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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
331

Transition from the late Roman period to the early Anglo-Saxon period in the Upper Thames Valley based on stable isotopes

Sakai, Yurika January 2017 (has links)
Following the argument of cultural change between the Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods in Britain, the purpose of this thesis is to find evidence of change in human diet and animal husbandry in the Upper Thames Valley across this boundary. Research questions are set to find differences in human diet, animal diet, and birth seasonality of herbivores at Horcott, a site showing human activity in both periods. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements on collagen from humans and livestock animals and enamel carbonate extracted from herbivores were analysed. Results showed changes in the diets of cattle, sheep/goats, pigs, and human, and birth seasonality of cattle and sheep/goats. These changes were argued to have been caused by differences in the intensity of fertilising crop fields, the amount of animal protein fed to adult pigs, the amount of non-local food in human diet, and the significance and purpose of livestock rearing and the preference of dairy products. The outcome of this thesis enhances the understanding of: a) the strategy and the amount of human effort put into crop cultivation and livestock management; b) the availability and preference of food for humans depending on the period; and c) the site-dependent differences in the extent of change in the course of transition between the Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods. This thesis demonstrates the importance of animal data in order to discuss human diet, and the advantage of modelling enamel carbonate sequential data when analysing worn and shortened teeth.
332

Estudos paleoambientais com base em isótopos de carbono, oxigênio e estrôncio em foraminíferos do terciário da Bacia de Pelotas

Zerfass, Geise de Santana dos Anjos January 2009 (has links)
A Bacia de Pelotas, localizada na porção sul da margem continental brasileira, foi formada a partir da fragmentação do supercontinente Gondwana e preenchida por sedimentos essencialmente siliciclásticos desde o Cretáceo. A ausência de rochas vulcânicas apropriadas para a datação através de métodos radiométricos na seção terciária da bacia e a abundância de microfósseis de parede calcária, constitui um cenário favorável para a utilização da razão isotópica de estrôncio visando à obtenção de dados cronoestratigráficos. Além dos microfósseis de parede calcária, a ocorrência conspícua de microfósseis de parede orgânica caracteriza esta seção como adequada para a realização de correlações biocronoestratigráficas. Uma síntese dos dados bioestratigráficos publicados é aqui apresentada com o intuito de verificar a ocorrência de descontinuidades temporais na sucessão sedimentar da bacia. Posteriormente, a avaliação da preservação das testas de foraminíferos foi realizada a fim de fornecer elementos para selecionar as amostras a serem utilizadas nas análises e verificar a consistência dos dados isotópicos. Foram reconhecidos quatro tipos de alterações diagenéticas em diferentes níveis estratigráficos da base para o topo: recristalização (neomorfismo), cimentação, recobrimento por filme oxidado e dissolução. Dados da razão isotópica de estrôncio, oxigênio e carbono e da razão Sr/Ca, foram obtidos a partir da análise de amostras provenientes de quatro poços. Adicionalmente, uma abordagem bioestratigráfica e paleoambiental foi possível com base no estudo dos foraminíferos e palinomorfos de dois intervalos testemunhados em dois poços, um na região emersa e outra na submersa, constituindo uma seção de referência para correlação. Com base no estudo dos testemunhos foi proposto um arcabouço estratigráfico de alta resolução, tendo sido identificado um hiato de 2 Ma na seção do mesomioceno e um evento transgressivo entre o meso e o neomioceno. Em uma abordagem mais ampla, o arcabouço cronoestratigráfico da seção do Paleogeno-Neogeno de quatro sondagens foi detalhado. Foram reconhecidos seis hiatos: (i) no Paleogeno, (ii) no eoeocenomesoeoceno, (iii) no mesoeoceno, (iv) entre o neoeoceno e o eoligoceno, (v) no eomioceno e (vi) entre o eomioceno e o meso/neomioceno. Os hiatos identificados, exceto aquele entre o eoeoceno e o mesoeoceno, foram interpretados como disconformidades associados a eventos globais. Uma queda do nível do mar a 10.4 Ma gerou uma disconformidade que pode estar relacionada ao início da deposição do Cone do Rio Grande. Quedas do nível do mar a nível global são as prováveis causas das descontinuidades reconhecidas em 18,5 Ma, 31,5 Ma e 40,5 Ma. O hiato identificado no eoeoceno-mesoeoceno (53-47,9 Ma) foi por sua vez interpretado como uma seção condensada. Do eoeoceno ao neoligoceno, uma tendência de resfriamento associada à abertura da Passagem de Drake foi registrada com base na curva de isótopos de oxigênio. Com base nos dados de δ13C observou-se uma tendência de aumento de produtividade do neoligoceno ao eomioceno, a qual provavelmente está associada a uma fase de aquecimento. Uma nova fase de resfriamento, relacionada ao restabelecimento da calota de gelo na Antártica, foi registrada na seção do neomioceno em ciclos de aproximadamente 400.000 anos. / The Pelotas Basin, situated in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Margin, is filled with siliciclastic sediments deposited from Cretaceous to Holocene. The absence of volcanic strata appropriate to radiometric dating and the abundance of calcareous microfossils constitute a favorable scenario for the use of strontium isotope ratio to obtain chronostratigraphic data for the Tertiary section of the basin. Furthermore, the conspicuous occurrence of organic-walled microfossils makes this section suitable for biochronostratigraphic correlations. A synthesis of the biostratigraphic data published is presented in order to recognize discontinuities in the stratigraphic record. Afterward, the assessment of the foraminifera tests preservation was effectuated with the purpose of providing criteria to select the samples to be analyzed and verify the consistency of the isotopic data. Four types of diagenetic alterations were recognized in different stratigraphic levels, from the base to the top of the studied section: recrystallization, cementation, oxidized coatings and dissolution. Strontium, oxygen and carbon isotope ratios and Sr/Ca ratio were performed in foraminifera tests from four drill-holes. Foraminifera and palynomorphs recovered from cores of two wells located on onshore and offshore regions provided a biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental information, constituting a reference section for correlation. Based on the core study, a highresolution biostratigraphic framework is proposed, in which a hiatus of 2 Ma is identified in the middle Miocene, as well as a transgressive event in the middle-late Miocene. In a broader approach, a chronostratigraphic framework is presented for the Paleogene-Neogene section of four drill-holes. Six hiatuses were recognized: (i) Paleocene, (ii) early-middle Eocene, (iii) middle Eocene, (iv) late Eocene - early Oligocene, (v) early Miocene, and (vi) early Miocene - middle/late Miocene. The identified hiatuses, except that of early-middle Eocene, were interpreted as disconformities in association with global events. A sea-level fall at 10.4 Ma may be related to the deposition of Rio Grande Cone. Global eustatic sea-level falls produced the disconfomities recognized at 18.5 Ma, 31.5 Ma and 40.5 Ma. The hiatus recognized in the early Eocene was interpreted as a condensed-section deposited between 53.7 and 47.9 Ma. From the early Eocene to the late Oligocene, a trend of cooling registered using oxygen and carbon isotopes may be related to the opening of the Drake Passage. Based on δ13C, a trend of increasing productivity probable driven by warming was observed from the late Oligocene to the early Miocene. Another cooling phase was registered in the late Miocene section which can be related to the reestablishment of the ice-sheet in Antarctica. This interval is punctuated of short-term cycles of approximately 400 ky.
333

Možnosti určení geografického původu živočišných a rostlinných produktů pomocí stabilních izotopů kyslíku, vodíku a uhlíku. Izotopový signál keratinu krunýře želv / The possibilities of determining the geographic origin of plant and animal products by means of stable isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Isotope signature in keratin of tortoise´s shell

DRTINOVÁ, Martina January 2011 (has links)
This biological study is focused on the possibility of using stable isotope analyses to determine the geographic origin of plants and mainly animals especially tortoises. In the experiment nineteen tortoises were divided into two groups which were fed by isotopically different food and water for one year. The samples of keratin from their shells were collected before and after the experiment. Then the samples were analysed for the ratio of particular isotopes using isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
334

Underground measurement of hydrogen-burning reactions on 17;18O at energies of astrophysical interest

Bruno, Carlo Giulio January 2017 (has links)
The 17;18O(p,α)14;15N nuclear reactions play an important role in several astrophysical scenarios, and in Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars in particular. These stars are the site of several mixing and recirculating processes that transport matter from their hot cores to their cooler surfaces, and vice versa. Some of these mixing processes are still not well understood. Constraining them would improve our knowledge of stars that are in, or will enter, the AGB phase, including our own Sun. An ideal way to trace these poorly understood mixing processes are provided by the rare, stable 17;18O isotopes. Their abundances are strongly sensitive to the 17;18O(p,α)14;15N reactions. At temperatures of astrophysical interest, the 17O(p,α)14N reaction is dominated by a narrow, isolated resonance at Eproton=70 keV. This resonance has been studied several times in the past, using both direct and indirect methods. However, the picture painted in the literature is still not completely satisfying. The situation is more complex for the 18O(p,α)15N, for which an interference pattern between at least three resonances dominates the reaction rate at the temperatures of interest. This thesis work concerns an experimental campaign aimed at measuring both reactions at energies of astrophysical interest. These challenging measurements were performed by exploiting the low radiation background at the underground LUNA accelerator in Gran Sasso Laboratories, Italy. The two reactions were investigated in direct kinematics. A proton beam was accelerated onto solid Ta2O5 targets and the alpha particles produced were detected at backward angles using an array of silicon detectors mounted in a purpose-built scattering chamber. Our results indicate that the 17O(p,α)14N reaction rate at temperatures of astrophysical interest is approximately a factor of two higher than previously reported, solving a long standing puzzle on the origin of some pre-solar grains. For the 18O(p,α)15N reaction, we find a reaction rate largely in agreement with previous investigations, but with a significantly reduced uncertainty which could help improve the accuracy of stellar models of a number of stellar sites.
335

Alocação diferencial do 13C em Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Fabaceae - Caesalpinoideae) sob deficiência hídrica /

Bertholdi, Angelo Albano da Silva. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Luiz Fernando Rolim de Almeida / Coorientador: Vladimir Eliodoro Costa / Banca: Gustavo Maia Souza / Banca: Luciana Francisco Fleury / Resumo: O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores de maior influência no crescimento e produtividade das plantas. As respostas bioquímicas e moleculares durante a deficiência hídrica são essenciais para a ativação dos mecanismos de resistência do vegetal. Muitas espécies arbóreas apresentam mecanismos morfológicos, fisiológicos e bioquímicos, para superar danos ocasionados pela deficiência hídrica, como mudanças no padrão de crescimento, desenvolvimento de órgãos vegetativos, alteração da condutância estomática, ajuste do potencial osmótico dos tecidos e produção de substâncias do metabolismo secundário. Todas essas mudanças podem ocasionar alterações na razão isotópica 13C/12C em diferentes órgãos vegetativos da planta, bem como nos compostos orgânicos produzidos e armazenados nos tecidos. Avaliamos as características de relações hídricas e eficiência fotoquímica na Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. sob distintas condições hídricas e relacionamos com as alterações nos compostos orgânicos e o enriquecimento relativo natural 13C/12C de diferentes estruturas vegetativas. As características de relações hídricas apresentaram redução no final do período de déficit hídrico e recuperação hídrica no final do período de reidratação. As análises referentes às etapas fotoquímicas apresentaram alterações significativas no final do período de reidratação. Os altos valores de taxa de transporte de elétrons e quenching fotoquímico podem ter auxiliado na recuperação dos danos causados pela fotoinibição durante o período de deficiência hídrica. A retomada da atividade fotoquímica após a reidratação aponta a capacidade de fotoproteção da C. langsdorffi em condições de déficit hídrico. No final do período de déficit hídrico ocorreram diferenças na proporção isotópica natural 13C/12C, sendo que nas folhas e no resíduo da extração do óleo essencial houve o enriquecimento de... / Abstract: Drought is one of the most factors that influence the growth and the productivity of plants. The biochemical and molecular responses during water stress are essential to activate mechanisms of plant resistance. Many tree species have morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisms to overcome damage caused by water stress. Such changes are modidications on the pattern of growth, development of vegetative organs, changes in stomatal conductance, osmotic potential adjustment of tissues and production of substances from secondary metabolism. All these changes may cause modifications on the isotopic 13C/12C ratio in different vegetative organs of the plant, as well as in organic compounds produced and stored on tissues. We evaluated the water relations and photochemical efficiency in Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. under different water conditions and related it with the changes on the organic and natural relative enrichment 13C/12C. The water relations characteristics decreased at the end of the period of water deficit and water recover at the end of the rehydration period. The analyzes regarding the photochemical steps showed significant changes at the end of the rehydration period. The high values of electron transport rate and photochemical quenching may have aided in the recovery of damages caused by photoinhibition during water deficit period. The resumption of photochemical activity after rehydration pointed photoprotection capacity of C. langsdorffi in water deficit conditions. The end of the drought period did not show differences in natural isotopic ratio 13C / 12C, and the leaves and residue of essential oil extraction was 13C enrichment in essential oil, and lipids extracted from the leaves observed depletion in 13C. Furthermore, in drought period, leaves and principal root decreased the amount of starch and soluble sugars / Mestre
336

Fer et autres métaux : interrelations métaboliques et rôle de l'hepcidine / Iron and other metals : metabolic interrelations and hepcidin role

Cavey, Thibault 11 December 2017 (has links)
Les pathologies du métabolisme du fer, dont les surcharges en fer, se caractérisent par une grande variabilité de leur expression phénotypique pour des étiologies similaires. Les mécanismes de cette variabilité ne sont pas pleinement identifiés. L’existence d’interrelations entre le fer et d’autres métaux pourrait y contribuer. L’objectif de ce travail, réalisé chez la souris, a été de préciser les interactions entre le métabolisme du fer et ceux d’autres métaux. Nous avons : i) montré que le fond génétique des souris module le métabolisme d’autres métaux, en sus du fer ; et ii) identifié des liens entre les paramètres de ces métaux en situation physiologique. Nous avons également mis en évidence, dans des modèles de souris surchargées en fer par supplémentation exogène ou bien du fait d’une déficience en hepcidine (le régulateur du métabolisme systémique du fer), un lien fort entre le métabolisme du fer et ceux du molybdène et du manganèse particulièrement au niveau splénique. Ces résultats suggèrent que des mécanismes de régulation, pouvant impliquer de façon directe ou indirecte l’axe hepcidine / ferroportine, pourraient être partagés entre le fer, le molybdène et le manganèse. Le rôle de l’hepcidine devra être précisé. Les explorations dynamiques in vivo avec les isotopes stables constituant une approche possible pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes du métabolisme du fer, nous avons caractérisé la répartition des isotopes stables du fer (par le ratio isotopique 56Fe/54Fe) dans les tissus liés à son métabolisme. Ceci nous a permis de confirmer la variation du ratio isotopique 56Fe/54Fe entre les organes, et de mettre en évidence un fractionnement isotopique du fer différent selon les fonds génétiques de souris au niveau hépatique. Ces résultats montrent ainsi l’importance de prendre en compte cette caractéristique essentielle dans les études métaboliques visant à mieux comprendre le métabolisme du fer et ses liens avec celui d’autres métaux, dans un contexte physiologique ou pathologique. / Iron metabolism disorders, including iron overloads, are characterized by important phenotypic expression variabilities for similar etiologies. The mechanisms involved are not fully identified. Interrelations between iron and other metals may contribute to this variability. The aim of this work, performed in mouse, was to investigate interactions between iron and other metals metabolisms. We have: i) shown that mice genetic background modulates other metals metabolism, besides iron; and ii) identified links between parameters of these metals in physiological condition. We have also highlighted, in mice models of iron overload, related either to exogenous iron exposure, or to deficiency in hepcidin (the systemic iron metabolism regulator), a strong link between iron metabolism and molybdenum and manganese metabolisms, particularly in spleen. These results suggest that regulatory mechanisms, possibly involving directly or indirectly the hepcidin / ferroportin axis, may be shared by iron, molybdenum and manganese. The clarification of hepcidin role needs further investigations. In vivo dynamic explorations with stable isotopes being a possible approach to better understand mechanisms of iron metabolism control, we have characterized the distribution of iron stable isotopes (using 56Fe/54Fe isotope ratio) in tissues involved in its metabolism. We have confirmed the variation of 56Fe/54Fe isotope ratio between organs, and highlighted a different iron isotope fractionation in liver according to mice genetic backgrounds. These results show the importance to take into account this essential feature for metabolic studies aspiring to better understand iron metabolism and its links with other metals metabolism, in physiological or pathological conditions.
337

IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENT OF ORIGIN OF ILLINOIS RIVER ASIAN CARP VIA OTOLITH MICROCHEMISTRY AND STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSES

Norman, Jacob Dylan 01 May 2013 (has links)
Asian carp have rapidly expanded their range through much of the Mississippi River Drainage over the past 10 to 15 years. Silver and bighead carp are now the dominant fish species present along several reaches of the Illinois River. The upper Illinois River and shipping canals entering Lake Michigan are of great concern as pathways for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Knowledge of reproductive habitats and dispersal pathways for these species may be valuable for ongoing and future efforts to control these exotic invasives. Previous studies have successfully identified spawning areas of native riverine species via otolith microchemistry, but this technique has not yet been applied to Asian carps. Both stable isotope and trace element ratios have been found to differ significantly among the large rivers of the Mississippi River drainage, enabling identification of natal environment for individual fish. The primary objective of this study was to identify differences in natal river origin and floodplain habitat use through the incorporation of trace elements (Sr:Ca) and stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C). Silver and bighead carp were collected via electrofishing and trammel netting along four reaches of the Illinois River from the Mississippi-Illinois River confluence at Grafton, IL to the upper segment of the Illinois River upstream of Starved Rock State Park. Sagittal otoliths were removed from both silver and bighead carp collected from each of the four reaches of the Illinois River for analysis of stable isotope ratios and trace element concentrations. Water samples were collected seasonally from the four reaches of the Illinois River and several of its associated floodplain lakes in addition to the Missouri, Upper Mississippi and Middle Mississippi Rivers to validate water signatures of the various river reaches. Results indicated the majority of adult Asian carp caught in the Illinois River originated from the Illinois. However, there was strong evidence indicating roughly twenty percent of captured adults were in fact immigrants from other sources; primarily the Middle Mississippi river and, to a lesser extent, the Missouri River. Stable isotope results indicated that Asian carps primarily used river channel rather than floodplain lake habitats during early life. The findings of this study suggest current Asian carp removal efforts should continue to be primarily directed within the Illinois River, however, the evidence of immigrant silver carp indicate expanding the control efforts into other rivers (Middle Mississippi River and Missouri River) will further support the control of Asian carp within the Illinois River.
338

Composição da ictiofauna, análise estomacal e isotópica de espécies de siluriformes e de characidae, em riachos subtropicais, Brasil

Bonato, Karine Orlandi January 2016 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição da ictiofauna de riachos da sub-bacia do Alto Jacuí, região centro-norte do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como descrever e compreender as relações que permeiam a biologia alimentar de espécies de Siluriformes e de Characidae nestes mesmos riachos. As coletas foram realizadas bimensalmente de julho de 2012 a junho de 2013, através da técnica de pesca elétrica em 10 riachos. Um total de 13.247 indivíduos foram coletados, pertencentes a 42 espécies, 10 famílias e seis ordens, das quais as que mais contribuíram foram Characiformes (36%), Cichliformes (24%) e Siluriformes (14%), com 15, dez e seis espécies respectivamente. Nós reportamos o primeiro registro de Phalloceros spiloura para o sistema da Laguna dos Patos e cinco espécies ficaram ao nível de gênero devido ao fato de se tratarem de novas espécies e estão sendo revisadas e descritas. O conteúdo estomacal de 1.948 indivíduos, pertencentes a três espécies (Heptapterus sp., Rhamdia quelen e Trichomycterus poikilos) foram analisados pelo método volumétrico, sendo 59 itens alimentares identificados. Em geral, Heptapterus sp. consumiu uma alta proporção de Aegla sp., restos de plantas terrestres e Megaloptera; R. quelen consumiu peixe e Oligochaeta, seguido de Aegla sp.; enquanto a dieta de T. poikilos foi baseada em Simuliidae, Ephemeroptera e Trichoptera. A segregação alimentar das espécies, bem como do fator espécie mais classe de tamanho, foram observadas. Os valores de amplitude de nicho foram altos para todas as espécies, e somente foram baixos para os maiores tamanhos de R. quelen e Heptapterus sp. No geral, as espécies mostraram baixos valores de sobreposição de nicho, e houve uma grande frequência de sobreposição alta e intermediária para as menores classes de tamanho. O modelo nulo confirmou a partição de nicho entre as espécies e uma partilha de recursos quando analisado espécie mais classe de tamanho. Posteriormente, 1.525 estômagos de 11 espécies de Characidae foram analisados. Observou-se uma diferença significativa entre a dieta dessas espécies, com plantas terrestres e aquáticas, restos de insetos terrestres e aquáticos e adultos de Hymenoptera, mostrando-se os itens mais importantes para esta diferenciação. As análises mostraram que os padrões de alimentação estão associados as características morfológicas. A posição subterminal da boca se correlacionou com a ingestão de itens bentônicos (insetos aquáticos e matéria orgânica); boca grande permitiu a ingestão de itens mais robustos como Aegla sp. e peixes; espécies com menor variação de dentes ao longo da série externa do prémaxilar consumiram elevada proporção de plantas e insetos terrestres, assim como as espécies que apresentaram menor número de dentes na maxila. O hábito insetívoro aquático foi observado nos indivíduos com números intermediários e altos de cúspides nos dentes do maxilar. Buscando compreender a coexistência de quatro espécies sintópicas de Characidae, nós calculamos a sobreposição de nicho das espécies por período amostral e para avaliar a importância destes itens alimentares como fontes de nutrientes nós usamos análises de isótopos de carbono (13C) e nitrogênio (14N) para estimar a assimilação relativa. Todos os Characidae consumiram grandes proporções de plantas e insetos aquáticos. As espécies apresentaram baixa sopreposição na maioria dos períodos amostrados. Também, houve uma alta correspondência entre a análise do conteúdo estomacal e o resultado da análise isotópica. Astyanax xiru e Astyanax procerus assimilaram grandes frações de invertebrados terrestres e plantas aquáticas. Bryconamericus iheringi assimilou principalmente invertebrados aquáticos e secundariamente algas, enquanto Bryconamericus sp. assimilou principalmente invertebrados aquáticos e terrestres. Assim, nós demonstramos que as espécies congenéricas têm dietas mais similares, mas que estas quatro espécies de Characidar coexistem por partição de recursos, e que a assimilação de nutrientes dessas espécies coincide com o consumo relativo dos itens alimentares ingeridos. / The objective of this study was to determine the composition of fishes of Alto Jacuí subbasin streams, north-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as describe and understand the relationships that permeate the feeding biology of species of Siluriformes and Characidae in these same streams. Samples were collected bimonthly from July 2012 to June 2013, through electrofishing technique in 10 streams. A total of 13,247 individuals were collected, belonging to 42 species, 10 families and six orders, of which the most contributed, were Characiformes (36%), Cichliformes (24%) and Siluriformes (14%), with 15, ten and six species, respectively. We report the first record of Phalloceros spiloura to the Laguna dos Patos system and five species were to genus level due to the fact they refer to new species and are being reviewed and described. The stomach contents of 1,948 individuals belonging to three species (Heptapterus sp., Rhamdia quelen and Trichomycterus poikilos) were analyzed by volumetric method, with 59 identified food items. Overall, Heptapterus sp. consumed a high proportion of Aegla sp., remains of terrestrial plants and Megaloptera; R. quelen consumed fish and Oligochaeta, followed by Aegla sp.; while T. poikilos diet was based on Simuliidae, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Food segregation of species as well as species plus size class factors, were observed. The niche breadth values were high for all species, and only were low for the larger sizes of R. quelen and Heptapterus sp. Overall, the species showed low niche overlap values, and there was a high frequency overlay high and intermediate for smaller size classes. The null model confirmed the niche partitioning among species and a sharing of resources when analyzed species plus size class. Subsequently, 1,525 stomachs were analyzed representing 11 species of Characidae. There was a significant difference between the diet of these species, with terrestrial and aquatic plants, terrestrial and aquatic insect remains and adult Hymenoptera, being the most important items for this differentiation. The analysis showed that feeding patterns associated with many morphological features. Sub-terminal mouth positions correlated with the ingestion of benthic items (e.g., aquatic insects and organic matter); large mouths permited ingestion of robust items such as macrocrustaceans (e.g., Aegla) and fish; species that have small teeth variation along the outer row of the premaxilla consumed high proportion of plants and terrestrial insects as well as those species that showed a lower number of teeth on the maxilla. Aquatic insectivory was observed in those individuals with intermediary and high number of cusps in the maxilla teeth. To understand the coexistence of four syntopic Characidae species we calculated niche overlap of species for each sampling period, and to evaluate the importance of these food items as nutrient sources, we used carbon (13C) and nitrogen (14N) isotopes analyses to estimate relative assimilation. All characids consumed large proportions of plant material and aquatic insects. The species showed low dietary overlap throughout most of the sampling period. There was high correspondence between the gut content analyses and isotope mixing model estimates. Astyanax xiru and Astyanax procerus assimilated large fractions of terrestrial invertebrates and aquatic plants. Bryconamericus iheringi assimilated primarily aquatic invertebrates and secondarily algae, whereas Bryconamericus sp. assimilated primarily aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. Therefore, we demonstrate that the congeneric species have more similar diets, but that these four Characidae species coexist by resource partitioning, and that they assimilate nutrients agree with the relative consumption of food items.
339

Estudos paleoambientais com base em isótopos de carbono, oxigênio e estrôncio em foraminíferos do terciário da Bacia de Pelotas

Zerfass, Geise de Santana dos Anjos January 2009 (has links)
A Bacia de Pelotas, localizada na porção sul da margem continental brasileira, foi formada a partir da fragmentação do supercontinente Gondwana e preenchida por sedimentos essencialmente siliciclásticos desde o Cretáceo. A ausência de rochas vulcânicas apropriadas para a datação através de métodos radiométricos na seção terciária da bacia e a abundância de microfósseis de parede calcária, constitui um cenário favorável para a utilização da razão isotópica de estrôncio visando à obtenção de dados cronoestratigráficos. Além dos microfósseis de parede calcária, a ocorrência conspícua de microfósseis de parede orgânica caracteriza esta seção como adequada para a realização de correlações biocronoestratigráficas. Uma síntese dos dados bioestratigráficos publicados é aqui apresentada com o intuito de verificar a ocorrência de descontinuidades temporais na sucessão sedimentar da bacia. Posteriormente, a avaliação da preservação das testas de foraminíferos foi realizada a fim de fornecer elementos para selecionar as amostras a serem utilizadas nas análises e verificar a consistência dos dados isotópicos. Foram reconhecidos quatro tipos de alterações diagenéticas em diferentes níveis estratigráficos da base para o topo: recristalização (neomorfismo), cimentação, recobrimento por filme oxidado e dissolução. Dados da razão isotópica de estrôncio, oxigênio e carbono e da razão Sr/Ca, foram obtidos a partir da análise de amostras provenientes de quatro poços. Adicionalmente, uma abordagem bioestratigráfica e paleoambiental foi possível com base no estudo dos foraminíferos e palinomorfos de dois intervalos testemunhados em dois poços, um na região emersa e outra na submersa, constituindo uma seção de referência para correlação. Com base no estudo dos testemunhos foi proposto um arcabouço estratigráfico de alta resolução, tendo sido identificado um hiato de 2 Ma na seção do mesomioceno e um evento transgressivo entre o meso e o neomioceno. Em uma abordagem mais ampla, o arcabouço cronoestratigráfico da seção do Paleogeno-Neogeno de quatro sondagens foi detalhado. Foram reconhecidos seis hiatos: (i) no Paleogeno, (ii) no eoeocenomesoeoceno, (iii) no mesoeoceno, (iv) entre o neoeoceno e o eoligoceno, (v) no eomioceno e (vi) entre o eomioceno e o meso/neomioceno. Os hiatos identificados, exceto aquele entre o eoeoceno e o mesoeoceno, foram interpretados como disconformidades associados a eventos globais. Uma queda do nível do mar a 10.4 Ma gerou uma disconformidade que pode estar relacionada ao início da deposição do Cone do Rio Grande. Quedas do nível do mar a nível global são as prováveis causas das descontinuidades reconhecidas em 18,5 Ma, 31,5 Ma e 40,5 Ma. O hiato identificado no eoeoceno-mesoeoceno (53-47,9 Ma) foi por sua vez interpretado como uma seção condensada. Do eoeoceno ao neoligoceno, uma tendência de resfriamento associada à abertura da Passagem de Drake foi registrada com base na curva de isótopos de oxigênio. Com base nos dados de δ13C observou-se uma tendência de aumento de produtividade do neoligoceno ao eomioceno, a qual provavelmente está associada a uma fase de aquecimento. Uma nova fase de resfriamento, relacionada ao restabelecimento da calota de gelo na Antártica, foi registrada na seção do neomioceno em ciclos de aproximadamente 400.000 anos. / The Pelotas Basin, situated in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Margin, is filled with siliciclastic sediments deposited from Cretaceous to Holocene. The absence of volcanic strata appropriate to radiometric dating and the abundance of calcareous microfossils constitute a favorable scenario for the use of strontium isotope ratio to obtain chronostratigraphic data for the Tertiary section of the basin. Furthermore, the conspicuous occurrence of organic-walled microfossils makes this section suitable for biochronostratigraphic correlations. A synthesis of the biostratigraphic data published is presented in order to recognize discontinuities in the stratigraphic record. Afterward, the assessment of the foraminifera tests preservation was effectuated with the purpose of providing criteria to select the samples to be analyzed and verify the consistency of the isotopic data. Four types of diagenetic alterations were recognized in different stratigraphic levels, from the base to the top of the studied section: recrystallization, cementation, oxidized coatings and dissolution. Strontium, oxygen and carbon isotope ratios and Sr/Ca ratio were performed in foraminifera tests from four drill-holes. Foraminifera and palynomorphs recovered from cores of two wells located on onshore and offshore regions provided a biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental information, constituting a reference section for correlation. Based on the core study, a highresolution biostratigraphic framework is proposed, in which a hiatus of 2 Ma is identified in the middle Miocene, as well as a transgressive event in the middle-late Miocene. In a broader approach, a chronostratigraphic framework is presented for the Paleogene-Neogene section of four drill-holes. Six hiatuses were recognized: (i) Paleocene, (ii) early-middle Eocene, (iii) middle Eocene, (iv) late Eocene - early Oligocene, (v) early Miocene, and (vi) early Miocene - middle/late Miocene. The identified hiatuses, except that of early-middle Eocene, were interpreted as disconformities in association with global events. A sea-level fall at 10.4 Ma may be related to the deposition of Rio Grande Cone. Global eustatic sea-level falls produced the disconfomities recognized at 18.5 Ma, 31.5 Ma and 40.5 Ma. The hiatus recognized in the early Eocene was interpreted as a condensed-section deposited between 53.7 and 47.9 Ma. From the early Eocene to the late Oligocene, a trend of cooling registered using oxygen and carbon isotopes may be related to the opening of the Drake Passage. Based on δ13C, a trend of increasing productivity probable driven by warming was observed from the late Oligocene to the early Miocene. Another cooling phase was registered in the late Miocene section which can be related to the reestablishment of the ice-sheet in Antarctica. This interval is punctuated of short-term cycles of approximately 400 ky.
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Alocação diferencial do 13C em Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Fabaceae - Caesalpinoideae) sob deficiência hídrica / Differential allocation of 13C in Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Fabaceae - Caesalpinoideae) under water stress condition

Bertholdi, Angelo Albano da Silva [UNESP] 25 February 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:28:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000847985_20160225.pdf: 137233 bytes, checksum: 16512fcf496ce84c7aceb70889483611 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-02-26T14:03:57Z: 000847985_20160225.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-26T14:04:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000847985.pdf: 1438882 bytes, checksum: 3cf64a67ac2970d5d4ad2e91902ed48c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores de maior influência no crescimento e produtividade das plantas. As respostas bioquímicas e moleculares durante a deficiência hídrica são essenciais para a ativação dos mecanismos de resistência do vegetal. Muitas espécies arbóreas apresentam mecanismos morfológicos, fisiológicos e bioquímicos, para superar danos ocasionados pela deficiência hídrica, como mudanças no padrão de crescimento, desenvolvimento de órgãos vegetativos, alteração da condutância estomática, ajuste do potencial osmótico dos tecidos e produção de substâncias do metabolismo secundário. Todas essas mudanças podem ocasionar alterações na razão isotópica 13C/12C em diferentes órgãos vegetativos da planta, bem como nos compostos orgânicos produzidos e armazenados nos tecidos. Avaliamos as características de relações hídricas e eficiência fotoquímica na Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. sob distintas condições hídricas e relacionamos com as alterações nos compostos orgânicos e o enriquecimento relativo natural 13C/12C de diferentes estruturas vegetativas. As características de relações hídricas apresentaram redução no final do período de déficit hídrico e recuperação hídrica no final do período de reidratação. As análises referentes às etapas fotoquímicas apresentaram alterações significativas no final do período de reidratação. Os altos valores de taxa de transporte de elétrons e quenching fotoquímico podem ter auxiliado na recuperação dos danos causados pela fotoinibição durante o período de deficiência hídrica. A retomada da atividade fotoquímica após a reidratação aponta a capacidade de fotoproteção da C. langsdorffi em condições de déficit hídrico. No final do período de déficit hídrico ocorreram diferenças na proporção isotópica natural 13C/12C, sendo que nas folhas e no resíduo da extração do óleo essencial houve o enriquecimento de... / Drought is one of the most factors that influence the growth and the productivity of plants. The biochemical and molecular responses during water stress are essential to activate mechanisms of plant resistance. Many tree species have morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisms to overcome damage caused by water stress. Such changes are modidications on the pattern of growth, development of vegetative organs, changes in stomatal conductance, osmotic potential adjustment of tissues and production of substances from secondary metabolism. All these changes may cause modifications on the isotopic 13C/12C ratio in different vegetative organs of the plant, as well as in organic compounds produced and stored on tissues. We evaluated the water relations and photochemical efficiency in Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. under different water conditions and related it with the changes on the organic and natural relative enrichment 13C/12C. The water relations characteristics decreased at the end of the period of water deficit and water recover at the end of the rehydration period. The analyzes regarding the photochemical steps showed significant changes at the end of the rehydration period. The high values of electron transport rate and photochemical quenching may have aided in the recovery of damages caused by photoinhibition during water deficit period. The resumption of photochemical activity after rehydration pointed photoprotection capacity of C. langsdorffi in water deficit conditions. The end of the drought period did not show differences in natural isotopic ratio 13C / 12C, and the leaves and residue of essential oil extraction was 13C enrichment in essential oil, and lipids extracted from the leaves observed depletion in 13C. Furthermore, in drought period, leaves and principal root decreased the amount of starch and soluble sugars

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