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Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2014-09-18T13:33:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Márcio de Oliveira Silva. Avaliação da prevalência... 2014.pdf: 5895290 bytes, checksum: 23d36b43222147ccb7ea4d91986a1c34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-18T13:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Márcio de Oliveira Silva. Avaliação da prevalência... 2014.pdf: 5895290 bytes, checksum: 23d36b43222147ccb7ea4d91986a1c34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Avaliar a prevalência de resistência transmitida aos antirretrovirais em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV-1 em acompanhamento clínico e laboratorial na cidade de Salvador-Bahia. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal com amostragem de conveniência composto por 121 pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1, com 18 anos de idade ou mais, virgens de tratamento antirretrovial e que fazem coletas de exame para quantificação das Subpopulações Linfocitárias e da carga viral sérica do HIV-1 no Laboratório de Retrovírus do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos ou no Centro Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa (CEDAP). Os pacientes foram entrevistados para preenchimento de um questionário epidémiologico e consentiram na utilização do excedente de sangue para realização do sequenciamento do gene pol do HIV-1 contendo parte da Transcriptase e da Protease para análise das mutações de resistência aos antirretrovirais e a caracterização genotípica, análise de recombinações e estudo da história evolutiva viral. Entre os 103 pacientes 66% são do sexo masculino, a mediana de idade e do tempo estimado do diagnóstico do HIV-1 são respectivamente de 35 anos e 29 meses. A principal categoria de exposição relatada foi a sexual com 88,3%, seguida por 3% com acidentes com perfurocortantes e 1% uso de drogas intravenosas. A mediana da contagem dos Linfócitos TCD4+ foi de 438 cel/mm3 e de 4,4 log10. Na análise de Mutação de Resistência à Fármacos (DRM) atráves da ferramenta de Calibração da População com Resistência (CPR) observamos uma prevalência global de 6,8%, 3 (2,9%) amostras com DRM aos Inibidores da Transcriptase nãoanálogos aos nucleos(t)ídeos (ITRNN), 2 (1,9%) aos Inibidores da Transcriptase análogos aos nucleos(t)ídeos (ITRN) e 2 (1,9%) aos IP. Entre as 104 sequências, cinco foram excluídas da análise de filogenética devido a problemas na qualidade. A prevalência dos subtipos seguiram as seguintes distribuições: 71,8% subtipo B, 15,1% F, 9,1% formas recombinantes e 4% C. Entre as amostras classificadas como recombinantes uma não foi possível classificar e todas as demais apresentaram padrões de recombinação do tipo BF sendo 5 semelhantes à CRF28/29_BF, 2 à CRF12_BF e 1 à CRF39_BF. O presente estudo evidencia valores intermédiarios de DRM na cidade de Salvador segundo a metodologia CPR. Os achados filogenéticos assemelham-se aos previamentes descritos na literatura em Salvador / To evaluate the prevalence of transmitted resistance to antiretroviral drugs in patients infected with HIV- 1 assisted in the city of Salvador, Bahia. A descriptive crosssectional study with 121 patients with 18 years of age or older, chronic or recent diagnosis of HIV -1, antirretrovial naïve and make collections for examination and quantification of lymphocyte subpopulations serum viral load of HIV -1 in the Retrovirus Laboratory, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos or in Centro Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa (CEDAP). Patients were interviewed to fill an epidemiological questionnaire and consented to the use of drawed blood to be sequenced of the transcriptase and protease region of the pol gene of HIV - 1 for analysis of antiretroviral resistance mutations and subtype viral. Of the 121 patients, 104 sequences for phylogenetic analysis and transmitted resistance were obtained, 18 individuals were excluded due quality or amplification problems. Among 103 patients 66% were male, the median age and the estimated time of diagnosis of HIV -1 were respectively 35 and 29 months. The main category of reported exposure was sexual with 88.3%, followed by 3% with Occupational Exposure and 1% use of Intravenous Drugs. The median CD4 + lymphocyte count was 438 cells/mm3 and 4.4 log10. The analysis of Drug Resistance Mutation (DRM) by Calibrating Population Resistance tool (CPR) has a global prevalence of 6.8%, distributed: 2.9% for Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 1.9% Nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and 1.9% to Protease Inhibitors. Among the 104 sequences, five were excluded from the phylogenetic analysis due to quality problems. The prevalence of subtypes followed these distributions: 71.8% subtype B, 15.1% F, 9.1% recombinant forms and 4% C. Among the samples classified as recombinant, one was not possible to classify and all others showed the BF patterns of recombination, 5 CRF28/29_BF likes, 2 CRF12_BF likes and 1 CRF39_BF likes. The prevalence of subtypes was very similar from previously described in Salvador.

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of children on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) with their performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SB:FE). One hundred and four children between 3 and 7 years of age were administered both tests. A moderate correlation was found between the WPPSI-R Full Scale IQ and the SB:FE Composite Score with a Pearson product-moment correlation of .46. This correlation suggests that the two tests are not interchangeable measures of children's intelligence. They may measure different, equally important aspects of intelligence. As both tests used are relatively new, the current findings should be considered one step in the accumulation of knowledge about the usefulness of the WPPSI-R.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M and the French Pictorial Test of Intelligence in a group of educable mental retardates.

Ten years into a democratic South Africa, significant changes have been witnessed in economic, social, political and educational development. Changes in the education system have resulted in many of the learners being encouraged to attend English medium schools although this is not their L1. Hence, there has been an increase of learners learning to read in a language that is not their first language. The transition from their home language to the language of learning is often not easy and impacts on their academic proficiency as well as academic development. This study investigated English reading abilities and academic performance of Grade 8 L1 and L2 learners attending an Ex-Model C school. The SDRT – Brown Level was used to assess the level of reading and its impact on academic achievement was investigated. Results show that the SDRT was highly correlated with, and a significant predictor of academic performance with certain tests being stronger predictors than others for L1 and L2 learners. Implications of these findings for the education of L1 and L2 learners are discussed.

Correlational comparisons were made between the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence using children enrolled in a Head-Start program. The study was concerned with three hypotheses: 1.The correlations found between the I.Q. scores obtained on the WPPSI full scale, verbal, and performance scales and those obtained on the Stanford-Binet using Head-Start children as subjects would be significant at the .01 level. 2. The correlation between the WPPSI and the Stanford-Binet utilizing Head-Start children would not be significantly different from the correlation reported by Wechsler in the WPPSI manual. 3. Scores on the WPPSI verbal scale and the Stanford-Binet would correlate higher than would the WPPSI performance scale scores with the Stanford-Binet. All correlations run relating to the three hypotheses chosen for this study were found to be significant at the .01 level. The results, therefore, lead to the acceptance of all three hypotheses.

This study investigated the results of administering two intelligence tests, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -Third Edition (WISC-111), and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition, to each of 33 Australian children with an intellectual disability. The experiment used a counterbalanced design in which the tests, order of presentation of the tests, the gender of the subjects, and the gender of the test administrators were factors. The 33 volunteer subjects, 14 males and 19 females, aged between 6 and 16 years, and known to have an intellectual disability, were allocated randomly for the assessments. The test administrators were students in the Clinical and Organisational Masters Program from the University of South Australia. It was hypothesised that; there would be a difference between the IQs on the two tests; that on average the WISC-111 FSIQ would be lower than the SB-1V TC; and that there would be a positive relationship between the WISC-111 FSIQ and the SB-1 V TC Statistical analysis of the data found the two tests' overall scores to be significantly different, while the counterbalanced factors and their interactions did not reach significance. There was a significant 4 point difference found between the mean WISC-111 FSIQs and SB-1V TCs. The results of a Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient revealed a strong positive correlation (r = .83). between the WISC-111 FSIQ and SB-1V TC. This finding supported the concurrent validity of the tests in this special population sample. It was suggested that while the two tests measured similar theoretical constructs of intelligence, the two tests were not identical and therefore the results were not interchangeable. Variable patterns of results were found among subtest scores from the two tests, and the implications for field work discussed. The differences between raw WISC-111 FSIQ and SB-1V TC scores were calculated, and a z transformation was applied to the difference scores. The resulting difference distribution and cumulative percentages were then suggested as a reference table for practitioners. Studies that examined clerical errors in scoring intelligence test protocols were reviewed. The manually scored test protocols in this study were rescored using a computer scoring programme and 27 errors were found and corrected. From the results of the experiment several suggestions were made; that agencies using large numbers of intelligence tests, or which test the same child over time, should make a decision to use the same test, wherever possible, for comparison; that all intelligence test protocols be computer scored as a checking mechanism; and that all professional staff should be aware of the possible differences which can occur between intelligence scores, resulting from norming and other differences. / thesis (MSocSc)--University of South Australia, 1999.

Previous researchers have identified that participation in a pulmonary rehabilitation program improves health outcomes yet, continuation in a weekly maintenance program yielded mixed results. Self-management programs have had reported use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A meta analysis has identified that no self-management program had evaluated the effect of this type of intervention on the functional status of the participant with COPD. Reduced functional status is well reported as an indicator of disease progression in COPD. Adjuvant therapies for people with COPD need to demonstrate an effect in this domain. The Stanford model chronic disease self-management program (CDSMP) had been reported as a program that may optimise the health of people with chronic health conditions. However, its utility has not been formally evaluated for people with COPD. There have not been any reports of a comparison of the Stanford model CDSMP with pulmonary rehabilitation via a randomised controlled study in COPD. Aim: To compare and evaluate the health outcomes from participation in nurse ledwellness-promoting interventions conducted in the ambulatory care setting of a metropolitan hospital. Participants were randomised to either a six-week behavioural intervention: the Stanford model CDSMP or, a six-week pulmonary rehabilitation program and results compared to usual care (a historical control group). The efficacy of the interventions was measured at week seven and repeated at week 26 and 52. Following the week seven evaluation, the pulmonary rehabilitation program participants were rerandomised to usual care or, weekly maintenance pulmonary rehabilitation for 18 weeks and, followed up until the study completion at week 52.Little is reported about the costs of care for people with COPD in Australia. This study prospectively evaluated the costs of the interventions and health resource for the 52 weeks and undertook a cost utility analysis. Methods: Walking tests (The Incremental Shuttle Walking Test) and questionnaires asking participants about their health related quality of life, mood status, dyspnoea and self efficacy were assessed prior to randomisation to either six week intervention and repeated at weeks 7, 26 and 52. The implementation of these adjuvant therapies enabled all costs associated with the interventions to be prospectively examined and compared. Results: During the two years of recruitment 252 people (54% males) with a mean age 71 years (SD 11, range 39-93 years) were referred to the study. Student’s ttests identified that there were no statistically significant differences (P=0.16) between all those referred by age and gender as compared to all those admitted to Hospital A with an exacerbation of COPD. Ninety-seven people (51% male) with a mean age of 68 years (SD 9, range 39-87 years) agreed to participate in the study. Follow up in the study continued for 12 months following enrolment with only a modest level of attrition by week seven (3%) and week 52 (25%). Following the six-week interventions, both the pulmonary rehabilitation and CDSMP groups recorded statistically significant increases in functional capacity, self-efficacy and health related quality of life.Functional performance was additionally evaluated in the intervention arms with participants wearing pedometers for the six-week period of the interventions. There were no statistically significant differences between steps per week (P=0.15) and kilometres per week (P=0.17) walked between these two groups in functional performance. The Spearman rho statistic identified no statistically significant relationship between functional performance and the severity of COPD (rs (33) = 0.19, P = 0.26). No significant correlation between functional capacity and functional performance was identified (rs (32) = 0.19, P = 0.29). This suggests that other factors contribute to daily functional performance. The largest cost of care for people with COPD has been reported to be unplanned admissions due to an exacerbation of COPD.In this study there were no statistically significant differences between the three intervention groups in the prospective measurement of ambulatory care visits, Emergency Department presentations and admissions to hospital. The calculation of costs illuminated the costs of care in COPD are greater than the population norm. In addition, maintenance pulmonary rehabilitation generated a greater quality adjusted life year (QALY) than a six-week program. Despite the strength of the participants preferences (as measured by the QALY) for maintenance PRP, there were no significant differences in use of hospital resources throughout the study period by the three intervention groups, which suggests some degree of equivalence.

The Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition represents a new dimension in intelligence testing from the traditional Binet Scales. Based on a 3 level hierarchical model this represents a significant departure from the age scale format of previous revisions. Several abbreviated batteries are suggested. This study uses the "Quick Screening Battery" consisting of four subtests (Vocabulary, Quantitative, Pattern Analysis, and Bead Memory). Results are presented as Standard Age scores (SAS) for fifteen subtests in four Areas (Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, Abstract/Visual Reasoning and Short-term Memory), and the global 'g' Test Composite score. Thirty kindergarten children randomly assigned to two groups took both the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition and the Stanford-Binet: Form L/M in a counter balanced design. Nine hypotheses and one question are discussed. Statistical calculations for data analysis were arrived at through SPSSX/PC V2.0 (Noursis 1988). Correlations between Form L/M IQ and the Test Composite (r = .72), Verbal Reasoning (r = .71) and Abstract/Visual Reasoning (r = .41) reached significance at 0.05 or better. Other correlations showed similar trends as that found in the literature. The study gives promise for the "Quick Screening Battery" as a tool for screening young children.