Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:28:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000847985_20160225.pdf: 137233 bytes, checksum: 16512fcf496ce84c7aceb70889483611 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-02-26T14:03:57Z: 000847985_20160225.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-26T14:04:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000847985.pdf: 1438882 bytes, checksum: 3cf64a67ac2970d5d4ad2e91902ed48c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores de maior influência no crescimento e produtividade das plantas. As respostas bioquímicas e moleculares durante a deficiência hídrica são essenciais para a ativação dos mecanismos de resistência do vegetal. Muitas espécies arbóreas apresentam mecanismos morfológicos, fisiológicos e bioquímicos, para superar danos ocasionados pela deficiência hídrica, como mudanças no padrão de crescimento, desenvolvimento de órgãos vegetativos, alteração da condutância estomática, ajuste do potencial osmótico dos tecidos e produção de substâncias do metabolismo secundário. Todas essas mudanças podem ocasionar alterações na razão isotópica 13C/12C em diferentes órgãos vegetativos da planta, bem como nos compostos orgânicos produzidos e armazenados nos tecidos. Avaliamos as características de relações hídricas e eficiência fotoquímica na Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. sob distintas condições hídricas e relacionamos com as alterações nos compostos orgânicos e o enriquecimento relativo natural 13C/12C de diferentes estruturas vegetativas. As características de relações hídricas apresentaram redução no final do período de déficit hídrico e recuperação hídrica no final do período de reidratação. As análises referentes às etapas fotoquímicas apresentaram alterações significativas no final do período de reidratação. Os altos valores de taxa de transporte de elétrons e quenching fotoquímico podem ter auxiliado na recuperação dos danos causados pela fotoinibição durante o período de deficiência hídrica. A retomada da atividade fotoquímica após a reidratação aponta a capacidade de fotoproteção da C. langsdorffi em condições de déficit hídrico. No final do período de déficit hídrico ocorreram diferenças na proporção isotópica natural 13C/12C, sendo que nas folhas e no resíduo da extração do óleo essencial houve o enriquecimento de... / Drought is one of the most factors that influence the growth and the productivity of plants. The biochemical and molecular responses during water stress are essential to activate mechanisms of plant resistance. Many tree species have morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisms to overcome damage caused by water stress. Such changes are modidications on the pattern of growth, development of vegetative organs, changes in stomatal conductance, osmotic potential adjustment of tissues and production of substances from secondary metabolism. All these changes may cause modifications on the isotopic 13C/12C ratio in different vegetative organs of the plant, as well as in organic compounds produced and stored on tissues. We evaluated the water relations and photochemical efficiency in Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. under different water conditions and related it with the changes on the organic and natural relative enrichment 13C/12C. The water relations characteristics decreased at the end of the period of water deficit and water recover at the end of the rehydration period. The analyzes regarding the photochemical steps showed significant changes at the end of the rehydration period. The high values of electron transport rate and photochemical quenching may have aided in the recovery of damages caused by photoinhibition during water deficit period. The resumption of photochemical activity after rehydration pointed photoprotection capacity of C. langsdorffi in water deficit conditions. The end of the drought period did not show differences in natural isotopic ratio 13C / 12C, and the leaves and residue of essential oil extraction was 13C enrichment in essential oil, and lipids extracted from the leaves observed depletion in 13C. Furthermore, in drought period, leaves and principal root decreased the amount of starch and soluble sugars

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_mns_dr_rcla.pdf: 3950837 bytes, checksum: e5af051df82202271aa240700e8d4247 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Mina Granusso está situada nas proximidades de Cordeirópolis/SP e constitui uma fonte importante de matéria-prima para o Pólo Cerâmico de Santa Getrudes. No local aflora uma sucessão de rochas da Formação Corumbataí (Permiano Superior) constituída na base por lamitos maciços que gradam para ritmitos siltosos, passando para um horizonte psamo-pelítico e culminando em uma seqüência de ritmitos siltoarenosos. Uma feição particular é a presença de zonas de alteração hidrotermal, associadas a veios quartzo-carbonáticos e fraturas, que impuseram às rochas alterações químicas, mineralógicas e texturais. Estudos petrográficos, químicos e de DRX indicam que após a compactação mecânica houve injeção de fluidos diagenéticos em um sistema de fraturas originando veios de quartzo de baixa cristalinidade e enriquecimento de sílica de horizontes silto-arenosos. Uma nova injeção fluidal impulsionada pela ação do magmatismo basáltico acelerou a formação de albitas e deu origem a veios com calcita, quartzo, clorita e pirita. Os dados de d18O e d13C mostram que os carbonatos se precipitaram de um fluido isotopicamente homogêneo sem variações drásticas de temperatura. Valores de d13C entre -8,1 a -4,5 (PDB) indicam uma fonte profunda para o CO2 que deu origem a calcita enquanto que valores de d18O entre +18,9 e +24,1 (SMOW) sugere interações sucessivas do fluido com a rocha hospedeira e abaixamento de temperatura. / The Granusso mine is located near the Corderopolis city and constitutes an important source of raw material to the Santa Gertrudes Ceramic Cluster. Late Permian sedimentary rocks of the Corumbataí Formation outcrops in the area. The litological succession comprises a sequence of massif, banded to laminate siltstone topped by carbonate to sandy siltstone. Hydrothermal alteration is an important feature generally associated with host rock whitening. A large basaltic sill intruded the sequence and affected the evolution of the diagenetic and hydrothermal process. Petrographic, chemical and XRD dates suggest that after the mechanical compaction a fluid injection caused the precipitation of low-cristalinity quartz and silica enrichment of sandy-siltstone horizons. A new fluid injection driven by the Serra Geral magmatism triggered albite formation and gave rise to the pyrite-chlorite-quartzcalcite veins. Carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the host rocks and veins show that carbonate precipitated from a homogeneous fluid without strong changes in temperatures along hydrothermal conducts. d13C values of -4,5 to -8,1 (PDB) indicate a CO2 deep-source while d18O of +18,4 to +24,1 (SMOW) and the positive correlarion beetween d18O and d13C values suggest a temperature-dependent trend accompanied by a progressively increasing of fluid/rock interaction.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_ab_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 559370 bytes, checksum: 29ab57986a4159c6c7be368b68635707 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / As consequências do desmame precoce são, alterações nas características das vilosidades e das criptas do intestino delgado dos leitões, comprometendo a eficiência dos processos de digestão e de absorção de nutrientes. Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar a influência das dietas no turnover do carbono e na morfologia da mucosa do duodeno e jejuno de leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. As dietas foram sem glutamina, glutamato e nucleotídeos (DC); contendo 1% de glutamina (DG); contendo 1% de glutamato (DAG) e contendo 1% de nucleotídeos (DN). No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 123 animais, sendo abatidos três leitões no dia 0 e três animais de cada tratamento nos dias 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 20, 27 e 49 após o desmame, para coleta de amostras da mucosa do duodeno e jejuno, que foram analisadas quanto à composição isotópica de 13C e mensurada a velocidade de substituição do carbono no tempo. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 65 animais, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial dos tratamentos 4 x 3 +1 (quatro dietas: DC, DG, DAG e DN, três épocas de abate: 7, 14 e 28 dias pós desmame e abate no desmame: dia 0), para análises morfológicas. Os valores da meia-vida do carbono para o duodeno foram 7,3; 7,6; 6,2 e 5,2 dias e para o jejuno de 7,1; 6,7; 6,2 e 4,9 dias para as DC, DG, DAG e DN, respectivamente. As dietas não alteram a altura das vilosidades (AV), profundidade das criptas (PC) e relação altura das vilosidades: profundidade das criptas (AV:PC), com exceção da DN que determinou maior PC no duodeno, quando comparado com a DAG. A inclusão de 1% de nucleotídeos ou de 1% de glutamato nas dietas de leitões acelera o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal, sugerindo sua recuperação mais rápida no período... / The consequences of early weaning are the changes in the characteristics of the small intestine villus and crypts of piglets, reduce the efficiency of digestion and absorption of nutrients. Two experiments were conducted in order to study the influence of diets on carbon turnover and morphology of the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. The diets were: Diets without glutamine, glutamate and nucleotides (DC); containing 1% of glutamine (DG); containing 1% of glutamate (DAG) and containing 1% of nucleotides (DN). In the first experiment a hundred twenty three animals were used and three of them were slaughtered at day 0 and three animals from each diets on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 20, 27 and 49 after weaning, for collecting samples of mucosa duodenum and jejunum was taken, which were analysis for the isotopic composition ‰13C and measured the time of carbon substitution. In the second experiment, sixty five animals were used in a randomized complete blocks design experiment with a 4x3x1 factorial arrangement of diets (four diets: DC, DG, DAG and DN; three slaughter ages: 7,14 and 28 days post weaning and slaughter at weaning day: day 0) for morphology analysis. The values of carbon half-life into the duodenum were 7.3, 7.6, 6.2 and 5.2 and into the jejunum were 7.1, 6.7, 6.2 and 4.9 for DC, DG, DAG and DN, respectively. Diets do not change the villus height (VH), crypt depth (PC) and villus:crypt ration (AV:PC), except that DN determined that most PC duodenum compared with the DAG. The inclusion of 1% of nucleotides or 1% of glutamate in the diet of piglets accelerates the carbon turnover of intestinal mucosa, suggesting a faster recovery post-weaning, however, was not evaluated any effect on the action of products by results of morphology analysis, indicating that the technique... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-19Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000767483.pdf: 639942 bytes, checksum: d9d8d488e39aaba2fbfee72e07b8c775 (MD5) / Este estudo avaliou o turnover do carbono-13 em sangue e plasma de poedeiras na fase de pré-postura e inicial da postura, pela substituição de dietas C4 por C3 e C3 por C4, utilizando a técnica de isótopos estáveis de carbono. Foram utilizadas 144 aves divididas ao acaso em 2 tratamentos na pré-postura que receberam por 42 dias dietas à base de quireta de arroz e farelo de soja, fosfato bicálcico ou farinha de carne e ossos bovinos. Na fase inicial da postura, as aves dos dois tratamentos da fase de pré postura, foram divididas em quatro tratamentos, consitituídos de dietas à base de milho moído e farelo de soja, fosfato bicálcico ou farinha de carne e ossos bovinos. Aos 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19, 25, 32 e 42 de cada fase foram coletados sangue e plasma de 6 aves por tratamento. Os valores de meia-vida do sangue e plasma dos tratamentos ASFB e ASFCO da pré-postura foram maiores (17;4 e 15;5 dias respectivamente) do que os tratamentos ASFB-MSFB; ASFB-MSFCO; ASFCO-MSFB e MSFCO-MSFCO da postura inicial (meias-vidas de 11;10;11 e 9 para o sangue e 2;2;2 e 2 dias para o plasma). Deste modo, pode-se concluir que houve diferença da idade, mas não houve diferença em relação a dieta no turnover do sangue e plasma das aves. Termos para indexação: aves, carbono-13, diluição ... / This study aimed to assess the turnover of carbon-13 on blood and plasma of laying hens by replacing C4 by C3 diets and C3 by C4 diets during the pre-laying period and initial laying period using the technique of stable carbon isotopes. We used 144 laying hens ramdomly divided into two treatments of which were fed by 42 days in the pre-posture period with diets based on rice grits and soybean meal, containing dicalcium phosphate or bovine meat and bone meal. On the beginning of laying period the diets were changed and the poultry of the pre-laying period were divided into four treatments whose diets contained ground corn, soybean meal and dicalcium phosphate; or ground corn, soybean meal and bovine meat and bone meal. On days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19, 25, 32, and 42 of each period the blood and plasma from six birds per treatment were randomly collected. The half-life of blood and plasma of ASFB and ASFCO from pre-laying period were greater (17;4 and 15;5 days, respectively) than the treatments from initial laying period: ASFB-MSFB; ASFB-MSFCO; ASFCO-MSFB e MSFCOMSFCO (half-life of 11;10;11 and 9 for blood, and 2;2;2 and 2 days for plasma. We concluded that the age of hens influenced the blood and plasma turnover whereas the diets did not influenced them ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-11Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000800313.pdf: 2403547 bytes, checksum: 751afbcdab7addea66095b762c14ebc3 (MD5) / O uso e manejo do solo altera as características dos solos, e com isso, estudos relacionados à edafologia, bem como isótopo estável associado ao cultivo agrícola, tem sido realizado ao longo do tempo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar através dos atributos físicos, químic os e na composição isotópica do δ 13 C e δ 15 N as alterações causadas por diferentes sistemas de manejo na camada da profundidade efetiva em solos antropizados. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo 3 - fator sistema de uso (Terra Preta de Índio formada sobre: Argissolo Amarelo sob Floresta Secundária – TPI/ARGI FS; Argissolo Amarelo sob Capoeira – ARGI CP e Argissolo Amarelo sob Roça – ARGI RÇ) e 4 - fator profundidade (0 a 5; 5 a 10; 10 a 20 e 20 a 30 cm), co m 9 repetições. Em cada sistema foi realizada a caracterização, classificação, coleta e análise de 108 amostras compostas. As variáveis estudadas foram: granulometria, estoque de carbono, composição isotópica de δ 15 N e δ 13 C, teor de C e N, relação C/N, pH em H 2 O e ClCa 2 , matéria orgânica do solo, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, sódio, boro, cobre, manganês, ferro, zinco, alumínio, hidrogênio e alumínio, soma de bases, capacidade de troca de cátions, capacidade de troca de cátions efetiva, índice de sat uração por bases e o índice de saturação por alumínio. Para avaliação dos resultados foi utilizado o teste de média (Tukey a 5% de significância). Observou - se que nas áreas de roçado o C e o N apresentaram valores significativos na profundidade de 20 a 30 cm, devido ao revolvimento manual do solo, incorporando a liteira na camada mais profunda. Os solos antropizados sob Floresta Secundária (TPI/ARGI FS) apresentaram - se com baixa acidez, altos teores de fósforo, potássio, cálcio e sódio e baixos teores de po tássio. Valores ... / The use and soil management alters soil character istics, and thus, studies related to pedology, as well as stable isotope associated with agricultural cultivation has been carried o ut over time. This study aimed to evaluate through the physical, chemical and isotopic composition of δ 13 C and δ 15 N changes caused by different tillage systems on the effective depth layer in anthropogenic soils. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3x4 factorial design, 3 - factor use system (Terra Preta formed on Ultisol under Secondary Forest - TPI /ARGI FS ; Ultisol under Capoeira - ARGI CP and Ultisol under Plantation - ARGI RC ) and 4 - depth factor (0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20 and 20 to 30 cm) using 9 replicates. In each system was performed characterization, classification, collection and analysis of 108 composite samples. The variables studied were: particle size, carbon storage, isotopic composition of δ 13 C, δ 15 N, C and N content, C/N ratio, pH in H 2 O and ClCa 2 , soil organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, boron, copper, manganese, iron, zinc, aluminum, hydrogen and aluminum, sum of base cation exchange capacity, capacity exchange cation effective base saturation index and the index of aluminum saturation. To evaluate the results we used the mean test (Tukey test at 5% si gnificance). It was observed that the scuffed areas C and N showed higher values at a depth of 20 to 30 cm, justifying its occurrence due to manual tilling soil litter layer incorporating deeper. Anthropogenic soils under Secondary Forest (TPI/ARGI FS ) present with low acidity and high levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sodium. It is worth noting that the levels of potassium are significantly lower, which accuses the deficiency of TPI/ARGI FS for this nutrient. Significant amounts of magnesium were found in anthropogenic soil under plantation (ARGI RC) than justified by the ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-11Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:30:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000792254.pdf: 353628 bytes, checksum: c45c3a6b5ddb0c847545a14dbd8bf3e1 (MD5) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o turnover do carbono no sangue, plasma, músculo peitoral e fígado de frangos de corte, através de análise das razões isotópicas do carbono, utilizando-se a variação natural do carbono-13 existente entre as plantas de ciclo fotossintético distintos. Foram utilizados 150 pintos de corte machos (Cobb) de um dia de idade, casualmente distribuídos em galpão experimental. Todas as aves foram submetidas a uma dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja (predominantemente C4) do primeiro aos 48 dias de vida e, aos 49 dias de idade, quando observou-se taxa de crescimento menor dos animais, passaram a receber a dieta composta por arroz e farelo de soja (predominantemente C3). Para mensurar quantativamente a velocidade de substituição do carbono das dietas nos tecidos das aves (turnover), foi realizada a linearização dos dados e regressão linear. A meia-vida encontrada no peito, fígado, sangue e plasma foram, respectivamente: 14,4; 2,7; 12,1 e 2,9 dias. Para o sangue não foi possível determinar a quantidade de pools, o tecido muscular, fígado e plasma apresentaram dois pools sendo que o primeiro pool teve trocas mais rápidas. A porcentagem de contribuição do 1° e 2° pool metabólico foram, respectivamente: 44 e 56 para o músculo, 76 e 24 para o fígado e para o plasma 87 e 13%. O modelo definido para o cálculo da meia vida geral é viável para dados de isótopos estáveis, apresentando maior confiabilidade na técnica utilizada para linearização / The present study was aimed to determine the turnover of carbon in the blood, plasma, pectoral muscle and liver in broilers, through analysis of isotopic carbon ratios, using the 13C natural variation between plants of different photosynthetic cycle. We used 150 male broilers chicks (Cobb) of one day old, casually distributed in experimental shed. All birds were fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal (predominantly C4) for the first 48 days of life and, at 49 days of age, when there was a lower rate of growth of the animals began to receive diet consisting of rice and soybean (predominantly C3). To measure quantatively the carbon rate substitution of the diets on the birds tissues (turnover), was performed linearization of the data and linear regression. The half-life found in pectoral muscle, liver, blood and plasma were, respectively: 14,4; 2,7; 12,1 and 2,9 days. For the blood has not been possible to determine the amount of pools, the muscle, liver and plasma presented two pools and the first pool was quicker shifts. The percentage contribution of the 1° and 2 ° metabolic pool were, respectively: 44 and 56 for muscle, 76 and 24 for liver and the plasma 87 and 13%. The model defined for calculating of the general half-life is viable for stable isotope data, showing higher reliability in the technique used for linearization

Les thons tropicaux (thon jaune, thon obèse et bonite à ventre rayé) sont des espèces largement exploitées dont un quart des prises mondiales provient de l'océan Indien. Capturés en bancs mixtes à la senne, ces prédateurs de haut niveau trophique présentent une physiologie particulière (e.g. thermorégulation partielle, nage obligatoire) mais différents traits de vie (e.g. taille maximale, stratégie de reproduction). L’objectif est ici de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de l'allocation d'énergie chez ces espèces. Pour cela un échantillonnage mensuel a été mis en place en 2013 aux Seychelles, de manière à collecter des thons sur une large gamme de taille et de conditions environnementales. Un premier travail méthodologique nous a conduit à étudier l'effet de la teneur en lipides sur les valeurs isotopiques, et nous avons montré que l'utilisation d'équation de correction du taux de lipides lors des analyses isotopiques nécessite un ajustement spécifique. Au travers de traceurs écologiques (isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote et acides gras), une comparaison trophique des trois espèces a montré qu'elles n'exploitent pas exactement les mêmes ressources énergétiques, notamment grâce à un changement alimentaire au cours de l'ontogénie. Ce changement se traduit par l'assimilation de proies plus riches en acides gras mono-insaturés pour les individus supérieurs à 100 cm FL. L'étude des contenus en lipides et protéines de quatre tissus aux fonctions physiologiques différentes (muscles blanc et rouge, foie et gonades) a montré que ces espèces font peu de réserves énergétiques et uniquement dans le foie et le muscle rouge. Les mâles consacrent également moins d'énergie que les femelles à la synthèse de cellules germinales. D'autre part, seul l'indice gonado-somatique permet de rendre compte de variations énergétiques, les autres indices testés (facteur de condition de Le Cren, indice hépato-somatique et circonférence) sont de mauvais proxies du contenu énergétique des tissus. Enfin, l'étude des acides gras membranaires indique une incorporation particulière du 20:4n-6 et du 22:6n-3, dont le niveau varie avec l'ontogénie et selon les tissus. Une grande variabilité intra-spécifique est cependant observée et suggère une certaine plasticité physiologique chez ces espèces. / Tropical tunas (yellowfin, bigeye and skipjack tuna) are exploited worldwide with a quarter of the catches coming from Indian Ocean. Caught by purse seine in mixed schools, these top predators displayed a specific physiology (e.g. partial endothermy, ram-ventilators) but various life history traits (e.g. maximal size, reproduction batches). The objective of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of energy allocation in these species. For this purpose, a monthly sampling was carry out throughout 2013 in Seychelles, to collect tunas on a large range size and environmental conditions. In a first methodological step, we studied the lipids influence on isotopic values in tropical tunas and showed that using mathematical correction of lipids content requires a specific adjustment. Then, using ecological tracers (stable isotope of carbon and nitrogen and fatty acids), a trophic comparison of the three species showed that they do not exploited exactly the same energetic resources, especially due to an ontogenic diet shift. This shift was illustrated by an increasing assimilation of mono-unsaturated fatty acids over 100 cm FL. Study of lipid and protein content in four tissues presenting different physiological function (white and red muscles, liver, gonads) showed these species make little energetic reserves, only in liver and red muscle. In addition, males invest less energy for germinal cells production than females. Furthermore, only the gonado-somatic index brought information concerning energetic variations, the others tested indices (Le Cren condition factor, hepato-somatic index, girth) were bad proxies of energetic content in tissues. Finally, study of membrane fatty acids indicates a specific incorporation of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 that varies with ontogeny. A great intra-specific variability was also observed and could suggest a specific physiological plasticity in these species.

To investigate whether foraminiferal stable isotope (δ18O/δ13C) variations have potential as a chronostratigraphic tool in the Arctic Ocean, this thesis presents new δ18O/δ13C data from five marine sediment cores. Three of those are downcore analyses (PS92/54-1; TC/PC-03; PC-07) and the remaining two are core top analyses (PC-04; PC-08). Seven species of benthic foraminifera (Cassidulina neoteretis, Cibicides lobatulus, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, Oridorsalis tener, Quinqueloculina arctica, Stainforthia concava and Triloculina sp.) and one planktic (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral) were compared against physical properties data, foraminifera counts and existing age models. The stable isotopic data reveal species-specific niches, resulting from vital effects and habitat preferences. As changes in δ13C mainly are related to palaeoproductivity and ocean/atmosphere gas exchange, and has limited use as a dating tool, the focus has been to create high-resolution downcore δ18O records that can be compared to a global benthic stack. Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi is found to be the most common benthic foraminiferal species in the central Lomonosov Ridge cores (TC/PC-03 and PC-07) whereas C. neoteretis and N. pachyderma are most common at the Yermak Plateau (PS92/54-1). Usefulness of C. wuellerstorfi in the central Lomonosov Ridge cores is limited due to low amplitude changes in δ18O over periods interpreted to cover several Marine Isotope Stages. A similar issue was observed in C. neoteretis δ18O on the Yermak Plateau (PS92/54-1). There, C. neoteretis abundances were low during interglacials. Instead, planktic N. pachyderma δ18O at the Yermak Plateau site (PS92/54-1), more closely than any analysed benthic species, resembled the global benthic δ18O stack. This implies potential of N. pachyderma δ18O as a chronostratigraphic tool in this region of the Arctic. Using N. pachyderma δ18O to correlate distal cores in the Arctic Ocean would demand addressing the issues of regional differences in pelagic δ18O, varying calcification depths and poor preservation. Addressing why the range of variability differs between sites in the same MISs is crucial, before attempting to stack downcore δ18O from the relatively abundant Arctic benthic species C. neoteretis. / Med siktet på att undersöka huruvida variationer i stabila isotopvärden (δ18O/δ13C) hos foraminiferer har potential som dateringsredskap i Arktiska Oceanen, presenteras härmed ny δ18O/δ13C data från fem marina sedimentkärnor. Tre kärnor analyseras på längden (PS92/54-1; LOMROG III TC/PC-03 och PC-07) medan två analyser begränsas till kärnornas toppskikt (LOMROG I PC-04 och PC-08). Resultat från sju olika arter av bentoniska foraminiferer (Cassidulina neoteretis, Cibicides lobatulus, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, Oridorsalis tener, Quinqueloculina arctica, Stainforthia concava and Triloculina sp.) och en planktonisk (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral) har jämförts mot data som baserats på kärnornas fysiska egenskaper, mängden foraminiferer och befintliga åldersberäkningar. De nya isotopresultaten avslöjar nischer som är specifika för varje art och som, förutom isotopvärdena i det omkringliggande havsvattnet, är beroende av varierande fraktioneringseffekter samt habitatpreferenser. Förändringar i δ13C är mestadels avhängigt paleoproduktivitet och gasutbyte mellan atmosfär och hav. Det har därför begränsad användning som dateringsredskap. Fokus har istället legat på att skapa högupplöst δ18O data som kan jämföras med en global δ18O ’stack’. Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi är den vanligast förekommande arten i TC/PC-03 och PC-07 medan C. neoteretis och N. pachyderma har flest förekomster i PS92/54-1. I den senare kärnan saknas C. neoteretis under perioder där förändringar i δ18O antas vara stora (interglacialer). Istället är det δ18O hos planktoniska N. pachyderma som i högst grad efterliknar en global bentonisk ’stack’. Dessa resultat antyder att N. pachyderma potentiellt kan användas som lokalt dateringsverktyg. För att kunna korrelera mot mer avlägsna sedimentkärnor i Arktiska Oceanen med hjälp av δ18O från N. pachyderma, så behöver hänsyn tas till regionala skillnader i pelagial δ18O, varierande kalcifieringsdjup och dålig bevaring av foraminifererna. Det är viktigt att adressera varför det finns en amplitudskillnad mellan olika sedimentkärnor för samma tidsperioder, innan försök görs att sammanfoga δ18O resultat från den vanligt förekommande Arktiska bentoniska arten C. neoteretis.

L'ion nitrate (NO3-) présent dans les neiges Antarctiques est issus de l'oxydation des oxydes d'azote (NOx = NO + NO2) dans l'atmosphère. Aux sites de faible accumulation de neige tels que Vostok et Dôme C sur le plateau de l'Est de l'Antarctique, le nitrate n'est pas piégé de manière ultime dans la neige, ce qui limite fortement l'interprétation des enregistrements en nitrate dans les carottes de glace. Des mesures récentes de la composition isotopique en azote du nitrate (δ15N) montrent des valeurs extrêmement élevées (+339‰) dans les premiers décimètres de la neige de Dôme C. Ces valeurs ont été attribuées à la photolyse du nitrate et au recyclage important qui en résulte. Le nitrate possède, par ailleurs, une anomalie isotopique en oxygène (Δ17O) qui permet de tracer l'activité de l'ozone (O3) au cours de sa formation. Ce travail de thèse présente le premier enregistrement de la composition isotopique complète du nitrate (δ15N, Δ17O et δ18O) dans une carotte de glace : la carotte de glace de Vostok dont les 64 échantillons analysés couvrent une période de 150 000 ans. Ce jeu de données a été complété par 313 échantillons collectés entre 2007 et 2010 dans le continuum atmosphère/givre/neige au Dôme C ainsi que dans 21 puits de neige prélevés dans une zone couvrant l'essentiel de l'Est de l'Antarctique. L'analyse isotopique de ces échantillons modernes a permis de contraindre le modèle conceptuel TRANSITS développé au cours de cette thèse et dont le but est de représenter le recyclage du nitrate à l'interface entre l'atmosphère et la neige ainsi que son impact sur la composition isotopique du nitrate archivé. Les valeurs positives et élevées du δ15N du nitrate piégé dans la carotte de glace de Vostok montrent que le recyclage du nitrate a toujours eu lieu sur le plateau Antarctique au cours de la période étudiée. Les variations du flux primaire de nitrate reçu au site de Vostok estimées à l'aide du modèle TRANSITS montrent, en périodes glaciaires, un flux primaire plus important qui pourrait être lié à une dénitrification stratosphérique plus conséquente. Les valeurs de Δ17O du nitrate montrent que l'incursion d'ozone d'origine stratosphérique dans la troposphère était plus fréquente en périodes glaciaires. Nous proposons enfin que les résultats acquis dans le cadre de cette thèse pourraient permettre de mieux contraindre le cycle de l'azote sur la côte Antarctique et d'apporter des éléments d'interprétation des enregistrements en nitrate dans les carottes de glace de sites de plus forte accumulation de neige (au Groenland par exemple). / Nitrate ions (NO3-) found in Antarctic snows stem from the degradation of nitrogen oxydes (NOx = NO + NO2) in the atmosphere. At sites with low snow accumulation rates such as Vostok or Dome C (East Antarctic plateau), nitrate deposition to the snow is not irreversible and this strongly hampers the interpretation of nitrate concentration records in ice cores. Nitrogen stable isotopic (δ15N) as high as +339‰ were measured in nitrate in the upper firn at Dome C and have been attributed to nitrate photolysis initiating a strong recycling at the snow surface. The oxygen isotopic anomaly (Δ17O) reflects the activity of ozone (O3) in nitrate formation. We present the first comprehensive isotopic analysis of nitrate (δ15N, Δ17O and δ18O) in a deep ice core. 64 samples of nitrate from the Vostok ice core have been analyzed and cover the last 150 000 years. This dataset has been completed with 313 samples recently collected in the atmosphere/surface hoar/snow continuum at Dome C as well as in several snowpits from various sites covering most of the East Antarctica. Those present-day samples are used to evaluate a conceptual model (named TRANSITS) developped during this PhD and which aims at representing nitrate recycling at the snow/atmosphere interface and at modelling its impact on the isotopic composition of the archived nitrate. High positive δ15N values measured in the Vostok ice core reveal that nitrate recycling has always occurred at the surface of the Antarctic plateau over this period. Past variations of the primary flux of nitrate to the Vostok site have been estimated using the TRANSITS model. They show that glacials are characterized by higher inputs which may be linked to a greater stratospheric denitrification. The Δ17O values indicate that intrusions of stratospheric air masses to the troposphere may have been more frequent in glacials thus incorporating significant amounts of stratospheric ozone to the lower atmosphere. Last, we suggest that this study may have some relevance to the coastal nitrogen budget in Antarctica and to the interpretation of ice cores retrieved from high accumulation sites (e.g. in Greenland).

Le nitrate, produit de la fin de chaîne de réaction des oxydes d’azotes de l’atmosphère (NOx = NO +NO2), est l’un des ions le plus abondant de la neige et de la glace polaire. Ses rapports isotopiques stables (δ18O, δ15N et Δ17O) ont été abondamment utilisés pour contraindre ses sources et les chemins réactionnels. De plus, le nitrate archivé dans les carottes de glace profondes peut apporter de nouvelles contraintes sur les conditions climatiques passées. Cependant, le dépôt de nitrate dans les régions polaires à faible accumulation est réversible en raison des processus post-dépôts, compliquant l’interprétation des enregistrements. Actuellement, il existe des enregistrements de nitrate issus de carottes de glace profonds couvrant de l’information climatique sur plusieurs milliers d’années dont leur interprétation dépend d’une quantification précise ces phénomènes post-dépôts. Nous avons étudié expérimentalement le transfert d’excès-17O de l’ozone durant la réaction en phase gaz de NO2 + O3  NO3 + O2, qui est une réaction importante de la chimie nocturne de formation du nitrate. De cette étude nous avons déterminé la fonction de transfert du 17O donnée par : ∆17O(O3*) = (1.23 ± 0.19) × ∆17O(O3)bulk + (9.02 ± 0.99). Nous avons aussi évalué la distribution intramoléculaire des isotopes de l’oxygène de l’ozone et observé que l’excès d’enrichissement résidait de manière prépondérante sur les atomes terminaux de l’ozone. Ces résultats auront une implication importante sur la compréhension de la formation du nitrate via les mécanismes d’oxydation des précurseurs NOx. L’impact de la photolyse sur les concentrations et les compositions isotopiques stables du nitrate est étudié dans ce travail de thèse sur la base d’étude de laboratoire et de terrain. Une étude de laboratoire a été conduite en irradiant de la neige naturelle de Dôme C avec une lampe UV à xénon et en utilisant différents filtres UV (280 nm, 305 nm et 320 nm). Sur la base des mesures des rapports isotopiques de l’oxygène et de l’azote, la dépendance aux longueurs d’onde des fractionnements isotopiques a été déterminée. En conséquence, en présence de lumière UV de haute énergie, le fractionnement isotopique est décalé vers des valeurs moins négatives et vice versa. Sur la base des fractionnements isotopiques obtenus en laboratoire, nous avons dérivé un décalage apparent de la valeur du zéro point d’énergie (ZPE) qui apporte une meilleure contrainte sur la section efficace d’absorption du 15NO3-. Ce décalage apparent est obtenu en minimisant les écarts entre les observations et les fractionnements isotopiques calculés basés sur un modèle de décalage ZPE, modèle qui inclut outre le décalage ZPE, le changement des largeurs, de l’asymétrie et de l’amplitude des sections efficaces d’absorption lors de la substitution isotopique. Nous avons validé le nouveau ZPE apparent en conduisant une étude de terrain à Dôme C, Antarctique. Dans cette étude, un dispositif expérimental a été construit sur le site et l’effet du rayonnement solaire UV sur la photolyse du nitrate de la neige investigué. Cette étude était basée sur la comparaison de deux puits remplis par de la neige soufflée homogénéisée dont l’un des deux puits n’était pas soumis aux rayonnements UV. Le fractionnement isotopique de 15N pour la neige exposée aux UV (-67.9 ± 12 ‰) est en bon accord avec le modèle de décalage ZPE estimé au cours de ce travail de thèse (-55.4 ‰). Ces valeurs sont aussi dans la gamme des fractionnements isotopiques apparents observée précédemment au Dôme C. Nous pensons que l’inclusion des ces nouvelles connaissances dans un modèle prédisant l’enrichissement du 15N dans les carottes de glace permettra une interprétation quantitative de l’information préservée dans la glace. / Nitrate, the end product of oxidation of atmospheric NOX (= NO + NO2), is one of the most abundant anions present in polar snow and ice. Its stable isotope ratios (δ18O, δ15N and Δ17O) have been widely used to constrain its sources and oxidation pathways. In addition, the nitrate archived in deep ice cores may be an important metric to constrain past climatic conditions. However, deposition of nitrate in polar regions with low snow accumulation is reversible due to post-depositional processes, and interpretation of this record is complicated. Currently, there exist deep ice core records of nitrate encompassing climatic information of millennial time scales, and their interpretation relies on careful quantification of post-depositional effects. We have experimentally studied the 17O-excess transfer from ozone during the gas phase NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2 reaction, which is an important nighttime nitrate formation pathway. From this study, we have determined the ∆17O transfer function given by: ∆17O(O3*) = (1.23 ± 0.19) × ∆17O(O3)bulk + (9.02 ± 0.99). We have also evaluated the intramolecular oxygen isotope distribution of ozone and have observed the excess enrichment resides predominantly on the terminal oxygen atoms of ozone. The findings from this study will have an important implication for understanding nitrate formation pathways via different NOX oxidation mechanisms. The impact of photolysis on the amount and stable isotope enrichments of nitrate is investigated in this PhD study based on laboratory and field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted by irradiating a natural snow from Dome C with a Xe UV lamp and a selection of UV-filters (280 nm, 305 nm and 320 nm). Based on the oxygen and nitrogen isotope ratio measurements, wavelength dependent isotopic fractionations were determined. Accordingly, in the presence of high-energy UV light, isotopic fractionation is shifted towards less negative values and the reverse for lower energy UV photons. Based the isotopic fractionations obtained in the laboratory study, we derived an apparent ZPE-shift value, which better constrains the absorption cross-section of 15NO3-. This apparent shift is derived from the best fit between the experimental observations and calculated fractionations based on existing ZPE-shift model and it includes actual ZPE-shift and changes in width, asymmetry and amplitude in absorption cross-section during isotopic substitution. We have validated the newly derived apparent ZPE-shift by conducting a field study at Dome C, Antarctica. In this study, an experimental setup was built on-site and the effect of solar UV photolysis on snow nitrate was investigated. This study was based on a comparison of two snow pits filled with locally drifted snow and by allowing/blocking the solar UV. The 15N fractionation for the UV exposed samples (-67.9 ± 12 ‰) was in fairly good agreement with the ZPE-shift model estimate from this study (-55.4 ‰). These values are also within the range of apparent isotopic fractionation observed at Dome C in previous studies. Further calculations to better constrain the absorption cross-section of 15NO3- with the ZPE-shift are underway, and we propose that the newly derived apparent ZPE-shift value should be used in future studies. We believe that incorporating these new findings in models predicting the enrichments of 15N nitrate in ice cores will allow a quantitative interpretation of the information preserved in ice.