Dissertation (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Orientador: Germana Fernandes Barata / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gorgulho_Guilherme_M.pdf: 4859511 bytes, checksum: 5fb97b25ed97e089a196b5d00b53ec6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A endemia de hanseníase que atingiu o Estado de São Paulo nas primeiras décadas do século XX levou o governo paulista a optar pela política pública de internação compulsória dos doentes em asilos-colônia. Inspirada no modelo implantado na Noruega no final do século XIX, essa estratégia não foi resultado de consenso científico, mas de decisões do grupo político que galgou o poder a partir de 1930. Com poucas vozes dissonantes no meio acadêmico, a política isolacionista perseverou por cerca de quatro décadas em São Paulo com o apoio fundamental da imprensa e da sociedade. Esta pesquisa analisou como a imprensa paulista retratou o problema da endemia e a situação dos doentes internados compulsoriamente e como os jornais contribuíram para reforçar a manutenção da política sanitária. A hipótese que se coloca é a de que a mídia impressa se engajou na defesa dos interesses do governo estadual, apesar dos descontentamentos entre pacientes e das vozes divergentes dos cientistas. O estudo selecionou 199 textos dos jornais O Estado de S.Paulo, Folha da Noite, Folha da Manhã e Folha de S.Paulo, entre 1933 e 1967. Os métodos empregados foram análise de conteúdo quantitativa e qualitativa e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Ao longo do período estudado, 37% dos textos apoiaram a política de isolamento compulsório, enquanto apenas 16% foram contrários e 47% foram considerados neutros. Nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, a posição foi majoritariamente pró-internação obrigatória; nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, houve uma mudança de postura e os jornais começaram a publicar textos criticando a política profilática paulista. Defendendo a crença de que São Paulo cumpria no Brasil um papel de "grande potência", os jornais paulistas se mostraram comprometidos com as medidas de controle social que queriam excluir a parcela doente da sociedade. Até os anos 1950, as críticas ao modelo não tiveram espaço nos veículos de São Paulo, tendo sido publicadas principalmente na imprensa do Rio de Janeiro. A defesa da internação compulsória ou a omissão sobre os problemas vividos pelos doentes, principalmente na Era Vargas, ajudou a manter o status quo do sanitarismo de São Paulo. O apoio dos jornais à política de isolamento contribuiu para que o degredo dos doentes em São Paulo fosse extinto apenas em 1967, com cinco anos de atraso em relação à decisão federal / Abstract: The endemic leprosy that hit São Paulo state in the early decades of the twentieth century led the state government to opt for public policy of compulsory segregation of patients in asylums colonies. Inspired by the model implemented in Norway in the late nineteenth century, this strategy was not the result of scientific consensus, but the decisions of the political group that came to power in 1930. With few dissenting voices in academia, the isolationist policy persevered for about four decades in São Paulo with major support from the media and society. This research examined how the press portrayed the problem of São Paulo and the endemic situation of patients admitted compulsorily. It also examined how the newspapers contributed to strengthen the maintenance of health policy. The hypothesis is that the print media engaged in defending the interests of the state government, despite the dissatisfaction among patients and divergent voices of scientists. The study selected 199 texts of the newspapers O Estado de S.Paulo, Folha da Noite, Folha da Manhã and Folha de S.Paulo, between 1933 and 1967. The methods used were quantitative and qualitative analysis of content and semi-structured interviews. Throughout the study period, 37 percent of the texts supported the policy of compulsory isolation, while only 16 percent were opposed and 47 percent were neutral. In the 1930s and 1940s, the position was overwhelmingly pro-compulsory hospitalization. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a change of posture and the newspapers began to publish texts criticizing the prophylactic policy from São Paulo state. The measures of social control wanted to exclude the diseased portion of society. The São Paulo newspapers were compromised with these measures arguing the belief that São Paulo fulfilled a role of "great power" in Brazil. Until the 1950s criticism to the model did not have space in these newspapers, having been published mainly in the press of Rio de Janeiro. The defense of compulsory segregation or the omission about the problems experienced by patients, mainly in the Vargas era, helped to maintain the status quo of health policy in São Paulo. With the support of the newspapers to the policy of compulsory segregation, this model of prophylaxis would be abolished in São Paulo only in 1967, with five years of delay compared to the federal decision / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

The energy demand is steadily increasing, and the electricity sector is undergoing a severe change in this decade. The primary drivers, such as the need to decarbonize the power industry and megatrends for more distributed and renewable systems, are resulting in revolutionary changes in our lifestyle and industry. The power grid cannot be easily or quickly be upgraded, as investment decisions, construction approvals, and payback time are the main factors to consider. Therefore, new technology, energy storage, tariff reform, and new business models are rapidly changing and challenging the conventional industry. In recent times, industrial peak shaving application has sparked an increased interest in battery energy storage system (BESS).  This work investigated BESS’s potential from peak shaving and Time-of-use (TOU) applications for a Culture-house in Skellefteå. Available literature provides the knowledge of various BESS applications, tariff systems, and how battery degradation functions. The predicted electrical load demand of the culture-house for 2019 is obtained from a consultant company Incoord. The linear optimization was implemented in MATLAB using optimproblem function to perform peak shaving and time-of-use application for the Culture-hose BESS. A cost-optimal charging/discharging strategy was derived through an optimization algorithm by analyzing the culture-house electrical demand and Skellefteå Kraft billing system. The decisional variable decides when to charge/discharge the battery for minimum battery degradation and electricity purchase charges from the grid.   Techno-economic viability is analyzed from BESS investment cost, peak-power tariff, battery lifespan, and batter aging perspective. Results indicate that the current BESS price and peak-power tariff of Skellefteå Kraft are not suitable for peak shaving. Electricity bill saving is too low to consider TOU application due to high battery degradation. However, combining peak shaving & TOU does generate more profit annually due to additional savings from the electricity bill. However, including TOU also leads to higher battery degradation, making it not currently a viable application. A future scenario suggests a decrease in investment cost, resulting in a shorter payback period.  The case study also analyses the potential in the second-life battery, where they are purchased at 80 % State of Health (SoH) for peak shaving application. Second-life batteries are assumed to last until 70 % or 60 % before End of Life (EOL). The benefit-cost ratio indicates that second-life batteries are an attractive investment if batteries can perform until 60% end of life, it would be an excellent investment from an economic and sustainability perspective. Future work suggests integrating more BESS applications into the model to make BESS an economically viable project.

The functionality to both charge and discharge energy from and to the power grid to a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is referred to as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). This allows the customer to buy energy when the spot price is low and sell energy when the price is high to make a profit, called energy arbitrage. However, when the battery is charging, discharging, or idling for storage, battery degradation occurs due to chemical properties and reactions. This thesis developed a mathematical optimisation model in Python, using the modelling language Pyomo. Mathematical equations are used to integrate energy arbitrage and degradation data to reduce the total cost in terms of degradation and energy by finding an optimised charge and discharge pattern. The model allows different user scenarios to be analysed by changing inputs such as charger power, battery cost or daily driving distance. When using V2G technology, the State-of-Charge (SoC) level of BEVs battery packs can be adjusted to find SoC levels which minimise the battery degradation, while allowing the user to make a profit from energy arbitrage. The result shows that the V2G charging protocol, compared to protocols without a bidirectional charger could be beneficial for the simulated time periods, by both reducing degradation and the total energy cost. The results also indicate that the degradation cost of the battery is often the determining factor in the decision of when to charge or discharge, i.e., the substantial cost-saving strategy is to control the storage and cycle degradation to reduce the total degradation, rather than controlling the energy arbitrage. The model and the result of this thesis can be used by car manufacturers to learn more about how battery cell types behave in V2G mode and influence further work on V2G control.

Miljöpåverkan från konventionella förbränningsmotorer har bidragit till en övergång till elmotorer. I denna övergång spelar litiumjonbatterier en viktig roll som energilagringssystem, men på grund av sin reaktiva kemi kan de utgöra en säkerhetsrisk. I likhet med civilsamhället står Försvarsmakten inför ett skifte där förbränningsmotorer ska bytas ut mot el- och hybridmotorer. För en säker militär tillämpning är det därför viktigt att förstå hur litiumjonbatterier beter sig vid åldrande och bortom ramen för normal användning. Detta projekt syftar till att identifiera batteriparametrar (impedans, resistans, kapacitet och yttemperatur) att använda för bedömning av batteriets hälsotillstånd. Vidare syftar projektet till att värdera de identifierade batteriparametrarnas lämplighet för militära applikationer. Som en del av syftet undersöker detta projekt omgivningstemperaturens effekt på batteriparametrarna, samt använder batteriparametrarna för att uppskatta när ett batteri kan klassas som förbrukat. Kommersiella NMC/grafit-litiumjonbatterier åldrades genom full upp- och urladdning. Varje batteri utsattes för maximalt 250 upp- och urladdningscykler vid laddningsströmmar om 4 A och urladdningsströmmar om 10 A. Åldrandet övervakades genom regelbunden mätning av impedans, resistans, kapacitet och yttemperatur. Batterierna cyklades vid antingen 52 ± 3 °C, 21 ± 3 °C eller −15 ± 3 °C för att studera omgivningstemperaturens effekt på de undersökta batteriparametrarna. Impedansmätningar vid 980 Hz var stabilast med avseende på variationer i omgivningstemperatur samt batteriets laddningsnivå, och ansågs därför vara den lämpligaste batteriparametern att använda för uppskattning av batteriets hälsotillstånd när tillämpningen kräver stor flexibilitet. Förändringar i resistans och kapacitet vid givna omgivningstemperaturer ansågs å andra sidan bättre återspegla batteriets åldringsgrad. Därför ansågs resistans och kapacitet vara de lämpligaste batteriparametrarna för uppskattning av batteriets hälsotillstånd med avseende på precision. Mätning av yttemperatur gav otillräcklig information för att uppskatta batteriernas hälsotillstånd med precision. En sänkning av omgivningstemperaturen från 21 °C till −15 °C hade en stor påverkan på resistans och kapacitet; resistansen ökade medan kapaciteten minskade, vilket motsvarar en reducerad batteriprestanda. Med avseende på kapacitetsförlust så förbrukades inget av batterierna som förvarades i 21 °C under cyklingen. Batterier som förvarades i 52 °C och −15 °C var förbrukade efter 150–200 cyklingar. Med avseende på resistansökning var ett av batterierna som förvarades vid 21 °C förbrukat efter 200 cyklingar. Samtliga batterier förvarade vid 52 °C var förbrukade efter 150–200 cyklingar, medan batterier förvarade vid −15 °C var förbrukade efter 200–250 cyklingar. Slutligen, med avseende på impedansmätning vid 980 Hz så tog det 200 cyklingar tills dess att ett av batterierna som förvarades i 21 °C var förbrukat. Ett av batterierna som förvarades i 52 °C var förbrukat efter 150 cyklingar. Batterier förvarade vid −15 °C var förbrukade efter 200–250 cyklingar. / Environmental concerns associated with greenhouse gas emissions from conventional combustion engines have contributed to a transition towards electric mobility. In this transition, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries play an important part as an energy storage system. However, Li-ion batteries can pose a safety risk due to their reactive chemistry. The Swedish Armed Forces are approaching a transition towards electric mobility, therefore, understanding Li-ion battery behavior with regard to non-normal use and ageing is critical for safe military applications. This project aimed to identify and evaluate battery parameters (impedance, resistance, capacity and surface temperature) suitable for State of Health (SOH) estimation of Li-ion batteries in military applications. Furthermore, this project aimed to investigate the ambient temperature’s effect on battery parameters, and identify the battery’s end of life (EOL) based on battery parameter tracking. Commercial NMC/graphite Li-ion batteries were exposed to ageing through repeated charge and discharge cycles. A critical application was mimicked, where the batteries operated at 1C charge rate (4 A) and 2.5C discharge rate (10 A) between 100 % and 0 % state of charge, for up to 250 charge/discharge cycles. The ageing process was tracked through regular measurements of impedance, resistance, capacity and surface temperature. In order to investigate the ambient temperature’s effect on the investigated battery parameters, the batteries were aged at either 52 ± 3 °C, 21 ± 3 °C or −15 ± 3 °C. Impedance measured at 980 Hz was the most stable battery parameter with respect to variations in state of charge and temperature, and was therefore regarded as the most suitable parameter for SOH estimation with respect to flexibility. Measurements of resistance and capacity at given temperatures were likely reflecting electrochemical ageing phenomena more accurately, hence the most suitable battery parameters for SOH estimation with respect to accuracy. Tracking of surface temperature provided insufficient information for accurate estimation of the batteries SOH. Decreasing the ambient temperature from 21 °C to −15 °C had a major effect on capacity and resistance; the resistance increased and the capacity decreased, corresponding to a decrease in battery performance. With respect to capacity fade, neither of the batteries aged at 21 °C reached their EOL within 250 cycles, while batteries aged at 52 °C or −15 °C reached their EOL after 150–200 cycles. With respect to resistance, one battery kept at 21 °C reached their EOL after 200 cycles, all batteries kept at 52 °C reached their EOL after 150–200 cycles, and batteries kept at −15 °C reached their EOL between 200–250 cycles. Finally, with respect to impedance measured at 980 Hz, one battery kept at 21 °C reached their EOL after 200 cycles, one battery kept at 52 °C reached their EOL after 150 cycles, and batteries kept at −15 °C reached their EOL between 200–250 cycles.

The electric vehicle industry is experiencing a boom infunding and public interest, and the formula student movementis following suit; an electric race car is currently being developedby the KTH Formula Student organisation (KTHFS) which is thecause of this work.Consumers desire increased speed and range, and are unwillingto compromise one quality for the other. This necessitates the useof lithium ion cells, which may explode and exhume toxic gasesif over-strained with respect to current, charge or temperature.A robust, reliable and provably safe battery management systemshould therefore be developed. There are numerous methods tofurther increase the mileage to get an edge on competitors, suchas cell balancing and live estimation of the State of Charge(SOC). It is also vital that old and/or deteriorated cells should beidentified and disposed off in due time, and State of health (SOH)estimation provides a means to do this. In this paper a completebattery management system software solution is developed andpresented, utilising methods like simulation and code generationto create a program that runs on a real time operating system(RTOS). Some real world test were conducted and some resultsare simulated. The finished BMS performed well in tests, meets allgoals and meets all timing constraints. The project can thereforebe considered as successful. / Intresset för elbilsindustrin har på sistone‌ vuxit något markant, och formula student-rörelsen har anpassat sig efter dessa trender; en elektriskt bil tillverkas just nu av KTH Formula Student organisationen (KTHFS) vilket ger upphov till detta arbete. Marknaden vill ha snabbare bilar som dessutom har förbättrad räckvidd, men vägrar offra den ena egenskapen för det andra. Lösningen är att använda litiumjonceller. Dessa har dock en säkerhetsrelaterad nackdel; om cellerna utsätts för alldeles för höga eller låga temperaturer, strömmar eller laddningsnivåer kan de explodera och utsöndra giftig gas i luften. Därför är det lämpligt att skapa ett batterimonitoreringssystem vars funktion och säkerhet kvalitativt kan utvärderas och bevisas. Det finns flera metoder för att få förbättrad prestanda ur sin ackumulator (batteriensemble); cellnivåbalansering och laddningsnivåestimering (SOC) implementeras i detta projekt. Föråldrade/utslitna celler bör identifieras och avskrivas i god tid. Celldeklineringsestimering (SOH) är ett sätt att lösa detta problem. I denna rapport presenteras en fullständig implementation av mjukvaran för ett batterimonitoreringssystem, där metoder som kodgenerering och simulering utnyttjas för att skapa ett program som kan köras på ett realtidsoperativsystem (RTOS). Vissa test gjordes i verkligheten och vissa resultat simulerades. Det färdiga batterimonitoreringssystemet presterade väl i test, alla mål samt mötte alla tidskrav. Projektet kan därför anses som lyckat. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

[pt] Por conta dos rápidos avanços tecnológicos, percebe-se uma mudança nos hábitos e das necessidades das pessoas. Há uma dependência cada vez maior de aparelhos eletrônicos como smartphones, notebooks etc. Construir baterias com grande capacidade energética é um dos desafios atuais para aumentar a autonomia dos aparelhos eletrônicos. Entretanto, uma alternativa que pode ajudar a manter aparelhos eletrônicos por mais tempo longe das tomadas é o compartilhamento de baterias. Existem na literatura muitos estudos envolvendo o compartilhamento de baterias no contexto de veículos elétricos, porém não são encontradas aplicações em smartphones. Um parâmetro importante a ser monitorado neste contexto é o estado de saúde (SoH). Até o momento, não há um consenso na literatura acerca do melhor modelo para estimar o SoH de baterias devido à falta de métodos bem estabelecidos. Assim, o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi construir um modelo para estimar a curva de estado de saúde, por meio do estado de carga, com vistas a estimar a saúde de baterias de íon-lítio. O modelo proposto foi baseado em redes neurais recorrentes. Para treinar e validar o modelo, foi construído um sistema para a realização de ensaios destrutivos, sendo possível estudar o comportamento de baterias de íon-lítio ao longo de toda vida útil. O modelo proposto foi capaz de estimar o SoH das baterias estudadas com boa exatidão, sob diferentes parâmetros de carga/descarga. O diferencial do modelo são baixa complexidade computacional, mesmo envolvendo modelos de redes neurais, e serem adotados parâmetros de entrada de fácil medição. / [en] Because of the fast technological advances, there is a change in people s habits and needs. There is an increasing dependence on electronic devices such as smartphones, notebooks etc. Building batteries with great energy capacity is one of the current challenges to increase the autonomy of electronic devices. However, an alternative that can help keep electronic devices longer away from sockets is battery swap. There are many studies in the literature involving the sharing of batteries in the context of electric vehicles, but no applications are found in smartphones. An important parameter to be monitored in this context is state of health (SoH). To date, there is no consensus in the literature about the best model for estimating battery SoH due to the lack of well-established methods. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to build a model to estimate the state of health curve, with a view to classifying the health of lithium-ion batteries, through state of charge curve, for applications involving battery swap aiming to use in smartphones. The proposed model was based on recurrent neural networks. To train and validate the model, a system was built to perform destructive tests, being possible to study the behavior of lithium-ion batteries throughout its useful life. The proposed model was able to estimate the SoH of the batteries studied with good precision, under different charge / discharge parameters. The distinction of the model is low computational complexity, even involving neural network models, and easy-to-measure input parameters are adopted.

With the continuing transition to renewable inherently intermittent energy sources like solar- and wind power, electrical energy storage will become progressively more important to manage energy production and demand. A key technology in this area is Li-ion batteries. To operate these batteries efficiently, there is a need for monitoring of the current battery state, including parameters such as state of charge and state of health, to ensure that adequate safety and performance is maintained. Furthermore, such monitoring is a step towards the possibility of the optimization of battery usage such as to maximize battery lifetime and/or return on investment. Unfortunately, possible online measurements during actual operation of a lithium-ion battery are typically limited to current, voltage and possibly temperature, meaning that direct measurement of battery status is not feasible. To overcome this, battery modeling and various regression methods may be used. Several of the most common regression algorithms suggested for estimation of battery state of charge and state of health are based on Kalman filtering. While these methods have shown great promise, there currently exist no thorough analysis of the impact of so-called filter tuning on the effectiveness of these algorithms in Li-ion battery monitoring applications, particularly for state of health estimation. In addition, the effects of only adjusting the cell capacity model parameter for aging effects, a relatively common approach in the literature, on overall state of health estimation accuracy is also in need of investigation. In this work, two different Kalman filtering methods intended for state of charge estimation: the extended Kalman filter and the extended adaptive Kalman filter, as well as three intended for state of health estimation: the dual extended Kalman filer, the enhanced state vector extended Kalman filer, and the single weight dual extended Kalman filer, are compared from accuracy, performance, filter tuning and practical usability standpoints. All algorithms were used with the same simple one resistor-capacitor equivalent circuit battery model. The Li-ion battery data used for battery model development and simulations of filtering algorithm performance was the “Randomized Battery Usage Data Set” obtained from the NASA Prognostics Center of Excellence.  It is found that both state of charge estimators perform similarly in terms of accuracy of state of charge estimation with regards to reference values, easily outperforming the common Coulomb counting approach in terms of precision, robustness and flexibility. The adaptive filter, while computationally more demanding, required less tuning of filter parameters relative to the extended Kalman filter to achieve comparable performance and might therefore be advantageous from a robustness and usability perspective. Amongst the state of health estimators, the enhanced state vector approach was found to be most robust to initialization and was also least taxing computationally. The single weight filter could be made to achieve comparable results with careful, if time consuming, filter tuning. The full dual extended Kalman filter has the advantage of estimating not only the cell capacity but also the internal resistance parameters. This comes at the price of slow performance and time consuming filter tuning, involving 17 parameters. It is however shown that long-term state of health estimation is superior using this approach, likely due to the online adjustment of internal resistance parameters. This allows the dual extended Kalman filter to accurately estimate the SoH over a full test representing more than a full conventional battery lifetime. The viability of only adjusting the capacity in online monitoring approaches therefore appears questionable. Overall the importance of filter tuning is found to be substantial, especially for cases of very uncertain starting battery states and characteristics.

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In the past decade, automobile manufacturers have gone through the initial adoption phase of electric mobility. The increasing momentum behind electric vehicles (EV) suggests that electrified storage systems will play an important role in electric mobility going forward. Lithium ion batteries have become one of the most common solutions for energy storage due to their light weight, high specific energy, low self-discharge rate, and non-memory effect. To fully benefit from a lithium-ion energy storage system and avoid its physical limitations, an accurate battery management system (BMS) is required. One of the key issues for successful BMS implementation is the battery model. A robust, accurate, and high fidelity battery model is required to mimic the battery dynamic behavior in a harsh environment. This dissertation introduces a robust and accurate model-based approach for lithium-ion battery management system. Many strategies for modeling the electrochemical processes in the battery have been proposed in the literature. The proposed models are often highly complex, requiring long computational time, large memory allocations, and real-time control. Thus, model-order reduction and minimization of the CPU run-time while maintaining the model accuracy are critical requirements for real-time implementation of lithium-ion electrochemical battery models. In this dissertation, different modeling techniques are developed. The proposed models reduce the model complexity while maintaining the accuracy. The thermal management of the lithium ion batteries is another important consideration for a successful BMS. Operating the battery pack outside the recommended operating conditions could result in unsafe operating conditions with undesirable consequences. In order to keep the battery within its safe operating range, the temperature of the cell core must be monitored and controlled. The dissertation implements a real-time electrochemical, thermal model for large prismatic cells used in electric vehicles' energy storage systems. The presented model accurately predicts the battery's core temperature and terminal voltage. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)