Background: When a potential customer reaches out to NKT and requests themto tender an offer for a project, NKT will start to compile the information neededfor the customer to make an informed decision. Among others, one document thatis included in the information is a CSO. This drawing displays an overview of thecomplete cable installation, which makes it easy for the customer to see all compo-nents included in the installation. Up until the project, the process of building a CSO has been time-consuming and lacked a standardized workflow. This has causedinconsistencies in deliveries to customers and, if requested, the process of makingchanges has been a time-consuming challenge. Objectives: The objective of this project was to find a way to optimize by standard-izing the way the engineers work today by implementing a new production processwhen building CSOs and creating drawings. Methods: This project was conducted using the PDCA method as it provides struc-ture during the stages of the project and allows for iterative project cycles. A com-prehensive literature study was performed to learn about ways to optimize and stan-dardize workflows. Semi-structured open-ended interviews were held with affectedpersonnel to build a complete image of the cause of the issues with the current solu-tion. The CAD software SolidWorks was used as a tool to create the new solution asits integrated features provided the possibility to automate a big part of the process. Results: The interviews helped gain valuable insight into what parts of the current so-lution have proved to be problematic. The responses varied between the participants,but the common denominators were that the lack of automation and standardizationcaused much frustration. The engineers were asked to time themselves using boththe old and new production process when creating the same projects. The resultsshowed that the new process allowed them to build the same CSO with an averagetime saving of 85%. Conclusions: The results show that, even though the new process still needs workto be a full replacement for the old solution, it has the potential to bring big timesavings to the engineers that work with the CSO. A standardized workflow will helpto deliver more consistent designs to customers

The thesis approaches the issue of IS support for service work, understood as distributed knowledge work taking place as a negotiation between diverse interests. It is based on an ethnographically inspired, longitudinal case study of certification auditing according to a formal generic standard. A handful of certification auditors are followed closely, periodically and comprehensively over three years. Observations are combined with interviews of subjects and colleagues, added by exploration of other material. The practices of company ‘W’ is placed within a larger historical and institutional context. Research literature and theory is explored in four chapters from Social studies of science (STS), Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW), Information systems (IS), Information infrastructures (II) and Management literature. The aim is to identify basic characteristics of service work, its opportunities and challenges, from both the company’s and workers’ perspective. Main topics are Decision Making as negotiated sensemaking, contextual rationality and judgement; Sharing of understanding and meaning as ongoing practiced articulation work aiming for trust and an equifinal level of accord that will ‘find and allow common action’; Perseverance in a capable role that will allow calibration of distributed knowledge is vital for auditors. Common Information Spaces (CIS) is used as a framework to explore the heterogeneous circumstances of identity work in work practices; Predictability in production is sought through various strategies of standardization. Approaches to avoid and counter the inherent side-effects of standardization are described. The empirical results of the research project are presented and analysed in four chapters that look at the issue of i) being an accomplished service worker and ii) practicing service work. Both issues are addressed from a local, individual perspective, and from an organizational perspective in terms of the continuation of quality production. The thesis closes with a Conclusion of organized and standardized service work as displaying Practical drift, in response to the research question RQ0. How is IS supported distributed service work negotiated?, followed by implications for IS research and practice. The empirical case displays the role of information systems (IS) support in distributed service work - as part of a larger assembly of standardization measures, a broad-spectrum approach, displaying practical drift in its effect. The service work of certification auditing is characterized by ongoing negotiation of partly contradictory interests. It is heterogeneously standardized through material, rational/immaterial and social/organizational measures, many in place long before the advent of advanced IS. Traditionally, there are release mechanisms that, on the auditors’ discretion, alleviate the inappropriate effects of standardization. With new harmonising efforts the scope of this personal latitude needs to change, but when first implemented the IS along with new procedures start off as too tight. However, over time adaptations are made, making the overall process self regulatory with feedback mechanisms. On the whole, the thesis aims to contribute to the literature on information infrastructures, on knowledge work in general, and CSCW by drawing on insights from this specific collaborative work in controversial settings. The case provides practical insights for resilient systemizing of knowledge based global service work practices.

Las importaciones de productos químicos farmacéuticos se han incrementado de forma importante en los últimos 2 años en el Perú. Se evidenció que el país no realiza un manejo adecuado de los procesos involucrados dentro del sector mencionado, como es la utilización de la cadena de frio para productos biotecnológicos. Por esta razón, es de suma importancia solucionar los problemas que aquejan a este tipo de industria. De tal manera, se escogió una empresa químico-farmacéutica que ha reflejado tener el mismo problema al evidenciado en el sector para realizar un caso de estudio. Por ello, se lleva a cabo un análisis de diagnóstico mediante las herramientas Diagrama de Pareto y Técnica de Interrogatorio Sistemático para identificar las causas raíz del problema. En base a estos resultados, se propone la implementación de herramientas Lean como Jidoka y Work-Standarization, y el sistema de planificación MRP II para mejorar el desempeño de la cadena de frío en el sector. Por tal motivo, nuestra investigación tendrá como resultado la propuesta de un nuevo sistema de planeamiento de materiales de embalaje y del método de trabajo. / The growth of sanitary products shipped through cold logistics, in recent years, has been sustainable and significant. This increase brings with it challenges aimed at maintaining the products in the established temperature ranges and, therefore, maintaining their quality; considering, furthermore, that most of them directly affect the health of customers. The deficiencies in the management of the cold chain affect the profitability of the companies in the chemical-pharmaceutical sector, due to the returns caused by the delivery of low-quality products. A chemical-pharmaceutical company that has reflected having the same problem as evidenced in the sector was chosen to carry out a case study. A diagnostic analysis was developed using the Pareto Diagram and Systematic Interrogation Technique tools to identify the root causes of the problem. Based on the analysis, this research proposes a solution that includes the application of three tools: Jidoka, the MRP II planning system and the Standardization of Work to reduce the level of returns. The proposal is based on the improvement of the packaging process, by applying new inventory policies, optimal mechanisms for the management of packaging materials and the updating of the work protocol. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Las micro, pequeña y medianas empresas representan el 99,5% del total de empresas a nivel nacional y son el motor económico generando 8,4 millones de empleos. Sin embargo, presentan una baja tasa de supervivencia de 67,5% y solo el 20% cuenta con un plan de negocio antes de iniciar sus operaciones. Además, se enfrentan a otros problemas como la falta de planificación y perfeccionamiento de los procesos productivos. Así, la falta de estandarización del trabajo en los procesos de producción origina pérdidas para la empresa debido a la generación de mermas, tiempos improductivos, y reprocesos. Por ello, se diseñó un modelo de estandarización del trabajo aplicando herramientas del Lean Manufacturing con el fin de reducir desperdicios e incrementar la productividad. Para su elaboración se tomó como base los modelos planteados por Cesar J. y Sharma S.S. La validación del modelo se realizó en una Mype productora de snacks, de la cual el diagnóstico inicial identificó como principales problemas la generación de mermas y desplazamientos innecesarios a causa de la variación del método de trabajo utilizado por operario y una inadecuada distribución de planta. Después de la aplicación del modelo, se redujeron las mermas del proceso de producción en 59.58%, se redijo en tiempo de parada de mantenimiento en 50.88% y se incrementó la productividad a 74.4% concluyendo que el modelo planteado reduce los desperdicios e incrementa la productividad. / Micro, small and medium-sized companies represent 99.5% of the total number of companies nationwide and are the economic engine, generating 8.4 million jobs. However, they have a low survival rate of 67.5% and only 20% have a business plan before starting their operations. In addition, they face other problems such as the lack of planning and improvement of production processes. Thus, the lack of standardization of work in production processes causes losses for the company due to the generation of waste, unproductive times, and reprocessing. For this reason, a work standardization model was designed applying Lean Manufacturing tools in order to reduce waste and increase productivity. For its elaboration, the models proposed by Cesar J. and Sharma SS were taken as a basis. The validation of the model was carried out in a snack-producing Mype, of which the initial diagnosis identified as main problems the generation of waste and unnecessary displacements due to the variation of the working method used by the operator and an inadequate plant layout. After the application of the model, the losses of the production process were reduced by 59.58%, maintenance downtime was reduced by 50.88% and productivity was increased to 74.4%, concluding that the proposed model reduces waste and increases productivity. / Trabajo de investigación

Investigación que desarrolla un modelo de estandarización y mejora de los procesos productivos en una empresa de fabricación de calcetines. El caso de estudio presentado consta con todas las etapas de investigación requeridas como son la revisión de la literatura existente a través de un marco teórico, posterior identificación de diagnóstico de situación actual, generación y validación de propuesta de solución afianzando que los resultados obtenidos son respaldados en cada uno de los escenarios propuestos. La presente propuesta de valor propone motivar la investigación en industrias de pequeña escala en el Perú y generar un abanico de soluciones a los diferentes problemas de la industria que cuentan con menores recursos. La metodología está diseñada por el autor que consiste en la propuesta de un modelo de estandarización de los procesos de producción en una empresa de fabricación de calcetines, basándose en otros casos de éxito en la aplicabilidad de las herramientas de gestión propuestas. El logro de objetivos como el tiempo de procesamiento fue reducido, así como una reducción de productos defectuosos y del tiempo improductivo logrando un mayor flujo de los procesos productos y eliminando el cuello de botella identificado. La investigación propone la generación del desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones para la estandarización de procesos en la industria de calcetines de pequeña y mediana escala. El documento arroja muchos valores para que los profesionales comprendan los impactos e importancia de la estandarización en las industrias de pequeña y mediana escala del Perú. / Research that develops a model for standardization and improvement of production processes in a sock manufacturing company. The case study presented consists of all the required research stages, such as the review of the existing literature through a theoretical framework, subsequent identification of the current situation diagnosis, generation and validation of the solution proposal, ensuring that the results obtained are supported. in each of the proposed scenarios. This value proposition proposes to motivate research in small-scale industries in Peru and to generate a range of solutions to the different problems of the industry that have fewer resources. The methodology is designed by the author, that consists of the proposal of a model for the standardization of production processes in a sock manufacturing company, a function in successful cases in the applicability of the proposed management tools. The achievement of objectives such as processing time was reduced, as well as a reduction in defective products and downtime, achieving a greater flow of product processes and eliminating the identified bottleneck. The research proposes the generation of the development of new research for the standardization of processes in the small and medium-scale socks industry. The document shows many values ​​for professionals to understand the impacts and importance of standardization in small and medium-scale industries in Peru. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

La industria de manufactura en Perú, representa el 9% del PBI nacional, y el sector plástico el 4% del aporte al sector manufactura. Dentro de las muchas líneas de desarrollo industrial del plástico se halla el sector de accesorios de embalaje, usados para transporte de diversos bienes en ámbito local o exportación. El presente caso de estudio es sobre Molinos Pretell SAC, una empresa MYPE dedicada a la fabricación de zunchos de polipropileno, por medio de una máquina de extrusión. En estos tiempos de pandemia, donde el crecimiento económico en el sector manufactura ha sido negativo en el último año (-11.2%), donde muchas empresas han quebrado por no poder sostenerse al estar semi paralizada la economía del país, las empresas para poder ser competitivas y subsistir en un mercado reducido y distorsionado por los efectos de la emergencia sanitaria aún vigente, deben mejorar sus procesos que originan pérdida de utilidades. Esa es la motivación del presente trabajo, para lo cual vamos a analizar y tomar la información de los procesos, identificar los principales problemas, determinar las principales causas que originan esos problemas, y a ellas aplicar metodologías y herramientas de ingeniería que permitan reducir perdidas y obtener mejoras. El principal problema hallado son los reprocesos, y las causas son la falta de procedimientos estándar y ausencia de mantenimiento, para poder implementar un modelo de mejora continua, usaremos diversas metodologías lean, como trabajo estandarizado, SMED y TPM y diversas herramientas estadísticas, las cuales se aplicarán en 2 ciclos de mejora. / The manufacturing industry in Peru represents 9% of the national PBI, and the plastic sector 4% of the contribution to the manufacturing sector. Within the many lines of industrial development of plastic is the sector of packaging accessories, used to transport various goods locally or for export. This case study is about Molinos Pretell SAC, a MYPE company dedicated to the manufacture of polypropylene straps, by means of an extrusion machine. In these times of pandemic, where economic growth in the manufacturing sector has been negative in the last year (-11.2%), where many companies have gone bankrupt because they cannot sustain themselves as the country's economy is semi paralyzed, companies to be able to be competitive and subsist in a reduced market distorted by the effects of the health emergency still in force, they must improve their processes that cause loss of profits. That is the motivation of this work, for which we are going to analyze and take the information from the processes, identify the main problems, determine the main causes that originate these problems, and to apply engineering methodologies and tools that allow reducing losses and obtaining improvements. The main problem found is reprocessing, and the causes are the lack of standard procedures and lack of maintenance, in order to implement a continuous improvement model, we will use various lean methodologies, such as standardized work, SMED and TPM and various statistical tools, which they will be applied in 2 cycles of improvement. / Trabajo de investigación

En el Perú, la industria alimentaria es una de las principales industrias que aportan al sector manufacturero y a la economía nacional. En el 2019, generó ventas de hasta US$ 9 mil millones, según datos de América Economía. Sin embargo, las empresas peruanas se ven enfrentadas a grandes deficiencias, provocando esto brechas competitivas respecto a otros países Latinoamericanos, siendo los productos defectuosos la principal problemática que se presenta sobre todo en las pymes. Dicha problemática no solo afecta en la calidad de los productos sino también en la rentabilidad del negocio, perjudicando la competitividad en medio de un mercado cambiante y cada vez más demandante de un mejor servicio. El presente trabajo de investigación busca analizar la situación actual de trabajo en una pyme de la industria alimentaria y proponer herramientas de mejora en los procesos con el fin de incrementar su competitividad y satisfacer a sus clientes con los más altos estándares de calidad. Como parte de esta investigación se proporcionarán los principales estudios y modelos más destacados basados en la filosofía Lean que permitirán plantear diferentes alternativas de solución para la problemática identificada en la empresa en estudio. Estas alternativas buscan mejorar la calidad de los productos y además conseguir una cultura de mejora continua. Por último, esta investigación tiene como objetivo establecer las herramientas más adecuadas de la filosofía Lean para la solución de las causas raíz identificadas en el diagnóstico, además de implementar las propuestas de mejora necesarias en la organización, a fin de optimizar los procesos productivos. De esta manera, se conseguirá obtener procesos estandarizados y eficientes, modificando métodos de trabajo e incrementando la eficiencia de los equipos para aumentar los niveles de calidad. / In Peru, the food industry is one of the main industries that contribute to the manufacturing sector and to the national economy. In 2019, it generated sales of up to US$ 9 billion, according to data from América Economía. However, Peruvian companies are faced with major deficiencies, causing these competitive gaps with respect to other Latin American countries, being defective products the main problem that occurs especially in SMEs. This problem not only affects the quality of the products but also the profitability of the business, harming competitiveness in the midst of a changing market and increasingly demanding of a better service. This research work seeks to analyse the current work situation in an SME in the food industry and propose tools to improve processes in order to increase its competitiveness and satisfy its customers with the highest quality standards. As part of this research, will be provided the main studies and most outstanding models based on Lean philosophy, that will allow to propose different solution alternatives for the problem identified in the company under study. These alternatives seek to improve the quality of the products and also achieve a culture of continuous improvement. Finally, this research aims to establish the most appropriate tools of the Lean philosophy for the solution of the root causes identified in the diagnosis, in addition to implementing the necessary improvement proposals in the organization, in order to optimize production processes. In this way, it will be possible to obtain standardized and efficient processes, modifying work methods and increasing the efficiency of the equipment to increase quality levels. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional