Le marais de Massaciuccoli est la plus importante zone humide de la Toscane septentrionale. C'est une lagune côtière qui draine un bassin d'environ 112 km2 de surface totale et qui est caractérisée par des eaux à salinité très variable. Cette zone est reliée à la mer par un canal artificiel, appelé « Burlamacca ».<br />Dans cette zone palustre, on retrouve de vieilles carrières (profondeur maximum : 30 m., superficie totale : 2,5 km2 ), témoignage d'une ancienne activité d'extraction de sable siliceux. Les principales sources polluantes sont représentées par les déchets urbains et industriels et par les eaux de drainage agricole ; au sein du bassin, il y a en effet 2 décharges et plusieurs entreprises agricoles.<br />Ce projet de recherche se propose d'étudier : 1) l'impact anthropique sur la chimie des eaux du bassin du lac de Massaciuccoli ; 2) l'apport de l'eau de mer, l'infiltration des eaux souterraines et le taux d'évaporation du lac ; 3) le rôle exercé par les anciennes carrières, et 4) le rôle des processus biologiques.<br />Les résultats ont été obtenus en appliquant des techniques géochimiques et en utilisant des traceurs chimiques (Br, B, Cl et des éléments nutritifs) et isotopiques (δ18O, δ11B, δ2H, δ13C, δ34SSO4 et δ18OSO4).<br />L'étude a mis en évidence des aspects méthodologiques importants, concernant :<br />1. l'influence des processus biologiques sur le contenu des composés chimiques dissous dans les eaux<br />2. l'application des techniques isotopiques qui, non seulement, a permis de suivre les processus chimiques et physiques qui se développent à l'interface entre les différents compartiments, mais qui a permis aussi d'établir l'origine des divers éléments et d'effectuer des datations.<br />Notamment, on a mis en évidence les points suivants:<br />a. la distribution des éléments dans le système étudié est fonction de la présence et de l'intensité de l'activité biologique<br />b. la géochimie est importante pour tracer l'origine des eaux et des processus chimiques et physiques.<br />c. Les datations effectuées sur la matière organique des sédiments avec le 14C mettent en évidence la présence d'un pic de l'activité radioactive, qui correspond aux essais atomiques effectués dans les années '60. La profondeur, à laquelle on peut trouver ces évidences, varie selon les différents sites échantillonnés.<br />En conclusion, ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence l'influence de l'activité agricole sur la composition chimique de l'eau du lac, sur l'équilibre hydrodynamique et sur la composition du sédiment superficiel. En outre, les carrières, en relation à leur extension et profondeur, représentent une barrière hydraulique à l'intrusion de l'eau marine dans le lac ; la disparition de la stratification des eaux des carrières ou un éventuel remplissage de ces dernières pourrait devenir un problème très sérieux pour l'équilibre de l'écosystème palustre.<br />vi

O presente trabalho utilizou os marcadores orgânicos moleculares (n-alcanos e alquenonas) para avaliar as mudanças no regime pluvial do continente adjacente e na temperatura da superfície do mar nos últimos 3000 anos na Região da Ria do Mamanguá, localizada no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas também amostras de sedimentos superficiais marinhos para verificar a extensão da influência continental na área de estudo. Os resultados das amostras de sedimento superficial mostraram haver uma maior influência terrestre nas áreas mais internas do Saco do Mamanguá e da Enseada de Parati-Mirim, que recebem do continente a matéria orgânica proveniente da Serra do Mar através dos deságues dos rios e da produção dos manguezais. Já os pontos mais externos encontram-se sob uma maior influência da produtividade marinha da plataforma continental adjacente. Os parâmetros avaliados nos testemunhos permitiram a identificação de períodos com maior ou menor contribuição de matéria orgânica terrestre para a Região da Ria do Mamanguá, indicando assim períodos relativamente mais úmidos ou mais secos, respectivamente. Além disso, foi possível identificar nos dados a presença do evento Little Ice Age, caracterizado como um período mais úmido e com TSM relativamente mais baixa na região da Ria do Mamanguá. / The present study used molecular organic markers (n-alkanes and alkenones) to assess changes in rainfall patterns and in the sea surface temperature over the past 3000 years in the Region of Ria do Mamanguá, located on the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro. Surface sediment samples were also analyzed to verify the extent of the continental influence over the study area. The results of the surface sediment samples revealed a greater terrestrial influence over the innermost areas of the Saco do Mamanguá and Enseada de Parati-Mirim. Both areas receive organic matter from the Serra do Mar through continental runoff and from the mangroves ecosystems. The outermost areas, on the other hand, are under a greater influence of the marine productivity from the continental shelf. The parameters evaluated in sediments cores allowed the identification of periods with greater or lesser contribution from terrestrial organic matter to the Region of Ria do Mamanguá, thus indicating wetter or drier periods, respectively. Furthermore, it was possible to identify the presence of the Little Ice Age event, that was characterized as a period of wetter conditions and with relatively low TSM in the Region of Ria do Mamanguá

O presente trabalho utilizou os marcadores orgânicos moleculares (n-alcanos e alquenonas) para avaliar as mudanças no regime pluvial do continente adjacente e na temperatura da superfície do mar nos últimos 3000 anos na Região da Ria do Mamanguá, localizada no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas também amostras de sedimentos superficiais marinhos para verificar a extensão da influência continental na área de estudo. Os resultados das amostras de sedimento superficial mostraram haver uma maior influência terrestre nas áreas mais internas do Saco do Mamanguá e da Enseada de Parati-Mirim, que recebem do continente a matéria orgânica proveniente da Serra do Mar através dos deságues dos rios e da produção dos manguezais. Já os pontos mais externos encontram-se sob uma maior influência da produtividade marinha da plataforma continental adjacente. Os parâmetros avaliados nos testemunhos permitiram a identificação de períodos com maior ou menor contribuição de matéria orgânica terrestre para a Região da Ria do Mamanguá, indicando assim períodos relativamente mais úmidos ou mais secos, respectivamente. Além disso, foi possível identificar nos dados a presença do evento Little Ice Age, caracterizado como um período mais úmido e com TSM relativamente mais baixa na região da Ria do Mamanguá. / The present study used molecular organic markers (n-alkanes and alkenones) to assess changes in rainfall patterns and in the sea surface temperature over the past 3000 years in the Region of Ria do Mamanguá, located on the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro. Surface sediment samples were also analyzed to verify the extent of the continental influence over the study area. The results of the surface sediment samples revealed a greater terrestrial influence over the innermost areas of the Saco do Mamanguá and Enseada de Parati-Mirim. Both areas receive organic matter from the Serra do Mar through continental runoff and from the mangroves ecosystems. The outermost areas, on the other hand, are under a greater influence of the marine productivity from the continental shelf. The parameters evaluated in sediments cores allowed the identification of periods with greater or lesser contribution from terrestrial organic matter to the Region of Ria do Mamanguá, thus indicating wetter or drier periods, respectively. Furthermore, it was possible to identify the presence of the Little Ice Age event, that was characterized as a period of wetter conditions and with relatively low TSM in the Region of Ria do Mamanguá

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandra.pdf: 1382678 bytes, checksum: 9fdac74197bce7873c6927728a23b1d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-17 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / After the proven power of evil mercury (Hg) to human health, studies have focused on identifying the sources and pathways describe biogeochemical circulation in the environment. In Brazil, the use of Hg during the amalgamation of gold was considered the main source of contamination; however, today the contribution due to the deforestation and burning of forests has become relevant. In the Amazon, the dynamics of Hg in rivers (Negro, Madeira, Acre and Tapajós) is well known, but not in the floodplain, environments recognized as Hg methylation places and socioeconomic importance. To extend this knowledge we analyzed Hg levels in the biotic and abiotic components of Grate Lake Manacapuru (AM), the bioconcentration factor, the biomagnification potential to fish community, and bioaccumulation for commercial fish species were calculated. The Hg levels between 75.89 to 283.99 ng.g-1, being significantly higher in the flood and the podzolic soils. 64.3% of Hg levels measured in sediments were within the range of observed values to not contaminated Amazonian rivers (<200 ng.g-1), and 35.7% for highly anthropogenic rivers. The Hg levels water samples ranged from 1.7 to 15.2 ng.l-1. Emergent aquatic macrophytes and its fine particulate matter and periphyton presented high total Hg levels. Macroinvertebrate omnivores/detritivores and piscivorous fish associated with aquatic macrophytes recorded the highest Hg levels (226.4 ng.g-1 and 866.3 ng.g-1 respectively). There biomagnification in fish, the average Hg levels ranged from 45.89 to 527.82 ng.g-1, depending on the trophic category. The biomagnification factors were 0.27 for first order consumers, 0.33 for second order and 0.47 in thirth order. There were significant differences in the bioconcentration and total Hg level between the categories of third trophic level and the others. Plagioscion squamosissimus and Calophysus macropterus presentes Hg levels above those permitted by law (500 ng.g-1), and other six species also present risks to human health. The trophic structure of the community defined by the potential biomagnifications (b=0.15 ng.g-1) were 13 trophic categories, and five trophic levels. There were significant differences in total Hg levels of in relation to the trophic level of omnivores, detritivores, herbivores/frugivores, carnivores/ piscivores and carnivores/insectivores, and overlap in Hg levels of various categories, apparently resulting from the trophic plasticity of organisms and ontogenetic factors. In conclusion, the use of soil facilitates the release of Hg, which is carried by leaching into the aquatic environment where it is retained in the sediment. Sediment resuspension and homogenization of the water, facilitates the distribution and methylation of Hg in the lake, increasing the bioavailability to biota and their transfer into the food chain. The aquatic macrophytes and the periphyton community contribute to methylation, distribution and transfer of Hg in food chains. The processes of bioaccumulation in species are linked primarily to diet, but population factors such as age, growth, and fat levels should contribute to the different bioaccumulation factors observed. / Após de o comprovado poder maléfico do mercúrio (Hg) para a saúde humana, estudos focaram em identificar as fontes e em descrever vias biogeoquímicas de circulação no ambiente. No Brasil, o uso do Hg na amalgamação de ouro foi considerado a principal fonte de contaminação, mas o aporte por desmatamento e queima de florestas é relevante. Na Amazônia, a dinâmica do Hg em rios (Negro, Madeira, Acre e Tapajós) é bem conhecida, mas na várzea não, embora se trate de um ambiente de metilação de Hg e de importância socioeconômica. Para ampliar esse conhecimento analisaram-se teores de Hg em componentes abióticos e bióticos no Lago Grande de Manacapuru (AM), calculou-se fator de bioconcentração, potencial de biomagnificação para a comunidade de peixes relacionando teores de Hg com isótopos estáveis de δN15, e bioacumulação. Teores de Hg em solo variaram de 75,8 a 283,9 ng.g-1 sendo maiores durante a enchente e nos solos podzólicos. 64,3% dos teores de Hg em sedimentos estiveram entre valores citados de rios Amazônicos não contaminados (<200 ng.g-1), e 35,7% em rios altamente antropizados. Teores de Hg na água variaram de 1,7 a 15,2 ng.l-1. Macrófitas aquáticas emergentes e seu material particulado fino e perifiton tiveram altos teores Hg total. Macroinvertebrados onívoros/detritívoros e peixes piscívoros associados às macrófitas aquáticas registraram os maiores teores (226,4 ng.g-1, e 866,3 ng.g-1 respectivamente). Houve biomagnificação em peixes, com teores de Hg total médio variando de 45,8 a 527,8 ng.g-1, em função à categoria trófica. A biomagnificação em consumidores primários foi 0,27, em secundários 0,33 e 0,47 em terciários. Houve diferença significativa na bioconcentração e no teor de Hg entre as categorias tróficas do 3º nível trófico e as demais. Plagioscion squamosissimus e Calophysus macropterus apresentaram teores de Hg acima do permitido (500 ng.g-1), e seis outras espécies apresentam riscos para a saúde humana. A estrutura trófica da comunidade íctica definida pelo potencial de biomagnificação (b=0,15 ng.g-1) foi: 13 categorias tróficas e 5 níveis tróficos. Houve diferença significativa nos teores de Hg de onívoros, detritívoros, herbívoros/frugívoros, carnívoros/piscívoros e carnívoros/ insetívoros, de níveis tróficos diferentes, e sobreposição nos teores de Hg de várias categorias tróficas, aparentemente resultante da plasticidade trófica dos organismos e de fatores ontogênicos. Em conclusão, o uso do solo facilita a liberação do Hg, que é transportado pela lixiviação até o ambiente aquático, onde é retido no sedimento. Ressuspensão dos sedimentos e homogeneização da massa de água facilitam a distribuição e metilação do Hg no lago, aumentando sua biodisponibilidade para a biota e transferência na cadeia trófica. Bancos de macrófitas aquáticas e a comunidade perifítica contribuem com a metilação, distribuição e transferência do Hg nas cadeias alimentares. Bioacumulação nas espécies está atrelada principalmente ao regime alimentar, mas idade, crescimento, e teor de gordura contribuem.

Le fonctionnement écologique des écosystèmes côtiers est soumis à l’action synergique des changements climatiques et des pressions anthropiques. Au sein du Bassin d’Arcachon, l’huître Crassostrea gigas, montre depuis quelques années une modification du cycle reproductif (i.e. faible formation des gamètes, retard de ponte), qui semble lié aux modifications globales des conditions thermiques et trophiques du milieu. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à réaliser un état des lieux de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de l’état reproductif des huîtres dans le Bassin d’Arcachon, en lien avec l’origine, la quantité et la qualité de la ressource trophique. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de révéler d’importants gradients spatiaux de variabilité du développement gonadique et du signal trophique chez C. gigas, entre les parties internes sous influences des rivières (sud-est et nord-est), et la partie externe sous influences océaniques. Deux facteurs clés se sont révélés en partie explicatifs de cette variabilité, le temps d’immersion et le temps de renouvellement océanique. Un comparatif de la gamétogenèse et du pool nutritif entre les parties sud-est et nord-est du bassin a permis de démontrer une variabilité temporelle de la composition phytoplanctonique associée à une variabilité des apports en acides gras essentiels à la formation et la maturité des gamètes. La dynamique de la mise en réserves ainsi que le déclenchement des pontes chez C. gigas se sont révélés synchrones à la variabilité saisonnière de la quantité et la qualité du pool nutritif. Ces résultats représentent une première étape vers le développement d’un modèle prédictif des besoins énergétiques de l’espèce sous l’effet des changements globaux des conditions environnementales. / The ecological functioning of coastal ecosystems is subjected to the synergistic action of climate change and anthropogenic pressures. In Arcachon Bay, the reproductive cycle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas has changed in recent years (e.g. weak gametogenesis, spawning delay). This pattern seems to be associated with global changes in thermal and trophic conditions. The aim of this work was to characterize the spatio-temporal variability in the reproductive investment of oysters in Arcachon Bay. This variability has been investigated in relation to the origin, quantity and quality of the trophic resources. The results revealed important spatial gradients of variability in gonadal development and trophic signal in C. gigas, between inner parts of the bay influenced by river inputs (south-east and north-east) and the external part of the bay, which is influenced by oceanic inputs. Two hydrodynamic factors explained most of the observed variability: immersion time and oceanic water renewal. A comparison of C. gigas gametogenesis and the nutritional value of available food sources between the south-eastern and north-eastern parts of the bay revealed temporal variability in the composition of phytoplankton. This variability was associated with variability in the amounts of essential fatty acids, necessary for gametogenesis. Changes in energy reserves and gamete release cycle were synchronized with the seasonal nutrient variability. These results constitute a first approach in the development of a model predicting the evolution of the energetic needs of C. gigas under the global change in environmental conditions.

Les systèmes côtiers pélagiques sont caractérisés par de multiples apports de matière organique particulaire (MOP) d’origine autochtone (phytoplancton) ou allochtone (continentale, benthique) dont la variabilité spatiale et temporelle peut être forte. L’objectif de ma thèse était 1) de quantifier la composition de la MOP des systèmes côtiers pélagiques, 2) de déterminer les forçages à sa dynamique spatio-temporelle et 3) d’investiguer le lien entre bactéries et composition de la MOP. Cette étude a été menée sur douze systèmes (estuaire, lagune, rias, baies, littoraux) distribués sur les trois façades maritimes françaises, en combinant rapports isotopiques et élémentaires (composition), acides gras (lien MOP-bactéries) et statistiques multivariées (forçages).A l’échelle multi-systémique et/ou intra-systémique, deux grands gradients sont observés :- un gradient côte (plus forte contribution continentale et benthique) – large (MOP phytoplanctonique), principalement lié à l’hydrodynamique sédimentaire (débits des fleuves, remise en suspension du matériel benthique) et à la proximité des sources allochtones- un gradient Sud (présence de MOP issue de la diazotrophie) – Nord (absence de cette MOP), en lien avec le statut trophique (oligo vs méso/eutrophie) des systèmes.La saisonnalité de la dynamique temporelle de la composition de la MOP est fortement variable selon les sites. Elle est généralement plus forte près de la côte et plus faible au large et en zone amont de l’estuaire étudié. Cette dynamique est également reliée à l’hydrodynamique sédimentaire.Enfin, l’étude a révélé que la biomasse bactérienne est principalement associée à la MOP continentale et benthique. / Pelagic coastal systems are characterized by multiple inputs of particulate organic matter (POM) from autochthonous (phytoplankton) and allochthonous (continental, benthic) origin whose spatial and temporal variability can be high. The aims of my PhD were to 1) quantify POM composition in pelagic coastal systems, 2) determine the forcings to its spatio-temporal dynamics and 3) investigate the link between bacteria and POM composition. This study was conducted on twelve systems (estuary, lagoon, bays, rias, littoral) distributed over the three maritime facades of France by combining the use of elemental and isotopic ratios (composition), fatty acids (POM-bacteria link) and multivariate analysis (forcings).At multi-systems and/or intra-system scale, two main gradients are observed:- an inshore (higher continental and benthic contribution) - offshore gradient (phytoplanktonic POM) mainly related to hydrodynamics and sedimentary hydrodynamics (river flow, resuspension of benthic material) and to the proximity to allochthonous sources- a South (POM related to diazotrophy) – North (absence of this POM) gradient, associated to the trophic status (oligo vs meso/eutrophy) of the studied systems.The seasonality of spatio-temporal dynamics of POM composition is highly variable depending on the station. It is in general higher near the coast and lower offshore and upstream in the studied estuary. This dynamic is also strongly associated to sedimentary hydrodynamics.Finally, this study highlight that bacterial biomass is mainly associated to continental and benthic POM.

Le but de ma thèse est de conduire et d’utiliser les premières observations atmosphériquesde surface du CO2, de l’O2, du CH4 et de la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau et desprécipitations dans la région peu instrumentée du sud du Groenland. Quelles informations cesobservations locales peuvent-elles nous apporter à la fois concernant les processus atmosphériqueslocaux et concernant le transport atmosphérique à grande échelle ? Peut-on en extrairedes informations sur les échanges entre la surface et l’atmosphère, qui constituent une part crucialedes cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l’eau ? L’interprétation paléoclimatique desenregistrements de carottes de glace au Groenland peut-elle bénéficier de ces observations ?Après une validation des observations menées à Ivittuut, sur la côte sud-ouest du Groenland,en regard de normes internationales de qualité, confirmant leur représentativité des variationsatmosphériques, j’ai commencé par interpréter ces observations en analysant leur variabilité àdifférentes échelles de temps et découlant de processus spécifiques. Ceci m’a permis de montrerque le site de mesure était très peu influencé par des phénomènes locaux : peu de sources localesde gaz à effet de serre, et de processus locaux agissant sur la composition isotopique de la vapeurd’eau. Cette caractéristique facilite l’attribution des variations observées à des changements detransport atmosphérique de grande échelle en lien avec des sources distantes.Pour comprendre les variations observées, je les ai mises en relation avec des observationsissues d’autres sites ainsi qu’avec des sorties de modèles atmosphériques de grande échelle. D’unepart, j’ai constaté que de nombreuses variations de la composition atmosphérique à l’échelle synoptiquepouvaient être expliquées par des modifications du transport atmosphérique de grandeéchelle. J’ai aussi pu identifier la représentativité spatiale de nos observations, et contribuerà l’évaluation de modèles atmosphériques de grande échelle. Enfin, un cas d’étude durant lavague de chaleur ayant affecté la totalité du Groenland durant l’été 2012 m’a permis de suivrele transport atmosphérique de masses d’air et d’observer en plusieurs points ses impacts sur lacomposition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau, notamment sur la conservation du signal d’excès endeutérium, qui n’avait jamais été observée auparavant.Enfin, la combinaison des observations et de la modélisation atmosphérique m’a permis demettre en évidence les contributions de l’observation atmosphérique en terme de documentationdes échanges entre la surface et l’atmosphère : par une attribution des valeurs observées auxsources potentielles identifiées par modélisation des masses d’air affectant la station pour le CH4et la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau, et par la comparaison des observations à dessimulations de transport direct de sources connues issues d’inventaires pour le CH4 ou modéliséespour le CO2 et l’O2 océanique. / South Greenland is a key region placed under Arctic and Northern Atlantic influences, whichis poorly documented in terms of atmospheric monitoring. The aim of my thesis is to conductand use the first regional atmospheric observations of CO2, O2, CH4 and isotopic compositionof water vapour and precipitation performed in Ivittuut, a coastal site in south-west Greenland.Which information can we infer from these atmospheric observations, in terms of localatmospheric processes and large scale atmospheric transport variations? Can we use these observationsto document the surface-air exchanges of these compounds, which represent an importantpart of the water and carbon biogeochemical cycles?After validating the observations regarding international precision recommandations, I havebeen able to analyse the variabilities at different time scales, resulting from different specificprocesses. This highlighted the fact the atmospheric composition of our site is weakly influencedby local processes, either for local greenhouse gases sources or small scale atmosphericvariations affecting water vapour isotopic composition. This facilitates the interpretation of ourobservations in terms of large scale atmospheric transport signals.To better understand the observed variations, I related our data series with other observationsoriginating from different sites, and with outputs from different atmospheric models. Ihave first witnessed the links between variations of atmospheric composition and large synopticscale atmospheric transport changes. Then, I have identified the spatial representativity of ourobservations and contributed to the evaluation of atmospheric models. The case study of astrong heat wave covering Greenland during summer 2012 allowed me to study the transport ofwater vapour within an air mass between different stations. It allowed me to provide the firstexperimental observation of deuterium excess conservation during atmospheric transport.Finally, combining observations and atmospheric simulations, I have documented surfaceairexchanges of the observed compounds: first by the attribution of observed values of CH4and water vapour isotopic composition to their simulated potential origins, secondly by thecomparison of observed variations with the direct simulation of atmospheric transport of eitherCH4 sources estimated from inventories or simulated CO2 and O2 air-sea fluxes from an oceanmodel.