Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-14T18:16:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 samarabezerraalmeida.pdf: 5720266 bytes, checksum: 14442bebdfa71c2598d6a37e841a2852 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-14T20:39:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 samarabezerraalmeida.pdf: 5720266 bytes, checksum: 14442bebdfa71c2598d6a37e841a2852 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-14T20:39:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 samarabezerraalmeida.pdf: 5720266 bytes, checksum: 14442bebdfa71c2598d6a37e841a2852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A ariranha é uma espécie reconhecidamente social, vivendo em grupos de 2 a 16 indivíduos com cooperação reprodutiva. Os indivíduos do mesmo grupo costumam realizar a maioria das atividades diárias em conjunto. Uma das formas de organização espacial de animais que vivem em sociedade é a defesa de um território. Os grupos de ariranhas defendem ativamente seu território com vocalizações e encontros agonistico. O objetivo deste estudo foi saber como a organização social está relacionado ao espaço e tempo. Avaliar se existe mudança na composição e tamanho do grupo, e se há diferença entre o tamanho dos territórios nas estações (seca e cheia). Foram observados 48 indivíduos distribuídos em 12 grupos (35 adultos ou subadutos e 13 filhotes do ano) e 1 solitário, totalizando 49 indivíduos estudados, 40 destes foto-identificados. O tamanho dos grupos variou entre 2 e 12 indivíduos, e um indivíduo solitário identificado. O estudo ocorreu entre dezembro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014 no Parque Estadual do Cantão, estado do Tocantins. Foram registrados 130 eventos de marcação territorial em 5 grupos, sendo 80 eventos no período de cheia e 50 eventos no período de seca. No período de cheia, 100% dos registros de marcação foi em latrinas comunais, e em contra partida, a maioria dos registros de marcação no período seco foi em complexos de locas e latrinas. Foi observado um total de marcação de territórios no período de cheia de 10,2 minutos e no período de seca de 8 minutos. Durante a cheia, foi registrado o tempo em horas continuas na presença dos grupos que correspondeu a 4h34minutos (n=10) e durante a seca o tempo foi de 52h41minutos (n=5). Para estimar os territórios de cada grupo, foi o utilizado o método MPC 100%. Os tamanhos dos territórios na cheia (0.1 - 16.2 km2) foram de 2 a 27 vezes maiores do que na estação seca (0.4 -1.49 km2) e a média da estimativa linear no período de cheia foi de 12,44 km e na seca de 4,19 km. Houve uma correlação significativa entre o tamanho de territórios e tamanho de grupos no período de cheia (r= 0.81, t = 3.16, p= 0.02), não apresentando, porém, relação significativa para o período seco (r= -0.26, t = -0.47, p= 0.66). Nos meses de seca, foi observada uma forte correlação negativa entre o tamanho do território e o tamanho da ninhada (r= -0.76, t= -1.19, p= 0.44). No Cantão, especialmente no período de cheia, a maioria dos grupos em algum momento sobrepôs os territórios de outros grupos, chegando até 4 grupos diferentes patrulhando o mesmo lago e em espaços de tempo curto. As sobreposições territoriais variaram de 6% a 28%. Sociedades de ariranhas são provavelmente moldadas pela dispersão espacial de lagos combinada com a abundância de alimentos e dispersão destes dentro de floresta de igapó no período de cheia. O partilhar de latrinas utilizadas nos lagos aponta para um caminho interessante para uma nova pesquisa sobre os comportamentos que podem surgir quando grupos diferentes de ariranhas patrulham ou usam suas escalas ampliadas na estação cheia. / The giant otter is a recognized social species, living in groups of 2 to 16 individuals with reproductive cooperative. Individuals of the same group often perform most of daily activities together. One form of organize spatially of animals living in society is defending a territory. The giant otter groups actively defend its territory with high vocalizations and agonism between groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to know how the social organization is related in space and time. Assess whether there is a change in the group’s composition and size, as well as any difference between the size of the territories in the seasons – drought/dry season (DS) and flood/rainy season (RS). We observed 48 individuals in 12 groups (35 adults or sub-adults and 13 cubs of the year) and one solitary, totaling 49 individuals studied, 40 of these identified. The group sizes ranging from 2 to 12 individuals. The study took place between December 2013 and December 2014 at the State State Park of Cantão, Tocantins State, Brazil. We recorded 130 events of territorial marking in 5 groups, with 80 events during the RS and 50 during the DS. For the RS period, 100% of the marking records took place in communal latrines, meanwhile most of the marking records during the DS season happened in dens’ and latrines’ complexes. A total of territories marking was observed, with 10,2 minutes in the RS period and 8 minutes in the DS period. The time was recorded in continuous hours at the presence of the groups, corresponding to 4h 34 min (n = 10) during the RS, and 52 h 41min (n = 5) during the DS. To estimate each group areas a MPC 100% method was applied. The sizes of the territories in the RS (0.1 - 16.2 km2) have been 2 to 27 times greater than in the DS (0.4 - 1.49 km2); with the linear estimate averaging 4.19 km in the DS and 7.72 km in the RS. There was a significant correlation between the size of territories and groups in the RS period (r= 0.81, t = 3.16, p= 0.02) however, there was no significant relationship for the DS period (r= -0.26, t = -0.47, p= 0.66). During the ebb months, we observed a strong negative correlation between the size of the territory and the clutch (r= -0.76, t= -1.19, p= 0.44). At Cantão, especially in RS period, most groups overlapped each other territories at some point; reaching up to 4 different groups patrolling the same lake during short periods of time, with territorial overlaps ranging from 6% to 28%. Giant otters societies are probably shaped by the spatial dispersion of lakes combined through the food abundance and dispersion of both inside Igapó Forest in RS period. The sharing of latrines used in lakes indicates an interesting path to new research on the behaviors that can arise when different groups of giant otters are either patrolling or using their enlarged scales during the RS.

Population growth for species with long lifespans and low reproductive rates (i.e., K-selected species) is influenced primarily by both survival of adult females and survival of young. Because survival of adults and young is influenced by habitat quality and resource availability, it is important for managers to understand factors that influence habitat selection during the period of reproduction. My thesis contains two chapters addressing this issue for K-selected species in Utah. Chapter one evaluates habitat selection of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercusurophasianus) on Diamond Mountain during the critical nesting and brood-rearing period. Chapter two address selection of birth sites by bison (Bison bison) on Antelope Island, Utah. We collected micro-habitat data for 88 nests and 138 brood locations of greater sage-grouse from 2010-2012 to determine habitat preferences of nesting and brooding sage-grouse. Using random forests modeling techniques, we found that percent sagebrush, percent canopy cover, percent total shrubs, and percent obscurity (Robel pole) best differentiated nest locations from random locations with selection of higher values in each case. We used a 26-day nesting period to determine an average nest survival rate of 0.35 (95% CI = 0.23 – 0.47) for adults and 0.31 (95% CI = 0.14 – 0.50) for juvenile grouse.Brood sites were closer to habitat edges, contained more forbs and less rock than random locations. Average annual adult female survival across the two-year study period was 0.52 (95% CI= 0.38 – 0.65) compared to 0.43 (95% CI= 0.28 – 0.59) for yearlings.Brooding and nesting habitat at use locations on Diamond Mountain met or exceeded published guidelines for everything but forb cover at nest sites. Adult and juvenile survival rates were in line with average values from around the range whereas nest success was on the low end of reported values. For bison, we quantified variables surrounding 35 birth sites and 100 random sites during 2010 and 2011 on Antelope Island State Park. We found females selected birth sites based on landscape attributes such as curvature and elevation, but also distance to anthropogenic features (i.e., human structures such as roads or trails). Models with variables quantifying the surrounding vegetation received no support.Coefficients associated with top models indicated that areas near anthropogenic features had a lower probability of selection as birth sites. Our model predicted 91% of observed birth sites in medium-high or high probability categories. This model of birthing habitat, in cooperation with data of birth timing, provides biologists with a map of high-probability birthing areas and a time of year in which human access to trails or roads could be minimized to reduce conflict between recreation and female bison.

Many wildlife populations globally are experiencing unprecedented declines, and without accurate and precise estimates of abundance, we will not be able to conserve these vulnerable species. Remote cameras have rapidly advanced as wildlife monitoring tools and may provide accurate and precise estimates of abundance that improve upon traditional methods. Using remote cameras to estimate abundance may be less expensive, less intrusive, less dangerous, and less time consuming than other methods. While it is apparent that remote cameras have a place in the future of wildlife monitoring, research, and management, many questions remain concerning the proper use of these tools. In an effort to answer some of these questions, we used remote cameras to study a population of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Utah, USA from 2012 to 2014. In Chapter 1, we compared methods using remote cameras against 2 traditional methods of estimating abundance. In Chapter 2, we evaluated the relationship between deployment time of cameras and proportion of photos needed to be analyzed to obtain precise estimates of abundance. We found that methods using remote cameras compared favorably to traditional methods of estimating abundance, and provided a number of valuable advantages. In addition, we found that remote cameras can produce precise estimates of abundance in a relatively short sampling period. Finally, we identified the optimal sampling period to produce precise estimates of abundance for our study population. Our findings can help researchers better utilize the potential of remote cameras, making them a more suitable alternative to traditional wildlife monitoring.

Many wildlife populations globally are experiencing unprecedented declines, and without accurate and precise estimates of abundance, we will not be able to conserve these vulnerable species. Remote cameras have rapidly advanced as wildlife monitoring tools and may provide accurate and precise estimates of abundance that improve upon traditional methods. Using remote cameras to estimate abundance may be less expensive, less intrusive, less dangerous, and less time consuming than other methods. While it is apparent that remote cameras have a place in the future of wildlife monitoring, research, and management, many questions remain concerning the proper use of these tools. In an effort to answer some of these questions, we used remote cameras to study a population of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Utah, USA from 2012 to 2014. In Chapter 1, we compared methods using remote cameras against 2 traditional methods of estimating abundance. In Chapter 2, we evaluated the relationship between deployment time of cameras and proportion of photos needed to be analyzed to obtain precise estimates of abundance. We found that methods using remote cameras compared favorably to traditional methods of estimating abundance, and provided a number of valuable advantages. In addition, we found that remote cameras can produce precise estimates of abundance in a relatively short sampling period. Finally, we identified the optimal sampling period to produce precise estimates of abundance for our study population. Our findings can help researchers better utilize the potential of remote cameras, making them a more suitable alternative to traditional wildlife monitoring.

No description available.

No description available.

As unidades de conservação são componentes essenciais para a proteção da biodiversidade, e desempenham um importante papel para o bem-estar da sociedade. Contudo, somente a criação de unidades de conservação não é suficiente para assegurar este patrimônio natural, sendo necessária uma gestão eficaz para o cumprimento dos objetivos de cada UC. O uso de ferramentas de avaliação é essencial em qualquer processo de gestão, a fim de apontar as fragilidades e pontos fortes do manejo que vem sendo realizado, de forma a corrigir rumos e estabelecer novas metas. Áreas de proteção marinhas são essenciais para a manutenção dos recursos marinhos regionais, como a pesca, pela proteção de áreas reprodutivas; para a proteção de habitats vulneráveis e espécies ameaçadas; para a redução do impacto do turismo e outras atividades humanas, e por serem aliadas na mitigação e adaptação às mudanças climáticas. O Brasil possui, considerando as reentrâncias, mais de 8500 km de linha de costa e, apesar da importância econômica, ecológica e social de áreas marinhas, apenas cerca de 1,5% desse território é protegido. Além disso, as poucas unidades existentes são carentes de condições e infraestrutura para fiscalização, monitoramento e outras atividades visando sua efetiva implantação. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade da gestão ambiental em três unidades de conservação marinhas de proteção integral no litoral de São Paulo (Estação Ecológica dos Tupiniquins, Estação Ecológica de Tupinambás e Parque Estadual Marinho da Laje de Santos) através de metodologia semi-quantitativa baseada em Faria (2004), que propõe a análise das condições de manejo existentes em diversos âmbitos organizados numa matriz de cenário. A metodologia sofreu algumas modificações para atender às peculiaridades de unidades de conservação marinhas. As pontuações atingiram 68% (Estação Ecológica Tupiniquins), 70% (Estação Ecológica Tupinambás) e 71% (Laje de Santos Parque Estadual Marinho) de eficácia de gestão. Os principais fatores que comprometem o pleno cumprimento dos objetivos das áreas estudadas são a falta de integração entre gestão costeira e setores econômicos, baixos recursos financeiros, planejamento inadequado das unidades na época da criação, falta de um diagnóstico ambiental inicial completo e mesmo posterior, no incentivo de parcerias para pesquisas permanentes. Além disso, se discute neste estudo a eficiência da própria metodologia utilizada em se atingir uma análise realista sobre o estado de gestão das unidades. / Protected areas are essential components for biodiversity protection and society welfare. To achieve the goals proposed by the creation of a protected area it is necessary to have a planning adapted to the reality of local conditions and an efficient management based on this planning what frequently is not the case due to several factors. The use of assessment tools is fundamental to every management process aiming to point fragilities and strengths. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important for the maintenance of regional marine resources such as fisheries, the protection of reproductive areas, the protection of vulnerable habitats and endangered species, to reduce the impact of tourism and other human activities, and for being allied in mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Brazil has approximately 8500 km of coastline and, despite the economic, ecological and social importance of marine areas, only about 1.5 % of the territory is protected. The few existing units are lacking in infrastructure and conditions for supervisory monitoring and other activities aiming its effective implementation. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental conservation in three marine protected areas on the coast of São Paulo. For this, we used a semi-quantitative methodology based on Faria (2004), that uses a selection of indicators organized into scenery matrix and associated with a standard score. The methodology was modified to suit the peculiarities of marine protected areas. The scores attained effectiveness of 68% (Tupiniquins Ecological Station), 70% (Tupinambás Ecological Station) and 71% (Laje de Santos Marine State Park). The main common factors that compromise the complete fulfillment of the objectives of the studied areas are the lack of integration of the coastal management with other economic sectors and low government resources allocated to the protected areas. Moreover, it discuss about the efficiency of the used methodology to analyze the units management status.

Formações rupestres representam centros de diversidade taxonômica e funcional associadas a condições ambientais extremas. São também sítios para colonização por espécies florestais, normalmente associada a mecanismos de facilitação. A distribuição das espécies, determinada por seu nicho e por mecanismos neutros, resulta na variação da composição entre comunidades (diversidade beta). Neste trabalho pretendemos avaliar se a vegetação rupestre apresenta-se, taxonômica e funcionalmente, distinta da matriz florestal regional, analisar possíveis interações positivas entre espécies associadas ao avanço da floresta sobre a vegetação rupestre e determinar como a composição de espécies arbóreas no gradiente floresta-afloramento rochoso é limitada por dinâmicas neutras, de nicho ou ambas ao longo da ontogenia. Estudamos a vegetação sobre afloramentos basálticos no Parque Estadual do Turvo, sul do Brasil. A flora das comunidades rupestres foi estudada a campo durante dois anos. As espécies foram classificadas em formas de vida com base na literatura e observação no campo. Para avaliarmos a ocorrência de facilitação e os padrões de diversidade beta arbórea amostramos comunidades de espécies arbóreas em três ecótonos de floresta/afloramento rochoso. Em cada sítio estabelecemos 60 parcelas de 1.5 x 1.5 m ao longo do gradiente. As parcelas foram descritas pela cobertura de Bromelia balansae Mez e pela composição de espécies, separadas em quatro classes de tamanho, representando as diferentes fases ontogenéticas dos indivíduos. Avaliamos diferenças taxonômicas e funcionais entre a vegetação rupestre e a flora regional através de testes de qui-quadrado e os efeitos dos diferentes fatores através de testes de aleatorização uni e multivariados. Registramos 111 espécies, das quais 43 de ocorrência restrita aos afloramentos, distribuídas em 54 famílias botânicas. O espectro de formas de vida teve grande frequência de caméfitos (29.7%), nanofanerófitos (17.1%) e geófitos (15.3%). Entre as espécies de ocorrência restrita, geófitos (32.6%), caméfitos (25.6%) e nanofanerófitos (20.9%) como foram as mais frequentes. Testes de 2 indicaram diferenças significativas nas frequências de famílias e de formas de vida entre os ambientes. Nossos resultados indicaram uma associação positiva entre a cobertura de bromélias e a riqueza e a abundância de plântulas de espécies arbóreas. Aparentemente, maiores coberturas por B. balansae fornecem proteção contra a herbivoria, indistintamente, e amenização das severas condições ambientais, favorecendo o estabelecimento de espécies pioneiras da floresta. Os testes multivariados indicaram efeito significativo do fator sítio sobre a diversidade beta, em todas as classes de tamanho, e do fator gradiente somente para duas classes de tamanho analisadas. A vegetação rupestre apresentou uma flora distinta, florística e funcionalmente, com uma grande similaridade a outras formações rupestres neotropicais, mas com expressivo número de espécies arbóreas. Plântulas destas espécies, aparentemente, beneficiam-se da presença de B. balansae, o que pode levar à redução gradual da vegetação rupestre neste mosaico floresta/afloramentos. Entender como as comunidades arbóreas têm sua distribuição determinada por limitações de dispersão e de nicho pode levar a uma melhor compreensão dos processos que geram e mantêm a diversidade. / Rocky outcrops are centers of taxonomic and functional diversity with extreme environmental conditions. They also are sites for colonization by forestry species, usually related to facilitation mechanisms. The species distribution set by niche and neutrals mechanisms results in the variation of composition among communities (beta diversity). The goals of this work are evaluate if rocky outcrops are taxonomically and functionally different from the surrounding forest, study the possible positive interactions among species related to the advance of the forest over the rupestrian vegetation and determine how the composition of arboreal species in the interface forest/rocky outcrop is limited by neutral, niche or both dynamics along the ontogeny. We studied the vegetation of basaltic rocky outcrops at the Turvo State Park, south Brazil. The flora from rupestrian communities was analyzed at field during two years. Species were classified into life forms based on literature and field observations. To evaluate the patterns of arboreal beta diversity and the occurrence of facilitation between plants we sampled arboreal species in three forest/rocky outcrop ecotones. In each rocky outcrop we established 60 plots of 1.5 x 1.5 m along the forest-rocky outcrop ecotone. We described each plot in terms of Bromelia balansae Mez cover and the composition of tree species, separated into four size classes, representing different ontogenetic stages of individuals. The taxonomic and functional differences between the rupestrian vegetation and regional flora were analyzed with the chi-square test and the effects of different factors were analyzed with randomization tests uni-and multivariate. We registered 111 species, 43 of which restricted to the rocky outcrops, distributed in 54 botanic families. The life form spectrum showed a high proportion of chamaephytes (29.7%), nanophanerophytes (17.1%) and geophytes (15.3%). The flora restricted to rocky outcrops showed more frequently geophytes (32.6%), chamaephytes (25.6%) and nanophanerophytes (20.9%). Chi-square tests indicated significant differences in frequencies among environments, for both families and life forms. Our results showed that the coverage of bromeliads is positively correlated to the richness and abundance of seedlings of arboreal species. It seems that higher cover by B. balansae gives protection against herbivory indistinctively, and also reduces the effects of severe environmental conditions, allowing the settlement of forest pioneers species. Multivariate tests showed significant effect of the site factor on the beta diversity in all classes of size and significant effect of the gradient factor only on two size classes evaluated. The rupestrian vegetation is distinct floristically and functionally, showing high floristic similarity with other neotropical rupestrian formations, but has high number of arboreal species. Seedlings of arboreal species seem to have benefit from the presence of B. balansae, which can cause a gradual reduction of the rupestrian vegetation in the forest and rocky outcrop mosaic. Understanding how the distribution of arboreal communities is determined by limitations of dispersal and niche can improve the comprehension of the dynamics that generate and maintain diversity.

O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa foi estimar o valor monetário de visitação do Parque "PHILLIPE WESTIN CABRAL DE VASCONCELOS" e adjacências da ESALQ/ USP localizado no Município de Piracicaba do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, foi aplicado o método de valoração contingente, adotando-se o modelo de referendo com distribuição de probabilidade logística. O levantamento de dados foi efetuado no período de agosto a setembro de 2004, realizando-se 207 entrevistas, extraindo-se uma amostra para aproveitamento de 202 observações. O valor médio da disposição a pagar foi estimado em R$ 14,53 por mês. O beneficio econômico total foi estimado em R$ 37.487,40 por mês, considerando o numero total estimado de 2.580 visitantes mensais. Tais valores demonstram o considerável beneficio econômico que os atributos do Parque da ESALQ/ USP geram para toda a população local. Tais resultados podem ser utilizados para auxiliar no planejamento de políticas de visitação ordenada do lugar, além de auxiliar na justificativa do investimento na manutenção e preservação do lugar. O estudo constatou os motivos para não aceitação do valor de pagamento mensal. O valor sugerido, a restrição orçamentária e a imputação de que a manutenção e preservação de áreas naturais publicas é responsabilidade do governo, são algumas das principais razões. / The main objective of the present research was to estimate the monetary value of visitation of Park "PHILLIPE WESTIN CABRAL OF VASCONCELOS" and adjacencies of ESALQ/USP located in the City of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo. For which, the method of contingent valuation was applied, adopting the model countersignature with distribution of logistic probability. The data-collected was over the period between August and September 2004. The sample totaled 207 interviews, out of which, 202 were used in the estimation procedures. The average value of the willingness to pay was estimated to be R$ 14,53 per month. The total economic benefit was calculated to be R$ 37.487,40 per month considering a total monthly visitation of 2.580. Such values demonstrate a considerable economic benefit that Park of ESALQ/USP generates for all its visitors. Such results can be used to assist in the planning of visitation policies and to justify the investment in the Park’s maintenance and preservation. Also, the main reasons for payment refusal were: suggested value; the income restriction; and the perception that the maintenance and preservation of public natural areas are responsibility of the government.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Indiana’s state park system developed as a result of state centennial celebrations in 1916. Government officials created state parks as a permanent memorial that glorified the Hoosier pioneer spirit, which celebrated actions of white colonists as they confronted challenges of the new industrial twentieth century. However, this memorialization erased the Lenni Lenape, Miami, Potawatomi, and Shawnee tribes played in the state’s history. This paper analyzes the Indiana statehood centennial celebrations as sites of erasure of Native American contributions to state and national history. It examines how Richard Lieber, the founder of the parks system, and others built the state park system to understand the ways individual state parks commemorated that Hoosier pioneer spirit at the expense of Native American voices. Turkey Run, McCormick’s Creek, Clifty Falls, Indiana Dunes, Pokagon, Spring Mill, and Lincoln State Parks are critiqued in this analysis to illustrate how each park encompasses and presents the story of colonization.