é composta por traduções de alguns ensaios de escritores russos do século XIX nos quais foram descritas as relações controversas entre Moscou e São Petersburgo. A conclusão da presente pesquisa consiste na tese de que tanto o texto de Moscou como sua oposição ao texto de São Petersburgo formam-se como resultado da bipolaridade, própria não apenas da cultura russa, como de toda humanidade. / The thesis aims to study the Moscow city text, its comparative analysis and the dialogue with the St. Petersburg text, and the importance of both texts in the process of formation of Russian cultural identity. The survey methodology is based on the concept of urban text drawn up by prominent scholars of Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School, such as Yuri Lotamn, Vladimir Toporov, among others. The work presented is comprised of three parts: The first chapter presents the theoretical analysis of concepts of \"text\" and \"city\" and its application to Moscow; The second chapter represents a cultural-historical analysis of the formation process of the Moscow text since the founding of the city until the 21st century, the reflection of Moscow text in the culture and, mostly in the Russian literature; The third part is composed of translations of some Russian writers´ essays of the 19th century with a description of the controversial relations between Moscow and St. Petersburg. The conclusion of this research consists of the thesis that both Moscow text and its opposition to the St. Petersburg text are formed as a result of a proper bipolarity not only of the Russian culture, but of the whole mankind.

A tese tem como objetivo o estudo do texto da cidade de Moscou, sua análise comparativa e diálogo com o texto de São Petersburgo, bem como a importância de ambos os textos no processo de formação de identidade cultural russa. A metodologia da pesquisa baseia-se no conceito de texto urbano elaborado por destacados estudiosos da escola semiótica de Tártu-Moscou, tais como: Iúri Lótman, Vladimir Toporov, entre outros. O trabalho apresentado é constituído de três partes: No primeiro capítulo é apresentada a análise teórica dos conceitos de texto e cidade e sua aplicação à Moscou; O segundo capítulo representa uma análise histórico-cultural do processo de formação do texto de Moscou desde a fundação da cidade até o século XXI, a reflexão do texto de Moscou na cultura e, principalmente, na literatura russa; A terceira parte é composta por traduções de alguns ensaios de escritores russos do século XIX nos quais foram descritas as relações controversas entre Moscou e São Petersburgo. A conclusão da presente pesquisa consiste na tese de que tanto o texto de Moscou como sua oposição ao texto de São Petersburgo formam-se como resultado da bipolaridade, própria não apenas da cultura russa, como de toda humanidade. / The thesis aims to study the Moscow city text, its comparative analysis and the dialogue with the St. Petersburg text, and the importance of both texts in the process of formation of Russian cultural identity. The survey methodology is based on the concept of urban text drawn up by prominent scholars of Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School, such as Yuri Lotamn, Vladimir Toporov, among others. The work presented is comprised of three parts: The first chapter presents the theoretical analysis of concepts of \"text\" and \"city\" and its application to Moscow; The second chapter represents a cultural-historical analysis of the formation process of the Moscow text since the founding of the city until the 21st century, the reflection of Moscow text in the culture and, mostly in the Russian literature; The third part is composed of translations of some Russian writers´ essays of the 19th century with a description of the controversial relations between Moscow and St. Petersburg. The conclusion of this research consists of the thesis that both Moscow text and its opposition to the St. Petersburg text are formed as a result of a proper bipolarity not only of the Russian culture, but of the whole mankind.

<p>The study’s focus is put on the lowest level of Russian local politics, empirically represented by two municipalities in St Petersburg. It aims at identifying factors that influence the work of municipal councils. Municipal organs are since their establishment in 1998 officially self-governing and responsible for a wide array of activities within their territories. They are perceived as administrative domains in this paper, parts of a hierarchic domain-structure. The municipal domains are both fiscally and politically restricted by upper political levels – mainly the regional authorities – that heavily reduce the capabilities of the municipal councils’ activities. Besides being dependent on resources from the regional and federal level, the municipal councils’ budgets are reliant on taxing of commercial retailing within its boundaries. Joint with the basic social and demographic circumstances of a municipality, this factor is likely to shape the extent of the council’s activity. The field study conducted specifies that while a geographically central municipality is engaged in infrastructure-maintenance and cultural activities, a peripheral ditto is mainly concerned with social help. Deputies in both districts perceive the current prospects of local government as being limited by outer influence, most of the people involved in the councils are unpaid and the resources needed to communicate with the inhabitants do not exist. The general and actual weakness of local governments is mirrored in the public attitudes, influenced by state-controlled media and revealed in participatory election turnouts. The election in December 2004 produced turnouts exceeding the legitimate limit of 20 % in almost all municipalities. However, the figures are to some extent the results of administrative pressure and liberals claim that plain frauds determined many outcomes. Tendencies point towards a politicization of municipal organs, whereas presently many perceive them as simply administrative. The municipal domain is characterized merely by responsibility instead of actual authority, ownership and substantial spatial impact. It is reliant on higher-level domains while competing for resources with neighboring domains.</p>