Orientador: Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Segato_MilenaPinotti_D.pdf: 2442383 bytes, checksum: e69a88b2ce9ec4c5ba2780755d0a6c2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de novas fases estacionárias (FE) sorvidas e imobilizadas para cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa (CLAE-FR), utilizando-se suporte de sílica não modificada e metalizada com zircônia, recobertos com o polímero poli(dimetilsiloxano-co-metilfenilsiloxano) (PDMFS). O processo de imobilização do polímero foi feito por tratamento térmico e as condições que forneceram FE com o melhor desempenho cromatográfico foram 140 ºC e 6 h. As FE preparadas sob estas condições apresentaram porcentagens de carbono entre 10 e 11 % e espessura de camada entre 0,6 e 0,7 nm. Foi feito o capeamento das FE buscando-se um melhor recobrimento dos sítios ativos do suporte e, após este procedimento, houve um aumento de cerca de 2 % na porcentagem de carbono e redução do número de silanóis livres e vicinais nos suportes cromatográficos. A caracterização físico-química das FE sugere que o PDMFS está fisicamente adsorvido e quimicamente ligado aos suportes, sendo que as interações com o suporte metalizado são mais intensas. As FE foram avaliadas cromatograficamente por meio da separação de algumas misturas teste e seus desempenhos foram similares aos de colunas comerciais tradicionais, com eficiências superiores a 70000 pratos m para o acenafteno, nas FE não capeadas, e acima de 56000 pratos m nas FE capeadas. As características cromatográficas das FE preparadas foram similares no que diz respeito às seletividades hidrofóbica, estérica e aromática. As FE capeadas apresentaram maior hidrofobicidade e menor capacidade de formação de ligações de hidrogênio que as FE não capeadas. A zirconização aumentou a acidez dos sítios ativos e a capacidade de troca iônica das sílicas zirconizadas. Por outro lado, a combinação da zirconização do suporte com o capeamento é uma estratégia importante para a obtenção de FE com estabilidade elevada. As FE desenvolvidas neste trabalho apresentam potencial para serem aplicadas na separação de compostos aromáticos de diferentes polaridades, agrotóxicos e fármacos contendo grupos básicos / Abstract: This work describes the development of new stationary phases (SP) based on poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylphenylsiloxane) sorbed and immobilized onto silica and zirconized silica for reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The polymer was immobilized by thermal treatment at 140 °C during 6 h, which were the conditions that produced SP with the best chromatographic performance. The SP prepared using these conditions presented carbon loadings between 10 and 11 % and polymeric thicknesses between 0.6 and 0.7 nm. The SP were end-capped aiming at a better coverage of the active sites of the support. This procedure increased the carbon loadings by about 2 % and reduced the number of free and vicinal silanols on the chromatographic supports. Physico-chemical characterization of the SP suggests that PDMFS is physically absorbed and chemically bonded to the supports and that the interactions with the metalized support are stronger. The SP were chromatographically evaluated by the separation of some test mixtures and the performances were similar to those of traditional commercial columns, with column efficiencies higher than 70000 plates m for acenaphthene on the SP without endcapping, and above 56000 plates m with the end-capped SP. The chromatographic characteristics of the SP were similar with regard to hydrophobic, spatial and aromatic selectivities. The end-capped SP presented higher hydrophobicity and lower hydrogen bonding capacity than the not end-capped SP. The metallization procedure increased the acidity of active sites and the ion exchange capacity of zirconized silica. However, the combination of zirconization of the support and the end-capping procedure is an important strategy to obtain SP with high stability. The SP presented potential for the separations of aromatic compounds with different polarities, of pesticides and of pharmaceuticals having basic groups / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:08:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Begnini_FernandaRibeiro_M.pdf: 1951363 bytes, checksum: fe0989f49b67e9b16db7e81f2c1544f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Novas fases estacionárias (FE) para Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência em fase reversa (CLAE-FR) foram preparadas a partir da sorção e imobilização por micro-ondas do copolímero poli(2- fenilpropil)metilsiloxano (PFPMS) sobre suporte de sílica Kromasil (tipo B, esférica, 5 mm). A FE preparada com carga do copolímero de 50%, imobilizada a 540 W por 80 minutos e extraída com clorofórmio (3 horas) e metanol (2 horas) após 8 dias de imobilização, apresentou desempenho cromatográfico satisfatório, com eficiências acima de 60000 pratos/m e parâmetros cromatográficos na faixa aceita pela literatura. Através da caracterização físico-química da FE preparada, pelas técnicas de RMN Si e C, e espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho, entre outras, foi possível sugerir que o PFPMS encontra-se fisicamente sorvido e quimicamente ligado à sílica. A caracterização cromatográfica mostrou que a FE possui seletividade hidrofóbica, seletividade estérica, pouca interação com analitos polares e grupos silanóis residuais, sendo características apropriadas para uma FR. A FE preparada apresenta grande potencial na separação de agrotóxicos, fármacos e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, além de possuir estabilidade em meio ácido / Abstract: A new stationary phase for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was prepared by sorption and microwave immobilization of the copolymer poly(2- phenylpropyl)methylsiloxane (PPPMS) onto a silica support (Kromasil®, type B, 5 mm). The stationary phase prepared with copolymeric content of 50%, immobilized at 540 W for 80 min and extracted with chloroform (3 hours) and methanol (2 hours) eight days after immobilization, showed satisfactory chromatographic performance, with efficiency above 60000 plates/m and symmetrical peaks. The physical¿chemical characterization of the new microwave immobilized stationary phase using solid-state NMR spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy suggested that the copolymer is physically sorbed and chemically bonded onto the silica support. The chromatographic characterization showed that the stationary phase has hydrophobic selectivity, steric selectivity, low interaction with polar analytes and residual silanols, suggesting that the stationary phase prepared is promising to be used in RP-HPLC. The microwave immobilized stationary phase presented chemical stability and potential applicability to separation of pesticides, pharmaceutical drugs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Carol Hollingworth Collins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:37:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_AnizioMarciode_D.pdf: 2871302 bytes, checksum: 58d9a466b2a4724df83a92414de3d9a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Quimica

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_ClaudiodeCastro_M.pdf: 1652977 bytes, checksum: b266745fcbc738cc97c41fdc4d79a00b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: / Resumo: Neste trabalho, prepararam-se fases estacionárias (FE) fluoradas capeadas para utilização em Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência em Fase Reversa (CLAE-FR). A preparação da FE consistiu na sorção do polímero poli(metil-3,3,3-trifluorproprilsiloxano) (PMTFS) sobre sílica, tipo B, com tamanho de partícula de 5 ?m, seguido de imobilização térmica a 226 oC, por 12 horas e extração com diclorometano, a fim de eliminar o polímero não aderido ao suporte. A FE imobilizada, Si(PMTFS), foi submetida à reação de capeamento com trimetilclorossilano e hexametildissilaxano, para a redução dos grupos silanóis que não foram recobertos pelo polímero. Testes físico-químicos e cromatográficos comprovaram a eficiência da imobilização do polímero e do capeamento. O desempenho cromatográfico da FE fluorada capeada, Si(PMTFS)ec, foi superior ao da não capeada e os testes de Tanaka e colaboradores demonstraram que o capeamento diminuiu a atividade silanofílica da FE e aumentou a sua hidrofobicidade. A FE Si(PMTFS)ec apresentou o mecanismo "U-shape", pois se observou o aumento da retenção de compostos básicos e polares em altas porcentagens do modificador orgânico na fase móvel. As FE de Si(PMTFS)ec apresentaram estabilidade química superior às FE não capeadas, porém, elas mostraram-se mais instáveis que as FE C8, C18 preparadas no grupo. Embora a estabilidade química à fase móvel em meio básica seja uma desvantagem, a mesma possui o mecanismo "U-shape" que pode ser utilizado para aumentar a retenção dos compostos básicos, sem o uso de condições drásticas de pH, além de ser uma FE mais apropriada quando se emprega o espectrômetro de massas, pois a alta concentração de solvente orgânico na fase móvel melhora a ionização dos analitos, aumentando as suas detectabilidades. A FE Si(PMTFS)ec constitui em uma alternativa bem sucedida para emprego em CLAE-FR, devido a sua capacidade em separar vários tipos de compostos / Abstract: / Abstract: In this work, end-capped fluorinated stationary phases (SP) for use in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography on Reversed Phase (RP-HPLC) were prepared. The preparation of the SP consisted in the sorption of the polymer poly(methyl-3,3,3-trifluorproprilsiloxane) (PMTFS) onto type B silica, with particle size of 5 µm, followed by thermal immobilization at 226 °C for 12 h and extraction with dichloromethane to eliminate the polymer that had not interacted with the support. The immobilized SP, Si (PMTFS), was subjected to an end-capping reaction to reduce the silanol groups that were not covered by the polymer. Physical-chemical and chromatographic tests were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the immobilization of the polymer and of the end-capping reaction. The chromatographic performance of the end-capped fluorinated SP, Si (PMTFS)ec, was greater than that of the non-end-capped phase. The Tanaka tests showed a decrease in silanophilic activity and an increase in hydrophobicity. The Si (PMTFS)ec SP showed a U-shaped mechanism, because of the observed increase in retention of basic compounds at high percentages of the organic component in the mobile phase. The Si (PMTFS)ec SP showed superior chemical stability to non-end-capped SP, however, less stability than C8 and C-18 SP also prepared by the group. Although chemical stability in alkaline mobile phase is a disadvantage, it has a "U-shape" mechanism that can be used to increase the retention of basic compounds without the use of drastic conditions of pH, and is more appropriate for use with a mass spectrometer. Due to the high concentrations of organic solvent in the mobile phase the ionization of the analytes is better, increasing the detectability. The Si (PMTFS)ec SP can be used in RP-HPLC due to its ability to separate various types of compounds / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), two groups of structurally related chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, are of high concern due to their global distribution and extreme toxicity. Since they occur at very low levels, their analysis is complex, challenging and hence there is a need for efficient, reliable and rapid alternative analytical methods. Developing such methods was the aim of the project this thesis is based upon. During the first years of the project the focus was on the first parts of the analytical chain (extraction and clean-up). A selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) procedure was developed, involving in-cell clean-up to remove bulk co-extracted matrix components from sample extracts. It was further streamlined by employing a modular pressurized liquid extraction (M-PLE) system, which simultaneously extracts, cleans up and isolates planar PCDD/Fs in a single step. Both methods were validated using a wide range of soil, sediment and sludge reference materials. Using dichloromethane/n-heptane (DCM/Hp; 1/1, v/v) as a solvent, results statistically equivalent to or higher than the reference values were obtained, while an alternative, less harmful non-chlorinated solvent mixture - diethyl ether/n-heptane (DEE/Hp; 1/2, v/v) – yielded data equivalent to those values. Later, the focus of the work shifted to the final instrumental analysis. Six gas chromatography (GC) phases were evaluated with respect to their chromatographic separation of not just the 17 most toxic congeners (2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs), but all 136 tetra- to octaCDD/Fs. Three novel ionic liquid columns performed much better than previously tested commercially available columns. Supelco SLB-IL61 offered the best overall performance, successfully resolving 106 out of the 136 compounds, and 16 out of the 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Another ionic liquid (SLB-IL111) column provided complementary separation. Together, the two columns separated 128 congeners. The work also included characterization of 22 GC columns’ selectivity and solute-stationary phase interactions. The selectivities were mapped using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of all 136 PCDD/F’s retention times on the columns, while the interactions were probed by analyzing both the retention times and the substances’ physicochemical properties.

Orientador: Carol Hollingworth Collins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T07:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CarlaGrazieliAzevedoda_D.pdf: 4489958 bytes, checksum: f1c0299f6db7beed410c437dcdfc5886 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de fases estacionárias (FE) para cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa (CLAE-FR) e cromatografia com fluido supercrítico (CFS) a partir da imobilização térmica de poli(metiloctadecilsiloxano) (PMODS) sobre suportes de sílicas metalizadas com zircônio e titânio. O processo de imobilização térmica do PMODS foi otimizado aplicando-se planejamento composto central. O polímero, os suportes e as fases estacionárias foram caracterizados por testes físicoquímicos e cromatográficos. As fases estacionárias Si(PMODS), Si-Zr(PMODS) e Si-Ti(PMODS) apresentaram os melhores resultados quando foi aplicada a temperatura de 120 °C por 16 horas. As melhores FE foram submetidas ao processo de capeamento. Estas FE mostraram eficiências entre 82.000 e 90.000 pratos m e boas separações com picos simétricos para compostos apolares e picos com simetria adequada, segundo parâmetros estabelecidos pela Farmacopéia Americana (United States Pharmacopeia), para compostos polares, avaliados pelos testes de Engelhardt, Tanaka, Neue, SRM 870 e pelo modelo dos parâmetros de solvatação utilizando CFS. A presença do óxido metálico no suporte resultou em FE com maior estabilidade química em condições drásticas de fase móvel (pH 1,7 e pH 10 a 50 °C), quando comparada com fases similares baseadas em sílica nua. A reação de capeamento melhorou a estabilidade química das FE e diminuiu o número de silanóis residuais. As FE Si-Zr(PMODS), Si-Ti(PMODS), Si-Zr(PMODS)ec e Si- Ti(PMODS)ec apresentam potencialidade na separação de fármacos psicoativos, filtros ultravioleta (UV), xantinas e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA), utilizando CLAE e CFS. / Abstract: This work presents the development of stationary phases (SP) for high performance liquid chromatography in the reversed phase (RP-HPLC) and for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) prepared by the sorption and thermal immobilization of poly(methyloctadecylsiloxane) (PMODS) onto silica and metalized silica supports modified with zirconium and titanium. The immobilization process was optimized using central composite design for determination of the best conditions of time and temperature. The polymer, supports and stationary phases were characterized with physico-chemical and chromatographic tests. The stationary phases Si(PMODS), Si-Zr(PMODS) and Si-Ti(PMODS) presented the best results when a temperature of 120 °C for 16 hours was applied. The best SP were submitted to endcapping processes. These SP showed efficiencies between 82,000 and 90,000 plates m and good separations with symmetric peaks for apolar and polar compounds evaluated by the Engelhardt, Tanaka, Neue and SRM 870 tests and the solvation parameter model using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The presence of metallic oxide on the supports resulted in stationary phases with better chemical stability under drastic conditions of mobile phase (pH 1.7 and pH 10 at 50 °C), when compared to similar stationary phases based on bare silica. The endcapping reaction improved the chemical stability. The SP Si-Zr(PMODS), Si- Ti(PMODS), Si-Zr(PMODS)ec e Si-Ti(PMODS)ec presented potentialities for the separation different pharmaceutical compounds used as psychotropic drugs, ultraviolet (UV) filters, xanthines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), using separations in HPLC and SFC. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Under the framework of this PhD project, a study on chromatographic behaviour of selected azaarenes on octadecylsilica stationary phases during their separation by reversed phase liquid chromatography was developed. The main goal was aimed at an application of the basic RPLC principles on the retention behaviour of azaarenes including the effects such as peak tailing, peak broadening, irreproducible retention or strong retention on a stationary phase. This study was particularly focused on basic azaarenes, also called acridines, which belong to a group of persistent organic pollutants providing mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity. The retention patterns were studied on a group of eight acridines that are often present in environmental samples polluted with polycyclic aromatic compounds. The mixture of acridines was separated under isocratic elution conditions on three octadecylsilica stationary phases using two different binary mixtures as a mobile phase. Evaluation of the surface properties of the selected stationary phases was firstly performed, followed by the separation experiments. The structure of the experiments was designed to evaluate the effect of three different factors on the retention behaviour of acridines: properties of a stationary phase, composition of a mobile phase and physical-chemical properties of acridines. The treatment of the results was based on the capacity factor values providing the best fitting and repeatability of data, but other parameters that evaluate thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the separation process were also given. Simple correlations between the three factors and a character of retention mechanism of acridines on the given separation system were found. Application of this knowledge simplifies an optimisation process and helps to solve common separation problems for acridines, but also for other basic analytes displaying similar physical-chemical properties (Mr and pKa).