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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudo do crescimento bacteriano e da aplicação de procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção no aço inoxidável 304L / Study of bacterial growth and the application of procedures for cleaning and disinfecting in stainless steel 304L

Yohandrina Ulloa Payares 27 April 2012 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Técnicas de limpeza química ou mecânica são comumente empregadas para evitar a formação de biofilmes e problemas associados com a colonização de superfícies por micro-organismos. Neste trabalho, amostras de aço inox 304L foram submetidas a ensaios acelerados de crescimento de biofilme, o qual foi posteriormente removido por tratamentos de limpeza e desinfecção (choque térmico com água a 70C por 1h, limpeza com ácido fosfórico 20 % v/v por 30min e desinfecção com peróxido de hidrogênio 0,17 % v/v por 1h). Com o objetivo de verificar a influência destes tratamentos na remoção do biofilme, este foi caracterizado (por quantificação microbiana e análises de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica - EIE), antes e após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Dois casos foram estudados. No primeiro caso, simularam-se condições presentes em tubulações de ambientes hospitalares e sistemas de distribuição de água quente. O micro-organismo utilizado foi a bactéria Serratia marcences. O processo de formação de biofilme e posterior limpeza e desinfecção foi realizado de modo contínuo durante 15 semanas. Os resultados de quantificação microbiana e de EIE mostraram que desde a primeira semana de exposição e ao longo dos ensaios, formou-se um biofilme aderente à superfície do aço e que o emprego dos tratamentos de limpeza e desinfecção não foi eficaz na remoção do biofilme. Em um segundo caso, simularam-se condições presentes em tubulações da indústria de água mineral, empregando-se a bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neste caso, as técnicas de limpeza e desinfecção foram aplicadas individualmente e em conjunto. A aplicação de choque térmico, assim como da limpeza ácida, sobre um biofilme com 72 h de formação foi capaz de eliminar as bactérias viáveis, presentes na superfície do aço. Entretanto, a desinfecção com peróxido de hidrogênio não foi capaz de eliminá-las. Nas duas condições, porém, as análises de EIE do sistema aço/biofilme mostraram que o mesmo não foi completamente removido da superfície do metal. Correlacionando os dois casos, pode-se inferir que a superfície do aço inox 304L é rapidamente colonizada pelas duas espécies microbianas e que as técnicas de limpeza e desinfecção são capazes de reduzir e até eliminar as células viáveis, embora não removam completamente o biofilme da superfície. Por outro lado, é importante ressaltar que fatores como a arquitetura, espessura e porosidade do biofilme, e propriedades intrínsecas da superfície, são fatores que afetam os valores de impedância medidos, sendo necessário considerá-los na análise, tanto da formação do biofilme, quanto dos efeitos dos procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção / Techniques for chemical or mechanical cleaning are usually employed to prevent the formation of biofilm and the problems associated with the colonization of surfaces by micro-organisms. In this work, samples of 304 L stainless steel were submitted to experiments of accelerated growth of biofilm, which was subsequently removed by cleaning and disinfection treatment (heat shock with water at 70 C for 1h, cleaning with phosphoric acid 20% v/v for 30 min and disinfection with hydrogen peroxide 0,17% v/v for 1h). In order to verify the influence of these treatments on biofilm removal, analyses of microbial quantification and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), before and after the treatments were employed. Two cases were studied. In the first case, it was simulated the conditions found in piping for hospital environment and systems for the distribution of hot water. The micro-organism used was the bacteria Serratia marcences. The process of biofilm formation and subsequent cleaning and disinfection was performed continuously for 15 weeks. The results of measurement of microbial and EIS showed that since the first week of exposure and during the testing, an adherent biofilm was formed on the steel surface and that the use of cleaning and disinfecting treatments were not effective in removing biofilm. In a second case, it was simulated the conditions present in the pipes of the mineral water industry, using the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this case, the cleaning and disinfection techniques were applied individually and as a whole. The application of heat shock, as well as acid cleaning, to the biofilm formated after 72 h was able to eliminate the viable bacteria present in the steel surface. However, disinfection with hydrogen peroxide was not able to eliminate them. In both conditions, however, the EIS analysis of the steel/biofilm system showed that it was not satisfactorily removed from the metal surface. Comparing the two cases, it can be inferred that the surface of 304L stainless steel is rapidly colonized by the two microbial species studied and that the cleaning and disinfection techniques are able to reduce and even eliminate viable cells, although they could not completely remove the biofilm from the surface. On the other hand, it is important to note that factors such as properties of the electrode surface (roughness, porosity and adsorption), the electrode potential, and the architecture, thickness and porosity of the biofilm, are factors that affect the measured impedance values, it is necessary to consider them in the analysis of biofilm formation and effects of cleaning and disinfection
2

Estudo do crescimento bacteriano e da aplicação de procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção no aço inoxidável 304L / Study of bacterial growth and the application of procedures for cleaning and disinfecting in stainless steel 304L

Yohandrina Ulloa Payares 27 April 2012 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Técnicas de limpeza química ou mecânica são comumente empregadas para evitar a formação de biofilmes e problemas associados com a colonização de superfícies por micro-organismos. Neste trabalho, amostras de aço inox 304L foram submetidas a ensaios acelerados de crescimento de biofilme, o qual foi posteriormente removido por tratamentos de limpeza e desinfecção (choque térmico com água a 70C por 1h, limpeza com ácido fosfórico 20 % v/v por 30min e desinfecção com peróxido de hidrogênio 0,17 % v/v por 1h). Com o objetivo de verificar a influência destes tratamentos na remoção do biofilme, este foi caracterizado (por quantificação microbiana e análises de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica - EIE), antes e após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Dois casos foram estudados. No primeiro caso, simularam-se condições presentes em tubulações de ambientes hospitalares e sistemas de distribuição de água quente. O micro-organismo utilizado foi a bactéria Serratia marcences. O processo de formação de biofilme e posterior limpeza e desinfecção foi realizado de modo contínuo durante 15 semanas. Os resultados de quantificação microbiana e de EIE mostraram que desde a primeira semana de exposição e ao longo dos ensaios, formou-se um biofilme aderente à superfície do aço e que o emprego dos tratamentos de limpeza e desinfecção não foi eficaz na remoção do biofilme. Em um segundo caso, simularam-se condições presentes em tubulações da indústria de água mineral, empregando-se a bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neste caso, as técnicas de limpeza e desinfecção foram aplicadas individualmente e em conjunto. A aplicação de choque térmico, assim como da limpeza ácida, sobre um biofilme com 72 h de formação foi capaz de eliminar as bactérias viáveis, presentes na superfície do aço. Entretanto, a desinfecção com peróxido de hidrogênio não foi capaz de eliminá-las. Nas duas condições, porém, as análises de EIE do sistema aço/biofilme mostraram que o mesmo não foi completamente removido da superfície do metal. Correlacionando os dois casos, pode-se inferir que a superfície do aço inox 304L é rapidamente colonizada pelas duas espécies microbianas e que as técnicas de limpeza e desinfecção são capazes de reduzir e até eliminar as células viáveis, embora não removam completamente o biofilme da superfície. Por outro lado, é importante ressaltar que fatores como a arquitetura, espessura e porosidade do biofilme, e propriedades intrínsecas da superfície, são fatores que afetam os valores de impedância medidos, sendo necessário considerá-los na análise, tanto da formação do biofilme, quanto dos efeitos dos procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção / Techniques for chemical or mechanical cleaning are usually employed to prevent the formation of biofilm and the problems associated with the colonization of surfaces by micro-organisms. In this work, samples of 304 L stainless steel were submitted to experiments of accelerated growth of biofilm, which was subsequently removed by cleaning and disinfection treatment (heat shock with water at 70 C for 1h, cleaning with phosphoric acid 20% v/v for 30 min and disinfection with hydrogen peroxide 0,17% v/v for 1h). In order to verify the influence of these treatments on biofilm removal, analyses of microbial quantification and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), before and after the treatments were employed. Two cases were studied. In the first case, it was simulated the conditions found in piping for hospital environment and systems for the distribution of hot water. The micro-organism used was the bacteria Serratia marcences. The process of biofilm formation and subsequent cleaning and disinfection was performed continuously for 15 weeks. The results of measurement of microbial and EIS showed that since the first week of exposure and during the testing, an adherent biofilm was formed on the steel surface and that the use of cleaning and disinfecting treatments were not effective in removing biofilm. In a second case, it was simulated the conditions present in the pipes of the mineral water industry, using the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this case, the cleaning and disinfection techniques were applied individually and as a whole. The application of heat shock, as well as acid cleaning, to the biofilm formated after 72 h was able to eliminate the viable bacteria present in the steel surface. However, disinfection with hydrogen peroxide was not able to eliminate them. In both conditions, however, the EIS analysis of the steel/biofilm system showed that it was not satisfactorily removed from the metal surface. Comparing the two cases, it can be inferred that the surface of 304L stainless steel is rapidly colonized by the two microbial species studied and that the cleaning and disinfection techniques are able to reduce and even eliminate viable cells, although they could not completely remove the biofilm from the surface. On the other hand, it is important to note that factors such as properties of the electrode surface (roughness, porosity and adsorption), the electrode potential, and the architecture, thickness and porosity of the biofilm, are factors that affect the measured impedance values, it is necessary to consider them in the analysis of biofilm formation and effects of cleaning and disinfection
3

Deformation History and Load Sequence Effects on Cumulative Fatigue Damage and Life Predictions

Colin, Julie Anne January 2009 (has links)
No description available.
4

Contribution à l'étude des propriétés physico-chimiques des surfaces modifiées par traitement laser : application à l'amélioration de la résistance à la corrosion localisée des aciers inoxydables / Contribution to the study of physico-chemical properties of surfaces modified by last treatment : application to the enhancement of localized corrosion resistance of stainless stells

Pacquentin, Wilfried 25 November 2011 (has links)
Les matériaux métalliques sont utilisés dans des conditions de plus en plus sévères et doivent présenter une parfaite intégrité sur des périodes de plus en plus longues. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’évaluer le potentiel d'un traitement de refusion laser pour améliorer la résistance à la corrosion d'un acier inoxydable de type 304L ; l’utilisation du laser dans le domaine des traitements de surface constituant un procédé en pleine évolution à cause des changements récents dans la technologie des lasers. Dans le cadre de ce travail, le choix du laser s’est porté sur un laser nano-impulsionnel à fibre dopée ytterbium dont les caractéristiques permettent la fusion quasi-instantanée sur quelques microns de la surface traitée, immédiatement suivie d'une solidification ultra-rapide avec des vitesses de refroidissement pouvant atteindre 1011 K/s. La combinaison de ces processus favorise l'élimination des défauts surfaciques, la formation de phases hors équilibre, la ségrégation d’éléments chimiques et la formation d’une nouvelle couche d’oxyde dont les propriétés sont gouvernées par les paramètres laser. Afin de les corréler avec la réactivité électrochimique de la surface, l’influence de deux paramètres laser sur les propriétés physico-chimiques de la surface a été étudiée : la puissance du laser et le taux de recouvrement des impacts laser. Pour clarifier ces relations, la résistance à la corrosion par piqûration des surfaces traitées a été déterminée par des tests électrochimiques. Pour des paramètres laser spécifiques, le potentiel de piqûration d'un acier inoxydable de type 304L augmente de plus de 500 mV traduisant ainsi une meilleure tenue à la corrosion localisée en milieu chloruré. L’interdépendance des différents phénomènes résultant du traitement laser a rendu complexe la hiérarchisation de leur effet sur la sensibilité de l’alliage testé. Cependant, il a été montré que la nature de l’oxyde thermique formé au cours de la refusion laser et ses défauts sont du premier ordre pour l’amorçage des piqûres. / Metallic materials are more and more used in severe conditions with particularly strong request for improving their behavior in aggressive environment and especially over long periods. The objective of this PhD work is to estimate the potentiality of a laser surface melting treatment on the improvement of the stainless steel 304L corrosion resistance, surface treatments by laser can be revisited on the basis of a recent change in the laser technology. In the frame of this work, a nano-pulsed laser fiber was chosen : it allows the treated surface to be melted for few microns in depth, followed by an ultra-fast solidification occuring with cooling rates up to 1011 K/s. The combination of these processes leads to the elimination of the surface defects, the formation (trapping) of metastable phases, the segregation of chemical elements and the growth of a new oxide layer which properties are governed by the laser parameters. To correlate these latter to the electrochemical reactivity of the surface, the influence of two laser parameters on the physico-chemical properties of the surface was studied : the laser power and the overlap of the laser impacts. To support this approach, the pitting corrosion resistance of the samples was determined by standard electrochemical tests. For specific laser parameters, the pitting potential of a 304L stainless steel was increased by more than 500 mV corresponding to an important enhancement in localized corrosion resistance in chloride environment. The interdependence of the different phenomena resulting from the laser treatment lead to a quite complex prioritization of their role on the sensibility of the 304L. However, it was demonstrated that the nature of the thermal oxide formed during the laser surface melting and the induced defects are first-order parameters for the initiation of pits.

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