Cette thèse porte sur la localisation de sources acoustiques sous-marines avec application à une expérience en mer. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode d'appariement basée sur une métrique appelée distance de Hausdorff (HD) en tant que fonction de coût à minimiser, afin d'effectuer l'inversion de localisation. La localisation 2D, en distance et en profondeur, est réalisée en faisant correspondre les schémas de différence de temps d'arrivée (TDOA) en utilisant un seul hydrophone à la réception et en faisant correspondre le TDOA et l'Angle d'arrivée (AOA) lors de l'utilisation d'un tableau des hydrophones à la réception, entre des séquences respectivement mesurées et modélisées. Le TDOA modélisé a été obtenu sur la base du modèle de propagation acoustique Ray-path. Les ensembles de données analysés ici ont été collectés dans un contexte de localisation passive en considérant une cible immobile et dans deux expériences : la cuve acoustique de GIPSA-LAB utilisant des systèmes coopératifs et non coopératifs vérifiés par des simulations du rapport signal sur bruit et sur la campagne ALMA 2015, collectée par la Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) en utilisant un système coopératif qui s'est déroulé dans un environnement en eaux peu profondes de la côte sud de la France. Au cours de l’expérience ALMA, les données acoustiques ont été mesurées sur un réseau linéaire vertical (VLA) de 10 m de haut, composé de 64 hydrophones, ce qui permet non seulement d’adapter le TDOA mais également l’angle d’arrivée (AOA). Plusieurs variantes de la distance de Hausdorff sont appliquées dans deux processus différents: premièrement, séparément dans chaque hydrophone, puis combinées pour améliorer la précision de la localisation (diversité spatiale), et la seconde où les informations des différents hydrophones sont combinées (formation de faisceaux), pour trouver l'emplacement cible. Les résultats des deux processus sont comparés et prouvés pour réduire l'ambiguïté soit la profondeur et la portée, améliorant ainsi la précision finale. Le Cramer Rao Bound montrant la variance minimale effectuée sur la base d’équations déterministes est présenté avec le meilleur résultat de chaque processus. Une performance et une précision très satisfaisantes sont obtenues. Les conclusions et les perspectives de ce travail sont discutées à la fin. / This thesis addresses an acoustic underwater source localization with application to an at-sea experiment. We propose a new matching method based on a fit-metric called as Hausdorff distance (HD) as a cost-function to be minimized, in order to perform the localization inversion. The 2-D localization, in range and depth, is performed by matching the patterns of time difference of arrival (TDOA) when using only one hydrophone at the reception and by matching the TDOA and the Angle of Arrival (AOA) when using an array of hydrophones at the reception, between respectively measured and modeled sequences. The modelled TDOA was obtained based on the Ray-path acoustic propagation model. The data sets analyzed here were collected during two experiments in a context of passive localization considering a motionless target: The tank of GIPSA-LAB using cooperative and non-cooperative systems which were verified by simulations with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio and the ALMA 2015, collected by the Direction générale de l’armement (DGA) using a cooperative system which took place in a shallow water environment of the southern coast of France. During the ALMA experiment the acoustic data were measured over a 10m-high vertical linear array (VLA), composed of 64 hydrophones, allowing not only matching the TDOA but also the Angle of Arrival (AOA). Several variants of the Hausdorff Distance are applied in two different processes: First, separately in each single hydrophone, and then combined in order to improve the localization accuracy (spatial diversity), and the second, the information from the different hydrophones are combined (beamforming) and the HD variants are applied to find the target location. The results of both processes are compared and proved to reduce the ambiguity either is depth and in range, thus improving the final accuracy. The Cramer Rao Bound showing the minimal variance performed based on deterministic equations is presented with the best result of each process. Very satisfactory performance and accuracy are obtained. The conclusions and perspectives of this work are discussed at the end.

This thesis deals with the issues associated with the legal regulation of air quality protection. The main objective is to describe, analyse and evaluate the condition of the current legal regulation which is mainly represented by the Act no. 201/2012 Coll., on the protection of air. The introductory part of the thesis focuses on the historical development of the legal regulation, its primary milestones, as well as legal regulation according to International and European Law and its impact on the internal national legislation. Furthermore, the thesis also focuses on the currently valid legal regulation and its components and clarifies its basic terminology. The largest portion of the thesis focuses on the legal regulation of the individual instruments regulated primarily by the Act no. 201/2012 Coll., on the protection of air, with the primary focus being the stationary sources of pollution. These instruments are sorted into traditional groups, each respectively representing conceptual, administrative-legal and economic instruments. The chapter on conceptual instruments primarily focuses on the two fundamental instrumental programs, that is a) - The National Emission Reduction Program of the Czech Republic, and b) - programs aimed at improving air quality and their importance in legal regulation....

Darbe analizuojami teisės aktai reglamentuojantys aplinkos oro apsaugą, Europos Sąjungos direktyvos. Pateikiamos Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos priemonės taršai mažinti. Išanalizavus gautus duomenis, išryškėjo Pramonės gatvėje trys pagrindiniai stacionarūs taršos šaltiniai, kurie turi įtakos šiai gatvei. Viena didžiausių įmonių, tai AB „Šiaulių energija“ Pietinė katilinė, kuri vykdydamą savo veiklą per metus išmeta 94 % suminio emisijų kiekio lyginant su kitais stacionariais taršos šaltiniais. Išmatavus triukšmo lygius Pramonės gatvėje paaiškėjo, kad didžiausias triukšmo lygis būna prie įmonės UAB „Kalvis“ ir prie prekybos centro „Bruklinas“. Transporto srautas šioje gatvėje yra intensyviausias ryte ir vakare (piko valandomis). Vidutiniškai per valandą pravažiuoja 1500 automobilių. Norint sumažinti triukšmo lygius reikėtų įrengti želdinius, kurie taip pat dar ir valo aplinkos orą. Norint sumažint emisijų kiekius į atmosferą, įmonėms siūlyčiau įdiegti naujas technologijas, kurios mažiau terštų, pradėti naudoti efektyvesnius valymo įrenginius. / In this paper analyzes the laws governing environmental protection, air pollution, the EU Directive relating to the subject of my question. Submitted to the Republic of Lithuania and European Union environmental pollution measures maint. Major stationary sources of pollution are 3 firms in the Pramones street. The one of biggest firm is the AB „Siauliu energija“ Pietine katiline. This undertaking their activity during the year, emit 94% of total emissions in comparison with other companies. Measurement of noise levels in industry in the street showed that the maximum noise level is at UAB „Kalvis“ and the shopping center in „Bruklinas“. Traffic on this street is the most intense in the morning and evening (peak hours). An average of 1,500 per hour passing cars. To reduce the noise levels should be equipped with green stands, which are also designed for cleaning the air. For quantities are reduced emissions into the atmosphere, I would suggest that companies introduce new technologies that pollute less, start to use more efficient air cleaning devices.

Orientador: Silvana Moreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T08:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fonseca_RoneyJoseda_M.pdf: 1481408 bytes, checksum: 7f9822fbb599c31623b7b04f50171593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar e avaliar a emissão de fluoreto e de metais de dutos e fontes estacionárias de indústrias cerâmicas da região do Pólo Cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes (SP). Nos últimos anos houve um crescimento das empresas neste setor, causando reflexos ambientais nesta região responsável por 60% da produção de pisos esmaltados. O principal causador destes danos é o flúor na forma de fluoreto gasoso e ácido fluorídrico, comumente encontrado no solo e na argila utilizada na fabricação de pisos e artefatos cerâmicos. No período de 2004 a 2007 foram coletadas amostras dos gases emitidos por diversas indústrias cerâmicas desta região. Os compostos a base de flúor foram analisados por potenciometria e alguns metais pela técnica de fluorescência de raios X por reflexão total com radiação síncrotron. Altas concentrações de elementos como Cromo, Níquel e Chumbo foram observadas nas amostras analisadas e, em valores superiores aos permitidos pela legislação. No que se refere à emissão de fluoreto total foi verificado que 61,5% das empresas monitoradas apresentaram valores de emissão acima do permitido (5,0 mg/Nm3). Foi verificado ainda que o fluoreto foi emitido principalmente na forma de fluoreto gasoso. Desta forma a problemática ambiental na região de Santa Gertrudes não está associada apenas à emissão de flúor, mas também está relacionada à presença de metais pesados presentes em altas concentrações nas emissões atmosféricas provenientes do setor cerâmico / Abstract: The purpose of this work was monitoring and evaluation the emissions of fluoride and metals of ducts and stationary sources from ceramics industries of Santa Gertrudes region (SP). In recent years there had been a growth of companies in this sector, causing environmental repercussions in this region responsible for 60% of the production of porcelain tiles. The main cause of these damages is fluorine as fluoride gaseous and fluoridric acid, commonly found in soil and clay used in the manufacture of ceramic artifacts. During 2004 until 2007 gaseous samples were collected in different industries. The fluorine compounds were analyzed by potentiometry method and some metals by X-ray fluorescence analysis. High concentrations of Chromium, Nickel and Lead were observed in the samples and the values were higher than the permitted by the Brazilian legislation. In relation to fluoride emission 61,5% of the industries monitored showed values above the established by the legislation (5.0 mg/Nm3). In this way the environmental pollution in Santa Gertrudes region was not associated just to fluorine emission but also with the heavy metals present in high concentrations in the atmospheric emissions from stationary sources of ceramic industries / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

The problems with the environmental damage valuation which are caused by the stationary sources belong to the important issues to be solved. Due to the heavy industrial activity in the Czech Republic it is important to pay attention to the possible risks which can emerge from these sources and can impact the environment and the health condition of people. The thesis deals with the analysis of the present state of this problem. The analysis of the risks which come from the specific situation is made on its basis. The goal of this thesis is to propose the general procedure of the valuation of the incurred damage on the environment and the minimization of the risks.

As emissões atmosféricas têm sido consideradas por especialistas, poder público, iniciativa privada e organizações ambientalistas, um dos maiores impactos ambientais que o planeta vem enfrentando. Neste contexto estão tanto as fontes estacionárias quanto as fontes móveis. Ao mesmo tempo em que se lançam na atmosfera milhões de toneladas de poluentes a cada ano através da indústria, o homem procura soluções alternativas através de fontes de energia limpa. Adicionalmente, procura-se ao diminuir as emissões das fontes fixas exercer melhor controle e tratamento. Apresenta-se nesse trabalho, a possibilidade da implementação de ações que visem minimizar o impacto causado pelas caldeiras geradoras de energia, em especial as que operam com queimadores convencionais. Experimentou-se um procedimento capaz de ser utilizado de imediato pelas indústrias, antes mesmo de se implementar inovações tecnológicas, que demandam tempo e recursos. Desta forma, pode-se reduzir, de maneira imediata, o volume de poluentes lançados diariamente na atmosfera, em especial o monóxido de carbono, CO, os óxidos de nitrogênio, NOx, e o material particulado, MP. Objetivou-se atingir um nível de emissões capaz de minimizar o custo do dano, sem perder a eficiência da combustão. Apresenta-se ainda a base metodológica de um modelo, utilizando-se a lógica difusa, como forma de se obter um controle e confiabilidade na gestão das emissões. / Atmospheric emissions are considered by specialists, government, private organizations and environmental organizations as one of the main causes of all weather changes that our planet has been facing. This work focuses mainly on stationary sources, especially the large ordinary high pressure steam generators. While millions of tons of pollutants are released in the atmosphere by industrial sources annually, human beings are searching for alternative solutions to estabilish clean energy sources. Besides this search, there is growing interest in concentration the generation of emissions on stationary sources, so as to establish an easier way of controlling and treating emissions. A procedure that can be immediately adopted by industries. It has been tested, without the necessity of implementing expensive and time consuming technological changes. Thus, it is possible to immediately reduce the amount of pollutants released in the atmosphere. Besides reducing nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon monoxide, it aimed at reaching a level of them which permitted the establishment of the ideal value between emission and cost of the damage, to obtain the lowest cost of damage. It also presents the methodological base of a model, using Fuzzy logic as a way of obtaining control and reliability on the management of emissions.

As emissões atmosféricas têm sido consideradas por especialistas, poder público, iniciativa privada e organizações ambientalistas, um dos maiores impactos ambientais que o planeta vem enfrentando. Neste contexto estão tanto as fontes estacionárias quanto as fontes móveis. Ao mesmo tempo em que se lançam na atmosfera milhões de toneladas de poluentes a cada ano através da indústria, o homem procura soluções alternativas através de fontes de energia limpa. Adicionalmente, procura-se ao diminuir as emissões das fontes fixas exercer melhor controle e tratamento. Apresenta-se nesse trabalho, a possibilidade da implementação de ações que visem minimizar o impacto causado pelas caldeiras geradoras de energia, em especial as que operam com queimadores convencionais. Experimentou-se um procedimento capaz de ser utilizado de imediato pelas indústrias, antes mesmo de se implementar inovações tecnológicas, que demandam tempo e recursos. Desta forma, pode-se reduzir, de maneira imediata, o volume de poluentes lançados diariamente na atmosfera, em especial o monóxido de carbono, CO, os óxidos de nitrogênio, NOx, e o material particulado, MP. Objetivou-se atingir um nível de emissões capaz de minimizar o custo do dano, sem perder a eficiência da combustão. Apresenta-se ainda a base metodológica de um modelo, utilizando-se a lógica difusa, como forma de se obter um controle e confiabilidade na gestão das emissões. / Atmospheric emissions are considered by specialists, government, private organizations and environmental organizations as one of the main causes of all weather changes that our planet has been facing. This work focuses mainly on stationary sources, especially the large ordinary high pressure steam generators. While millions of tons of pollutants are released in the atmosphere by industrial sources annually, human beings are searching for alternative solutions to estabilish clean energy sources. Besides this search, there is growing interest in concentration the generation of emissions on stationary sources, so as to establish an easier way of controlling and treating emissions. A procedure that can be immediately adopted by industries. It has been tested, without the necessity of implementing expensive and time consuming technological changes. Thus, it is possible to immediately reduce the amount of pollutants released in the atmosphere. Besides reducing nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon monoxide, it aimed at reaching a level of them which permitted the establishment of the ideal value between emission and cost of the damage, to obtain the lowest cost of damage. It also presents the methodological base of a model, using Fuzzy logic as a way of obtaining control and reliability on the management of emissions.

in english The aim of this thesis is to provide a systematic insight into the regulation of air protection from pollution produced by so called "enumerated stationary sources", which means from sources enumerated in annex no. 2 of Act no. 201/2012 Coll., focused on the on air protection. The work is divided into two sub-parts when the first part focuses on the proposed legislation in the field of air protection from pollution, its historical development, and legislation at all levels - expressly international law, law of European union and national legislation. Subsequently, the thesis describes the basic objectives of current legislation with regard to all sources of air pollution. The second part of the thesis concerns only on legislation that adjusts enumerated stationary sources and presents a list of various legal instruments of control in a systematic division of conceptual, administrative and economic tools, which is always given to the appropriate section. These particular tools are discussed with regard to the specifics applied to these enumerated stationary sources. The conclusion is a separate chapter devoted to liability for infringement of operators that run the enumerated stationary sources.