Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-71).

Θέμα της εργασίας είναι η σταθερότητα της εύτακτης κοινωνίας του Τζον Ρώλς. Στο γ' μέρος της Θεωρίας Δικαιοσύνης του ο Τζον Ρωλς προσπαθεί να αποδείξει οτι η θεωρία του είναι πιο σταθερή από τις ωφελιμιστικές και ενοροσιοκρατικές προσεγγίσεις καθώς και οτι είναι πραγματοποιήσιμη. Στην εργασία λοιπόν αρχικά εξηγείται τι σημαίνει σταθερότητα για τον Ρωλς. Έπειτα αναλύεται ο τρόπος απόκτησης του αισθήματος δικαιοσύνης και τα επιχειρήματα του Ρωλς για τη σταθερότητα της εύτακτης κοινωνίας του. Στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας παρατίθενται κριτικά σχόλια για τα επιχειρήματα αυτά. / The topic of the essay is the stability of the well-ordered society of John Rawls. In the third part of his theory of Justice John Rawls is trying to prove that his theory is more stable than utilitarism and intuitionism and that his theory is viable. In the essay at first it is elaborated what stability is for Rawls. Moreover it mentions the process of development of the sense of justice and Rawls's argument about the stability of his well-ordered society. In the last chapter of the essay comments are displayed in connection with Rawls's arguments.

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos analítico e microbiológico, bem como estudo preliminar de estabilidade, cinética de degradação e citotoxicidade da Ceftarolina Fosamila em pó para solução injetável, um antibiótico da classe das cefalosporinas de quinta geração, indicado para pneumonias adquiridas na comunidade e infecções graves, de pele e tecidos moles. A validação do ensaio microbiológico pelo método de difusão em ágar cilindros em placa, delineamento 3x3, apresentou resultados satisfatórios, como especificidade, linearidade na faixa de 2,0 - 8,0 μg/mL, precisão (109,42 %), exatidão (102,3 %) e robustez. Soluções de Cefatarolina Fosamila do produto acabado expostas à radiação UVC (254 nm) e à degradação térmica a 60 °C foram utilizadas para avaliar a especificidade do bioensaio. A robustez foi avaliada através da alteração da concentração do meio inoculado (0,8 e 1,2 %). O desenvolvimento e validação de método por CLAE foi avaliado através da especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. No método cromatográfico foi utilizado cromatógrafo à liquido de alta eficiência SHIMADZU com coluna Agilent® C18, fase móvel (água com trietilamina 1,0% pH 5,0:acetonitrila 87:13 v/v). O método apresentou-se específico, linear, no intervalo de 5,0 - 60,0 μg/mL, preciso (110,0 %), exato (100,68 %) e robusto. Os métodos microbiológico e cromatográfico validados foram comparados estatisticamente e verificou-se não haver diferença significativa entre eles quando comparados através do teste “t” de Student. No estudo preliminar de estabilidade constatou-se ser estável em hidrólise ácida (0,1 M) e luz UVA no período avaliado, e instável frente à degradação térmica (40 e 60 °C), oxidativa com peróxido de hidrogênio, básica em NaOH (0,1 M e 0,01 M) e luz UVC. As cinéticas de degradação frente à luz UVC e degradação térmica 60 °C mostraram que as amostras possuem cinética de degradação de ordem zero e de segunda ordem, respectivamente. O ensaio de citotoxicidade demonstrou não haver diferença entre a condição normal e a amostra submetida à degradação forçada, sugerindo que os possíveis produtos de degradação formados não alteraram o resultado. / In this work, analytical and microbiological methods were developed and validated, as well as a preliminary study of the stability, degradation kinetics and cytotoxicity to Ceftaroline Fosamil powder for injectable solution, this is a fifth generation cephalosporin antibiotic indicated for community-acquired pneumonia and severe infections of the skin and soft tissues. The validation of the microbial assay by diffusion method in 3x3 cylinder agar delineated showed satisfactory results in specificity, linearity in the range of 2.0 - 8.0 μg / mL, precision (109.42 %), accuracy (102.3 %) and robustness. The development and validation of the method by HPLC was evaluated through specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. In the chromatographic method was used high performance liquid chromatograph from SHIMADZU with Agilent® C18 column, mobile phase (water with triethylamine 1.0 % pH 5.0: acetonitrile 87:13 v/v). The method was linear, specific in the range of 5.0 - 60.0 μg/mL, accurate (110.0 %), exact (100.68 %) and robust. The validated microbiological and chromatographic methods were compared statistically and there was no significant difference between them when compared through Student's t-test. In the preliminary stability study, it was found stable in acid hydrolysis (0.1M) and UVA light in the period evaluated, and instable against thermal degradation (40 and 60 °C), oxidative with hydrogen peroxide, basic in NaOH (0.1 M and 0.0 1M) and UVC light. Samples exposed in UVC light an thermal degradation at 60°C showed degradation kinetics following zero order and second order, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay showed no difference between the normal condition and the sample submitted to forced degradation, suggesting that the possible degradation products formed did not change the result.

The subject of this dissertation is nominal GDP (NGDP) targeting. In the wake of the Great Recession, some economists have proposed using some form of NGDP target to replace current monetary policy. We evaluate the desirability of NGDP targets based upon their ability to deliver unique and \learnable" equilibria and their welfare gains in the presence of nancial frictions. In the second chapter, we assess the determinacy and E-stability conditions for simple interest rate rules which respond to NGDP's deviation from target in a simple three-equation New Keynesian model. The rules under consideration target either NGDP level or growth, and can either be contemporaneous, one period ahead, or two periods ahead. We also allow for dierent types of information sets for the agents. In the third chapter, we compare welfare loss in consumption equivalent terms for NGDP targets with more conventional monetary policy in a New Keynesian model which features nancial frictions. Finally, in the fourth chapter we continue our analysis from chapter one but now allow for strictly positive trend inflation. We present findings for the relationship between trend inflation and the determinacy and E-stability of the equilibrium when using interest rate rules that target NGPD.

The genome of each cell is under constant threat from various forms of DNA damage. In order to protect themselves from this danger, cells possess a number of pathways able to resolve DNA lesions. The addition of poly(ADPribose) is a post-translational modification produced by attaching successive ADP-ribose moieties to a protein acceptor, forming long chains. Enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyse the production of these modifications, and a number of different PARPs have been linked to the process of DNA repair, including PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3. How these enzymes might function together to facilitate the repair of different lesions is unclear. Furthermore, inhibitors that target these enzymes are in clinical use for their ability to kill homologous recombination deficient tumour cells, through a mechanism of synthetic lethality. Which subset of PARPs is necessary to inhibit to achieve maximum efficacy of these agents has not been assessed. I use genome editing to generate cells disrupted for these PARPs in different combinations. Whilst loss of PARP1 compromises cellular tolerance to homologous recombination deficiency, this is independent of the status of PARP2 and PARP3, indicating the development of PARP1-specific inhibitors may hold therapeutic potential. In contrast to these observations, I uncover strong redundancy between PARP1 and PARP2 in the repair of damaged DNA bases through the base excision repair (BER) pathway. I also identify BER independent roles of both PARP1 and PARP2 in resolving replication forks that have collided with BER-intermediates, through promoting the stability of Rad51 nucleofilaments via an Fbh1-dependent mechanism. Thus PARP1 and PARP2 perform two closely-linked functions in response to cellular base damage promoting resolution of these lesions directly through BER, and stabilising replication forks which have encountered BER intermediates.

No description available.

SOUSA, Sanyelle Lima. Aplicação do processo de secagem em leito de jorro para obtenção de suco de caju em pó. 2015. 104 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T23:34:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-04T23:35:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T23:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This study aimed to obtain cashew juice powder through drying process in a spouted bed, as well as to determine the physical-chemical characteristics, morphological and hygroscopic powder, investigating the stability of the packaged product stored in two types of packaging (plastic and laminated) vacuum for a period of 90 days and also determine the adsorption isotherms. It was used in this work cashew juice, such as maltodextrin glidant (≤20 DE) and used as the spouted bed dryer. Initially, one central composite design was carried rotational 23, which were considered as independent variables: temperature, drying air flow and concentration of maltodextrin and how response variables: moisture, yield, hygroscopic and ascorbic acid. The best experimental answer to drying cashew juice was 80 ° C, concentration of 12% maltodextrin and drying air flow 1.5 m3 / min. The powder cashew juice showed low pH and acidity, high soluble solids content and reducing and total sugars in relation to the whole juice. The product has high ascorbic acid content, however, low in carotenoids and phenolic compounds through electron microscopy analysis (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed amorphous aspect, by the fluorescence analysis X-ray (XRF) the compound with the highest concentration given in the cashew juice powder was 87.46% with K2O mass. For studying the stability of the powder cashew juice was found that the vacuum packaging laminate proved to be more efficient in preserving the powder to the vacuum packaging of plastic, ascorbic acid parameter did not vary significantly between the two packages until 30 days storage, the carotenoids content of not statistically varied until the period of 75 days in the vacuum packaging laminate. The humidity did not vary significantly between the packages, since the water activity showed statistical significance after 15 days of storage in which noted a rise in plastic packing due to a lower barrier capability. The adsorption isotherm, BET model showed a good fit for all studied isotherms, followed by GAB model. Thus, cashew juice powder stored in vacuum packaging laminate showed better stability with the maintenance of the physico-chemical characteristics and hygroscopic for a period of 90 days. / Este estudo objetivou a obtenção do suco de caju em pó por meio do processo de secagem em leito de jorro, assim como determinar as características físicas-químicas, higroscópicas e morfológicas do pó, estudar a estabilidade do produto acondicionado e armazenado em dois tipos de embalagens (plástica e laminada) a vácuo por um período de 90 dias e ainda determinar as isotermas de adsorção. Foi utilizado neste trabalho o suco de caju, como adjuvante de secagem a maltodextrina, (DE ≤20) e utilizado como secador o leito de jorro. Inicialmente, foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional 23, no qual foram consideradas como variáveis independentes: a temperatura, vazão de ar de secagem e concentração de maltodextrina e como variáveis respostas: a umidade, rendimento, higroscopicidade e ácido ascórbico. A melhor resposta experimental para a secagem do suco de caju foi a temperatura de 80 °C, concentração de maltodextrina de 12% e vazão de ar de secagem de 1,5 m3/min. O suco de caju em pó apresentou baixo pH e acidez, elevado conteúdo de sólidos solúveis e açúcares redutores e totais em relação ao suco integral. O produto apresentou elevado teor de ácido ascórbico, porém, baixo conteúdo de carotenoides e compostos fenólicos, por meio das análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Difração de Raios-X (DRX) apresentou aspecto amorfo, pela a análise de Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) o composto de maior concentração determinado no suco de caju em pó foi o K2O com 87,46% em massa. Por meio do estudo da estabilidade do suco de caju em pó foi constatado que a embalagem laminada a vácuo mostrou-se mais eficiente na preservação do pó do que a embalagem de plástica a vácuo, o parâmetro de ácido ascórbico não variou estatisticamente entre as duas embalagens até o período de 30 dias de armazenamento, o teor de carotenoides não variou estatisticamente até o período de 75 dias na embalagem laminada a vácuo. A umidade não variou estatisticamente entre as embalagens, já a atividade de água apresentou diferença estatística a partir dos 15 dias de armazenamento no qual foi notado uma elevação na embalagem plástica em decorrência da menor capacidade de barreira. Na isoterma de adsorção, modelo de BET apresentou um bom ajuste para todas as isotermas estudadas, seguido do modelo de GAB. Desta forma, o suco de caju em pó armazenado em embalagem laminada a vácuo apresentou melhor estabilidade com a manutenção das características físico-químicas e higroscópicas por um período de 90 dias.

The main purpose of this study is to build upon previous post buckling research by including the effects of material degradation on column strength due to temperature increase. Failure of a structure during a fire occurs in most part because of material degradation. As the temperature increases the stiffness and strength of a structural material decreases and ultimately results in failure. In this study, columns with three different types of end restraints were studied. These are: Pinned-Pinned Columns, Pinned-Fixed Columns, Fixed-Fixed Columns. For each end-restraint type three different slenderness ratios were considered: λ=50, λ=125, and λ=200. After the data was reviewed, some conclusions that can be made are Axially restricted columns with lower slenderness ratios are more affected by material degradation. This is because columns with lower slenderness ratios have a higher Tcr allowing the effects of material degradation to begin affecting the columns strength at much lower T/Tcr ratios, in some cases before the ratio even reaches 1. Axially restricted columns with a higher number of rotational end-restraints are more affected by material degradation. This can also be attributed to a higher Tcr that allows the effects of material degradation to begin affecting the columns strength at much lower T/Tcr ratios.

xvii, 371 p. : col. ill. / An important problem in astrophysics involves understanding the formation of planetary systems. When a star-forming cloud collapses under gravity its rotation causes it to flatten into a disk. Only a small percentage of the matter near the rotation axis falls inward to create the central object, yet our Sun contains over 99% of the matter of our Solar System. We examine how global hydrodynamic instabilities transport angular momentum through the disk causing material to accrete onto the central star. We analyze the stability of polytropic disks in the linear regime. A power law angular velocity of power q is imposed, and the equilibrium disk structure is found through solution of the time-independent hydrodynamic equations via the Hachisu self-consistent field method. The disk is perturbed, and the time-dependent linearized hydrodynamic equations are used to evolve it. If the system is unstable, the characteristic growth rate and frequency of the perturbation are calculated. We consider modes with azimuthal e im[varphi] dependence, where m is an integer and [varphi] is the azimuthal angle. We map trends across a wide parameter space by varying m , q and the ratios of the star-to-disk mass M * /M d and inner-to-outer disk radius r - /r + . We find that low m modes dominate for small r - /r + , increasing to higher r - /r + as M * /M d increases, independent of q . Three main realms of behavior are identified, for M * << M d , M * [approximate] M d and M * >> M d , and analyzed with respect to the I, J and P mode types as discussed in the literature. Analysis shows that for M * << M d , small r - /r + disks are dominated by low m I modes, which give way to high m J modes at high r - /r + . Low m J modes dominate M * [approximate] M d disks for small r - /r + , while higher m I modes dominate for high r - /r + . Behavior diverges with q for M * >> M d systems with high q models approximating M * [approximate] M d characteristics, while low q models exhibit m = 2 I modes dominating where r - /r + < 0.60. / Committee in charge: Raymond Frey, Chairperson; James Imamura, Advisor; Robert Zimmerman, Member; Paul Csonka, Member; Alan Rempel, Outside Member

Low back pain (LBP) affects many individuals worldwide. The established association between LBP and spine motor control has led to the development of many control assessment techniques. To understand the association between motor control and LBP, it is essential to understand the relationship between separate assessment techniques. Systems identification (SI) and local dynamic stability (LDS) are two methods commonly used to quantify spine control. SI provides a detailed description of control but uses linear assumptions, whereas LDS provides a “black box” non-linear assessment and can be quantified during dynamic movements. Although both SI and LDS techniques aim to measure the control of the spine, each employs different experimental setups and data processing strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to compare the motor behaviour outcomes of SI and LDS quantification techniques. To do this, 15 participants completed two tasks (SI and LDS) in a random order. For the SI task, participants were seated and ventrally perturbed at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebrae (T10). They completed this task under instructions to resist the perturbations (resist condition) or relax and remain upright (relax condition). Admittance was represented using frequency response functions, and a validated neuromuscular control model quantified lumbar stiffness, damping and muscle spindle feedback gains. The LDS task involved participants completing three repetitive movement blocks consisting of flexion/extension, axial rotation, and complex movements. In each block, the maximum finite-time Lyapunov exponent (λmax) was estimated. A stepwise linear regression determined that λmax during the rotation task was best predicted by SI outcomes in the relax condition (adjusted R square = 0.65). Many conditions demonstrated no significant relationship between λmax and SI outcomes. These findings outline the importance of a consistent framework for the assessment of spine control. This could improve clinical assessment efficiency as well as the understanding of the association between LBP and motor control.