La première augmentation de la longévité en laboratoire fût observée à la suite d’une intervention nutritionnelle consistant en une réduction de l’apport alimentaire chez le rat. Plus tard, ce phénomène a été reproduit dans de très nombreuses espèces et référé en tant que restriction calorique. Le développement des techniques de biologie moléculaire moderne a permis de montrer dans des organismes modèles simples que cette flexibilité du processus de vieillissement était régulée par des facteurs génétiques. De fait, plusieurs mécanismes cellulaires ont alors pu être identifiés comme responsables de ce contrôle du vieillissement. Ces voies de régulation ont révélées être conservées entre les espèces, depuis les levures jusqu’aux organismes multicellulaires tels que le nématode, la mouche ou la souris, suggérant l’existence d’un programme universel de vieillissement dans le vivant. La levure s’est avéré à plusieurs reprises être un modèle puissant et fiable pour la découverte de gènes impliqués dans ce phénomène. Mon étude a consisté au développement d’un nouveau modèle unicellulaire d’étude du vieillissement à travers l’espèce Schizosaccharomyces pombe appelée aussi levure à fission. La première étape de mon travail a montré que les voies de détection des nutriments gouvernées par la sérine/thréonine protéine kinase A (Pka1) et la sérine/thréonine kinase Sck2 contrôlent le vieillissement chronologique de ces cellules comme il était connu dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ceci permit de valider l’utilisation de la levure à fission pour l’étude du vieillissement. Ensuite, nous avons analysé plus en détail l’effet pro-vieillissement du glucose en étudiant le rôle de sa détection par le récepteur membranaire Git3 couplé à la protéine G (Gpa2) en amont de la kinase Pka1. La perte du signal du glucose par la délétion de Git3 imite partiellement l’effet d’augmentation de longévité obtenu par baisse de la concentration en glucose dans le milieu. De plus, l’effet néfaste du signal du glucose est maintenu en absence de tout métabolisme du glucose suite à la mutation des hexokinases, premières enzymes de la glycolyse. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que la signalisation du glucose est prédominante sur son métabolisme pour son effet pro-vieillissement. D’autre part, à la fois la suppression de cette signalisation et la baisse de niveau de glucose disponible allongent la durée de vie en corrélation avec une augmentation de la résistance au stress, une hausse d’activité mitochondriale et une baisse de production de radicaux libres. Finalement, le criblage d’une banque de surexpression d’ADNc a permis d’identifier plusieurs gènes candidats responsables de ces effets en aval de la voie de signalisation Git3/PKA. La recherche sur les mécanismes moléculaires du vieillissement propose une nouvelle approche, un nouvel angle de vue, pour la compréhension des fonctions cellulaires et promet d’apporter de précieuses clefs pour mieux comprendre certaines maladies. En effet, le vieillissement est la première cause d’apparition de nombreuses affections comme les cancers, les maladies cardiovasculaires et métaboliques ou les maladies neurodégénératives tels que les syndromes d’Alzheimer et de Parkinson. / The first increase in life span due to man’s intervention was obtained with rats subjected to a diet reduced in calorie intake. Later, this phenomenon was repeated with many other species and referred as diet restriction or calorie restriction. The development of modern Molecular Biology approaches and the use of simple model organisms demonstrated that the rate of aging was regulated by genetic traits. Indeed, several cellular mechanisms were identified as responsible for the control of aging. These regulatory pathways appear to be conserved throughout species, from yeast to multicellular organisms like nematode, fly and mice, thus suggesting the existence of a universal program of aging. Yeast proved several times to be a powerful and reliable model for discovering genes involved in the regulation of aging. My study consisted in developing Schizosaccharomyces pombe (also called fission yeast) as a new unicellular model to study aging. The first step of my work was to show that pathways of nutrient detection through kinases involving Pka1 and Sck2 control chronological aging in S. pombe, as it was previously demonstrated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This first work validated the use of fission yeast for the study of aging. Subsequently, we analysed in more detail the pro-aging effect of glucose focusing on the role of its signalling through the G-protein Gpa2-coupled membrane receptor Git3, which acts upstream of Pka1. The loss of the glucose signal due to deletion of Git3 mimics partially the effect of increasing longevity by reducing glucose in the medium. Moreover, detrimental effects of glucose signal are maintained in absence of sugar metabolism following loss of hexokinases, the first enzymes of glycolysis. Together, these results suggest that the pro-aging effects of glucose signalling are predominant over those due to metabolism of this sugar. Moreover, both obliteration of this signalling pathway and decrease of glucose availability extend life span, and correlate with an increase in stress resistance, in mitochondrial activity and a lower production of free radicals. Finally, screening a cDNA-overexpression library allowed us to identify several genes candidates responsible for the effects on longevity downstream of Git3/Pka1. Research in the molecular mechanisms of aging propose holds the promise to bring precious clues as to this mysterious processes affecting all living creatures, and paves the way to unravel the underlying causes of many human diseases. Indeed, aging is the first cause of numerous late-onset pathologies including cancers, cardiovascular diseases or neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer and Parkinson syndromes.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-09T14:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSA_Wesley_2016.pdf: 8516860 bytes, checksum: ee5a7fd54adf8975660601cc883291f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-09T14:11:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSA_Wesley_2016.pdf: 8516860 bytes, checksum: ee5a7fd54adf8975660601cc883291f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-09T14:11:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSA_Wesley_2016.pdf: 8516860 bytes, checksum: ee5a7fd54adf8975660601cc883291f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-09T14:11:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSA_Wesley_2016.pdf: 8516860 bytes, checksum: ee5a7fd54adf8975660601cc883291f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Não recebi financiamento / The need to obtain biomaterials in order to reduce environmental impacts has been the focus of research groups in recent years, and cellulose, a dominant component at most forms of plants is a promising resource because of its abundance. In order to improve the ability processing, the chemical modification of cellulose has been widely studied. Among the most important reactions of cellulose are: etherification, esterification, acetylation and oxidation; being cellulose acetate, viscose, nitrocellulose and cellulose ethers, the main cellulose derivatives. The chemical modification with isocyanates presents some unique properties, such as absence of by-products and chemical stability of the urethane group. In this work we were synthesized gels obtained by modified cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) 2,5 by crosslinking, with 4,4' - Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) in stoichiometry of 1:1, in homogeneous by varying the humidity and the homogenization time. For characterization were used the following techniques and tests: vibrational infrared absorption spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Spectrometer - FTIR), size exclusion Chromatography (SEC), molecular absorption spectrophotometry UV-VIS, density determining of the gels by pycnometry, determination of the coefficient swelling, determination of cross-links by Flory-Rehner theory, thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crosslink density results showed that the gel synthesized in the absence of moisture suffered greater crosslinking with an average number of repeat units between the crosslinking points of about 1000 times lower. The potential applications of these gels were tested, by using than as stationary phase in size exclusion chromatography, having been assessed its efficiency in the fractionation and separation of natural and synthetic polymers. Results showed the effectiveness of the gel as stationary phase on separation of polymers, opening up a range of opportunities, taking into consideration the simplicity of the process and lower costs attributed to it. / A necessidade de se obter biomateriais na tentativa de reduzir impactos ambientais tem sido o foco de grupos de pesquisa nos últimos anos e, a celulose, um componente dominante na maioria das formas de plantas, é um recurso promissor devido à sua abundância. A fim de melhorar a capacidade de processamento, a modificação química da celulose tem sido amplamente estudada. Dentre as reações mais importantes da celulose estão: eterificação, esterificação, acetilação e oxidação; sendo o acetato de celulose, viscose, nitrocelulose e éteres de celulose, os principais derivados da celulose. A modificação química com isocianatos apresenta algumas propriedades únicas, como ausência de produtos secundários e estabilidade química do grupo uretano. Nesse trabalho foram sintetizados géis obtidos por meio da modificação de Acetato de Celulose (AC) com grau de substituição (GS) 2,5 através da reticulação com 4,4' - Difenilmetano Diisocianato (MDI), na estequiometria 1:1, em meio homogêneo, variando a umidade e o tempo de homogenização. Para caracterização foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas e ensaios: espectroscopia vibracional de absorção no infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC), espectrofotometria de absorção molecular UV-VIS, determinação de densidade dos géis por picnometria, determinação do coeficiente de intumescimento, determinação de ligações cruzadas pela teoria de Flory-Rehner, termogravimetria (TG) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados da densidade de ligações cruzadas mostraram que o gel sintetizado na ausência de umidade sofreu uma maior reticulação, com um número médio de unidades de repetição entre os pontos de reticulação cerca de 1000 vezes menor. As aplicações potenciais desses géis foram testadas como fase estacionária em cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho, tendo sido avaliada sua eficiência no fracionamento e separação de polímeros naturais e sintéticos. Resultados mostraram a eficácia do gel como fase estacionária na separação de polímeros, abrindo uma gama de oportunidades, levando-se em consideração a simplicidade do processo e os baixos custos a ele atribuídos.

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T10:43:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa_PauloCesarPires_D.pdf: 2764513 bytes, checksum: 8ef702d050c47af34e60cf2218efa939 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se uma nova fase estacionária (FE) (-NH-C(O)-NH-C8) capeada, contendo o grupo polar uréia inserido na cadeia alquila C8. Os estudos de análise elementar, espectroscopia infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de C e Si confirmaram o sucesso da síntese da FE. A FE foi preparada e foi caracterizada cromatograficamente na separação de misturas testes e de diversas classes de fármacos, no desenvolvimento e validação de métodos para avaliação de misturas de estatinas em cápsulas, clobutinol e doxilamina em xarope e para determinação de impurezas e produtos de degradação dos fármacos alprazolam e cloxazolam. As colunas recheadas com a FE Si-C8-uréia proporcionaram boas separações, com eficiências entre 60.000 e 80.000 pratos m e picos simétricos, especialmente para compostos básicos. O comportamento da nova FE foi comparado com os das FE comerciais, obtendo desempenho semelhante na separação de misturas testes e de fármacos, como furoato de mometasona em creme, conservantes como os alquilparabenos, clonazepam e impurezas, valerato de betametasona, clioquinol e tolnaftato em creme, dropropizina em xarope, mistura de paracetamol, cafeína e ácido acetisalicílico em comprimidos e mistura de cefalexina, prilocaína e amitriptilina. A FE Si-C8-uréia apresentou boa aplicabilidade na separação de fármacos devido ao grupo uréia reduzir a interação dos compostos básicos com os silanóis residuais. Dessa forma, a nova FE possui potencialidade para ser empregada em laboratórios de pesquisa e controle de qualidade, especialmente na análise de compostos básicos / Abstract: In this work, it a new end-capped stationary phase (SP) containing a urea polar group inserted into the C8 alkil chain (-NH-C(O)-NH-C8) was prepared. Elementar analysis, infrared spectroscopy and C and Si nuclear magnetic ressonance allowed confirmation of the success of the synthesis of the SP. The new SP was chromatographically caracterizeded by the separation of test mixtures and of different types of pharmaceutical compounds, in the development and validation of methods for analysis of a mixture of statins in capsules, clobutinol hydrochloride and doxilamine in syrups and for determination of impurities and degradation products of the pharmaceutical compounds alprazolam and cloxazolam. Columns containing Si-C8-urea SP showed good separations, with efficiencies between 60 000 and 80 000 plates.m and symmetrical peaks, especially for basic compounds. The behavior of the new SP was compared with commercially available SP and the results showed similar behaviors for separation of test mixtures and of pharmaceutical compounds such as mometasone furoate in creams, preservatives like alkylparabens, clonazepam and impurities, bethametasone valerate, clioquinol and tolnaftate in creams, dropropizine in syrup, mixtures of acetaminophen, caffeine and aspirin in tablets and mixtures of cefalexin, prilocaine and amitriptiline. The Si-C8-urea SP showed good applicability for separation of pharmaceutical compounds due to the urea group reducing the interaction of basic analytes with the residual silanols. Thus, the new SP has the potencial to be employed in research and for quality control, especially for the analyses of basic pharmaceutical compounds / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-09T12:20:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sandropereiraribeiro.pdf: 1843700 bytes, checksum: 116a82b85c5101d893b55d6830abb954 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T11:18:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sandropereiraribeiro.pdf: 1843700 bytes, checksum: 116a82b85c5101d893b55d6830abb954 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T11:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandropereiraribeiro.pdf: 1843700 bytes, checksum: 116a82b85c5101d893b55d6830abb954 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-06 / No presente trabalho foi proposto a compreensão das variáveis inerentes à criação de infraestrutura adequada para preparação de fase estacionária monolítica (FEM) utilizando colunas capilares de 100 mm de diâmetro interno para aplicação em electroromatografia capilar (CEC). A fim de alcançar a elucidação do processo de funcionalização do monolíto, as FEM foram produzidas por química de sol-gel. Neste caso, a mistura otimizada de reagentes origina o sol que muda de um estado líquido para o estado de gelificação no interior do tubo capilar, resultando em uma superfície polimérica. Dentro deste contexto, foi desenvolvido um dispositivo manual para alta pressão (DMAP) para a inserção do sol nas colunas capilares. O DMAP à vácuo montado foi desenvolvido no Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ) a fim de tornar possível a produção de colunas monolíticas de maneira otimizada e reprodutível. Este dispositivo tornou possível o preenchimento interno da coluna capilar de forma homogênea através do trabalho forçado em movimento, como capilaridade, na qual o sol é introduzido diretamente do frasco ao capilar, evitando o contato do sol com acessórios e dispositivos, como conexões, seringas e agulhas. Como objetivo secundário, estudos para preparação das FEM modificadas por nanopartículas de ouro- AuNps foram realizadas. As AuNps foram sintetizadas através da reação de redução com o citrato de sódio e a passivação com o uso da quitosana. As nanopartículas foram ancoradas na superficie do monolito para melhorar a funcionalização das FEM e possibilitar testes com diversos analitos. Essa reação foi caracterizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão- MET, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura- MEV, Ultravioleta Visível- UV-Vis. Nesse mesmo tempo foi montado um segundo dispositivo denominado mini-forno para aquecimento radial homogénea do tubo capilar, a fim de atingir a funcionalização adequada. Finalmente, todas as colunas preparadas e funcionalizadas com sucesso foram submetidas a testes de separação de mistura padrão de HPAs. / In the present work the understanding of the inherent variables to establishment of adequate infrastructure to monolithic stationary phase (MSP) preparation using capillary columns at 100 μm of internal diameter to application in capillary electrocromatography (CEC) was proposed. Thus, in order to achieve the elucidation of the monolithic functionalization process, the MSP were produced by sol-gel chemistry. In this case, the optimized mixture of reagents originates the sol which changes from liquid state to the jellification state inside the capillary tube, resulting in a polymeric surface. Within this context, was developed a manual device to high pressure (MDHP) for sol insertion into the capillaries columns. The vacuum MDHP assembled was developed in the Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ) in order to make possible the optimized and reproducible monolithic columns production. This device made possible the internal fill of the capillary column in homogenous way through of forced moving such as capillarity, in which the sol is introduced direct from the vial to the capillary, avoiding the contact of the sol with accessories and devices such as connections, syringes and needles. This procedure avoids air passage into the capillary tube and the contamination of devices and accessories, providing the operation in presence of any type of solution. Thus, the MDHP became possible a significant advance in the understanding of the MSP preparation mediated by sol-gel chemistry and photopolimerization. As a secondary objective, studies to preparation of MSP modified by gold nanoparticles were carried out. In this same time was assembled a second device called mini oven to homogeneous radial heating of the capillary in order to achieves the adequate functionalization. Finally, all columns prepared and functionalized with success were submitted to tests of HPAs standard mixture separation.

Studies on stationary phase cultures of microorganisms in the laboratory have helped us understand the genetic and physiological basis of adaptation in their natural habitats. Stasis or decline in bacterial populations due to nutrient depletion during stationary phase has been shown to lead to the selection of mutants that are able to survive better than their parent. This phenomenon, where a mutant exhibits relatively better growth than its immediate parent, under the conditions that prevailed during its appearance, is termed as Growth Advantage in Stationary Phase (GASP) and constitutes a general strategy to survive prolonged stationary phase. A mutation conferring growth advantage in one environment, however, can result in the loss of fitness in another environment, typifying the environment-specificity of the adaptation. Several GASP loci have been isolated over the last two decades and they have enhanced our understanding of the rapid evolution of microorganisms under nutrient starvation and the forces driving it. The results presented in this thesis detail the isolation and characterization of one such survivor from the culture of an E. coli strain ZK819 that was grown for 28 days without any additional nutrients. The strain ZK819 carries the rpoS819 allele that was isolated as the first GASP mutation resulting in attenuated activity of the stationary phase - specific sigma factor RpoS. Among the several possible mutations accumulating in the survivors over this long incubation period, one was identified to be within the hns gene encoding the global regulator H-NS. Expression of a majority of genes regulated by H-NS is environmentally modulated and their products are required under various stress conditions. The presence of the hns66 mutation was identified by the derepression of the bgl operon, one of the well-studied targets of H-NS mediated repression. The primary question being addressed in this study is whether this naturally isolated hns66 mutation has any role in the survival of its bearer during prolonged stationary phase. The hns66 mutation results in a partially active longer polypeptide due to a single nucleotide alteration within the stop codon of the H-NS ORF. Strains carrying the hns66 allele showed differential fitness under two different environments relative to the parent. In early stationary phase there is a strong disadvantage associated with the hns66 allele in the rpoS819 background, when competed against the parent, highlighted by the observation that there is a sharp fall in the number of mutants and a concomitant appearance of revertants that lead to the rapid displacement of the original mutant. The reversion is predominantly due to suppressor mutations within the ssrA locus encoding a tmRNA involved in the release of stalled ribosomes and degradation of aberrant proteins. Analysis of the suppression phenomenon revealed that the altered H-NS66 protein is a substrate for SsrA-mediated tagging for proteolysis. The H-NS66 protein is sub-optimally functional and can repress the bgl operon when its level is increased either by over-expression from a plasmid or a mutation in ssrA. Mutation in ssrA suppressed the strong growth disadvantage displayed by the original survivor in early stationary phase. The growth disadvantage of the hns66 survivor was also lost upon introduction of the wild type rpoS allele, indicating that the combined presence of the hns66 and rpoS819 alleles is detrimental in early stationary phase. In the presence of the rpoS+ allele, the hns66 mutant showed a modet GASP phenotype relative to the parent in early stationary phase. In contrast to the crash observed during early stationary phase, strains carryingthe hns66 allele fared better in late stationary phase conditions compared to the parent. When present in its original genetic context, the hns66 allele conferred growth advantage to the original survivor in late stationary phase conditions when competed against the parent grown for 21 days. The hns66 allele, when introduced in the parent strain ZK819 by transduction could still confer a strong GASP phenotype when competed against one-day old parent cells in medium derived from a 21 day old culture. These observations suggest that the hns66 allele enables the cells to scavenge for limited quantities of specific nutrients available in the aged medium. This is consistent with the observation that the advantage is seen when the mutant is in minority and is lost when the mutant is in majority. These studies highlight the fact that the conditions under stationary phase are constantly changing and to adapt under these rapidly changing conditions, modulation of an already existing function would be a preferred strategy than selection for a new function or the complete loss of a function. In this context, genetic modulation of a global regulator offers a better option due to the pleiotropic effects it may generate. This study adds hns to the list of genes, which upon mutation confer a GASP phenotype to cells. It also highlights that the age of the cells as well as the medium has an impact on the GASP phenotype. Elucidation of the mechanism of the H-NS mediated growth advantage and its relation to the status of the rpoS locus can contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of the stationary phase.

(EN) Cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase was used for separation of selected 24 analytes. Enantioseparations were realized using two systems, high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. Effect of mobile phase composition was studied. Five different aditives (isopropylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trifluoroacetic acid, isopropylamine combined with trifluoroacetic acid) and their influence on enantioseparation were tested. Influence of two different modifiers (methanol, propan-2-ol) combined with all aditives was also tested in supercritical fluid chromatography system. The aim of this work was to find optimized composition of mobile phase which was suitable for separation of the analytes studied and to compare separation potential among all mobile phases and also between used separations systems. The supercritical fluid chromatography was shown to yield better results, i.e. better resolution in shorter analysis time. However examples of analytes better resolved under optimized conditions in high performance liquid chromatography system have also been found. Keywords (EN) Chirality, enantiomers, enantioselective separation, chiral stationary phase, high performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography.

(EN) This dissertation thesis is focused on physicochemical and chromatographic characterization of polyaniline-coated stationary phases. In the first part, surfaces of bare silica and octadecyl silica sorbents were modified by in-situ chemical polymerization of aniline hydrochloride and their subsequent systematic characterization was performed by using the linear solvation energy relationship approach in the HILIC mode of capillary LC. In addition, several common physicochemical techniques were used to characterize properties of these altered materials. The modified sorbents were then packed into capillary columns. The retention interactions taking place between solute and the separation system were evaluated on the basis of retention data of a number of various solutes. The results showed that polyaniline coating had a significant effect on the retention promoting interactions of both polyaniline-coated stationary phases. The assumed mixed-mode retention mechanism was proven for both the stationary phases. The second part dealt with investigation of the separation potential of polyaniline- coated silica stationary phase in different chromatographic modes. The retention factor curves of structurally similar solutes were constructed as a function of organic modifier portion in the mobile phase....

Au cours des dix dernières années, des composés oligomères intéressants à base de l’acide cholique ont été synthétisés et caractérisés par nos collaborateurs du groupe de Julian X.X. Zhu à l’Université de Montréal (UdeM). Dans un travail récent, ils ont synthétisé un dimère d'acide cholique qui pouvait former de façon réversible une cavité moléculaire lorsqu'il était dissous dans des milieux de polarité différente ; dans l'eau, le dimère forme une cavité hydrophobe, et dans des milieux organiques, le dimère forme une cavité hydrophile. Ainsi, ce type de composés amphiphiles, lorsqu'ils sont en solution, démontre un comportement de cavité moléculaire qui dépend des conditions du solvant, formant une cavité de polarité opposée à celle du milieu dans lequel ils se trouvent. Le comportement d'inversion de la cavité résulte de la flexibilité conformationnelle du lieur chimique entre les monomères d'acide cholique. La capacité des cavités de piéger des sondes moléculaires en fonction de leur polarité suggère que ce type d’oligomères d’acide cholique pourrait constituer des phases stationnaires intéressantes pour la chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (HPLC), où la séparation est basée sur la polarité du soluté par rapport à la phase mobile. Puisqu’ils peuvent constituer des cavités hydrophobes et hydrophiles, ils pourraient donc être exploités en chromatographie en phase normale (NPC) et en chromatographie en phase inverse (RPC). La possibilité d'avoir une phase stationnaire réversible avec une affinité bimodale appropriée pourrait être avantageuse en biosciences, en sciences de l'environnement et favoriser la séparation de mélanges complexes en élargissant le champ d'application d’une seule colonne chromatographique. L’affinité bimodale pourrait notamment permettre d'éviter de changer le mode de fonctionnement du HPLC; un processus long, coûteux et nécessitant une grande quantité de solvant pour rééquilibrer et passiver le système fluidique de l’instrument. Ce mémoire est une étude exploratoire qui vise à déterminer si ce type d’oligomères d’acide cholique, une fois liés à des particules de gel de silice (6 μm de diamètre), montre la formation de cavités moléculaires dans diverses conditions de phase mobile et s’il pourrait être utilisé pour effectuer des séparations comme phase stationnaire bimodale. À notre connaissance, il n’existe pas encore de phase stationnaire réversible à base d’oligomères d’acide cholique capables d’interagir avec des composés hydrophiles et hydrophobes, en fonction de la polarité ii de l’éluant. Ce type de phase stationnaire se compare à d’autres phases stationnaires bimodales pouvant être utilisées en NPC ou en RPC, parmi lesquels on trouve entre autres des copolymères amphiphiles, des structures organométalliques et des macromolécules comme les cyclodextrines (CD). La nature bimodale de la phase stationnaire à base de CD rapporté dans la littérature est assez similaire aux phases stationnaires des oligomères d’acide cholique de cette étude, grâce à leur cavité hydrophobe naturelle et un extérieur hydrophile, mais sans toutefois que la cavité soit réversible à cause de la rigidité de l’anneau CD. Les particules de silice greffées avec des oligomères d’acide cholique ont été empaquetées par suspension dans un tube capillaire en silice fondue de diamètre intérieur (ID) de 250 μm pour former des colonnes capillaires de 10 cm de long. Les performances chromatographiques en phase liquide des phases stationnaires ont été étudiées à l'aide d'un instrument HPLC adapté aux colonnes capillaires et muni d’un détecteur d’absorption. Plusieurs sondes-analytes sont étudiées dans ce mémoire pour caractériser la rétention causée par les phases stationnaires dans diverses phases mobiles eau/organique. Des comportements en RPC et d'interaction hydrophile (HILIC) ont été observés dans différentes plages de composition de phase mobile eau/organique. Les tests ont montré que les matériaux étaient capables de retarder des analytes non polaires avec une diminution du pourcentage organique (% org) sur une large plage de compositions (45% à 0% org dans le cas des alkylbenzènes). Les cavités hydrophobes semblent quant à elles être responsables de la rétention aux % org moins que 10% et pour seulement une faible partie de la plage totale de la rétention hydrophobique. Le comportement en phase inverse a été comparé aux colonnes classiques à base de chaînes alkyles (C3, C4, C8 et C18) pour évaluer l’importance des interactions hydrophobes. Inversement, une augmentation du % org, en particulier de l'acétonitrile, a entraîné la rétention de composés polaires sur une courte plage de composition de solvant à partir de 85% org. Cette dernière rétention est toutefois principalement imputable aux mécanismes HILIC avec le support de silice gel découvert et non aux cavités hydrophiles du dimère d’acide cholique. / Over the past ten years, interesting oligomeric compounds based on cholic acids have been synthesized and characterized by our collaborators from the Julian X.X Zhu group at the Université de Montréal (UdeM). In a recent work, they synthesized a cholic acid dimer and showed that it could form invertible molecular pockets when dissolved in media of different polarity; in water, the dimer forms hydrophobic pockets, and in organic media, the dimer forms hydrophilic pockets. Therefore, these amphiphilic compounds, when in solution, demonstrate molecular pocket behavior depending on solvent conditions to form a cavity of opposite polarity of the media in which they are located. The inversion behavior results from the conformational flexibility of the chemical linker between the bile acid monomers. The ability of the pockets to trap probe species based on their polarity suggests that the cholic acid oligomers might be interesting stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where separation is based on solute polarity relative to the mobile phase. Since these materials can produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic pockets, they could be exploited in both normal-phase chromatography (NPC) and reversed-phase chromatography (RPC). The ability to have an invertible stationary phase with suitable bimodal affinity could be advantageous in biosciences, environmental sciences, and for the separation of complex mixtures by widening the field of application of the same chromatographic column. The bimodal affinity may, in particular, make it possible to avoid changing the operating mode of the HPLC; a costly and lengthy process requiring a large amount of solvent to re-equilibrate and passivate all fluidic paths of the instrument. This memoir is an exploratory study that sets out to evaluate whether this type of cholic acid oligomer, once bonded to silica gel particles (6 μm diameter), shows the formation of molecular pockets in various mobile phase conditions and if they can be used to perform separations as bimodal stationary phases. To the best of our knowledge, invertible stationary phases based on cholic acid oligomers that are capable of selective binding and release of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds depending on the polarity of the eluent do not yet exist. This type of stationary phase can be compared to the other bimodal stationary phases that can be used in either NPC or RPC that includes amphiphilic copolymers, organometallic structures and macromolecules like cyclodextrins (CD). The bimodal nature of the CD-based iv stationary phases are quite similar to the cholic acid oligomers stationary phases of this study, thanks to a natural hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic exterior, but without the invertibility of the cavity due to the rigidity of the CD ring. The grafted particles were slurry-packed into 250 μm inner diameter (ID) fused silica tubing to make 10 cm long capillary columns. The liquid chromatographic performance of the stationary phases was investigated using a capillary HPLC instrument with a UV absorbance detector. Several probe analytes were investigated to characterize the molecular pocket-based retention in various water/organic mobile phases. RPC and hydrophilic interaction (HILIC) behaviors were observed in distinctive composition ranges of water/organic mobile phases. The tests showed that the materials were able to retain nonpolar compounds gradually with the decrease of percentage organic (% org) over a wide range of compositions (45% to 0% org for alkylbenzenes). The hydrophobic pockets seem to be responsible for the retention at % org less than 10% and only for a small extent of the total range of the hydrophobic retention. The reversed phase behavior was compared to classical alkyl-chain-based columns (C3, C4, C8 and C18) to assess the importance of the hydrophobic interactions. Conversely, an increase in % org, especially acetonitrile, resulted in the retention of polar compounds over a smaller range of % org starting at 85% org. This latter retention is mainly attributable to HILIC mechanisms with the uncapped silica gel support and not the cholic acid dimer hydrophilic pockets.

Ce travail vise à améliorer la compréhension des signaux sismiques dérivés des fonctions de corrélation inter-récepteur du bruit sismique, ce qui est critique pour une imagerie fiable de la Terre profonde basée sur le bruit. La thèse comprend sept chapitres. Le chapitre 1 introduit les connaissances de base sur le bruit sismique, de la terminologie à ses origines diverses. Le chapitre 2 fournit une vue d'ensemble de la littérature sur l'historique et le développement de la méthode récente de corrélation de bruit, et passe en revue diverses techniques pour le prétraitement des données de bruit sismique et le post-traitement des fonctions de corrélation de bruit. Des méthodes de traitement du bruit basées sur les statistiques et un schéma modifié pour calculer la fonction de corrélation sont développés dans ce chapitre. Le chapitre 3 propose plusieurs techniques basées sur la transformée de Radon pour mesurer les lenteurs des champs d'ondes corrélés et analyser en termes de phases sismiques les signaux dérivés du bruit. Le chapitre 4 montre que les ondes de volume sondant la Terre profonde peuvent être extraites des corrélations de bruit à des distances télésismiques, avec des enregistrements de bruit provenant de deux réseaux sismiques régionaux. Le chapitre 5 applique les techniques proposées au chapitre 3 aux corrélations de bruit entre deux réseaux calculées au chapitre 4, et permet de comprendre l’origine de la phase précoce non-physique observée dans les données. Le chapitre 6 discute des conditions dans lesquelles apparaissent des phases sans correspondance dans la réponse physique de la Terre qui peuvent fausser les analyses des structures profondes basées sur le bruit.. Le dernier chapitre fournit un résumé sur les contributions de cette thèse et une perspective de plusieurs travaux soit en cours soit envisagés pour le futur. / This work aims toward an improved understanding of the seismic signals derived from the inter-receiver correlation functions of seismic noise, which is valuable and critical for a reliable noise-based deep Earth imaging. The thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces background knowledge on seismic noise, from its classifications to various origins. Chapter 2 provides a literature overview on the history and development of the emerging noise correlation method, and reviews various techniques for the pre-processing of seismic noise data and post-processing of noise correlation functions. Statistics-based noise processing methods and a modified scheme for computing correlation function are developed in this chapter. Chapter 3 proposes several Radon-based techniques to analyze the slownesses of correlated wavefields and to unveil the origin of noise-derived seismic signals. Chapter 4 shows that body waves penetrating into deep Earth can be extracted from noise correlations at teleseismic distances, with noise records from two regional seismic networks. Chapter 5 applies the techniques proposed in chapter 3 to the double-array nose correlations computed in chapter 4, and accordingly reveals the origin of an early spurious phase observed in chapter 4. Chapter 6 discusses several situations that bring ambiguities into the noise-derived seismic signals and can potentially bias the noise-based imaging of subsurface structure. The last chapter provides a summarization over the contributions of this thesis and an outlook of several ongoing and prospected works.

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