O tema deste trabalho é a metodologia Seis Sigma. O objetivo principal é apresentar e desenvolver uma metodologia para aplicação do Seis Sigma e desenvolver estudo aplicado. Inicialmente, é realizada uma revisão bibliográfica, enfocando os temas qualidade, satisfação do cliente e Seis Sigma. Na seqüência, é apresentada uma proposta de modelo para a aplicação do Seis Sigma em processos industriais. O modelo proposto aborda a estrutura para aplicação do Seis Sigma, os treinamentos e as principais atividades e ferramentas do ciclo DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve e Control). O modelo proposto é aplicado através de uma série de projetos. Um desses projetos é descrito detalhadamente, ilustrando o modelo proposto. Os resultados apresentados na aplicação do Seis Sigma são amplamente positivos. Os resultados obtidos abrangem melhorias radicais de qualidade, produtividade e custos. As atividades e ferramentas que apresentaram melhores resultados são destacadas. Apesar do Seis Sigma estar associado à aplicação intensiva de estatística, verifica-se que, de um modo geral, o Seis Sigma pode ser aplicado de um modo mais simplificado. / The subject of this work is the Six Sigma methodology. The main purpose is to present and develop a methodology for Six Sigma application, illustrating through a case study. First, a literature review, focusing on the items quality, customer satisfaction and Six Sigma methodology, is carried out. Next, a model proposed for Six Sigma application in industrial processes is presented. The proposed model deals with the structure for Six Sigma application, the training of the people involved and the main activities and tools of the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control). The proposed model is applied to many projects. One of these projects is described in detail, illustrating the proposed model. The results achieved with Six Sigma are very positive. The results include breakthrough improvements in quality, productivity and costs. The activities and tools that show best results are emphasized. Despite the association of Six Sigma with intensive statistical application, it is possible to verify that this methodology can be applied in a more simplified way.

O tema deste trabalho é a metodologia Seis Sigma. O objetivo principal é apresentar e desenvolver uma metodologia para aplicação do Seis Sigma e desenvolver estudo aplicado. Inicialmente, é realizada uma revisão bibliográfica, enfocando os temas qualidade, satisfação do cliente e Seis Sigma. Na seqüência, é apresentada uma proposta de modelo para a aplicação do Seis Sigma em processos industriais. O modelo proposto aborda a estrutura para aplicação do Seis Sigma, os treinamentos e as principais atividades e ferramentas do ciclo DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve e Control). O modelo proposto é aplicado através de uma série de projetos. Um desses projetos é descrito detalhadamente, ilustrando o modelo proposto. Os resultados apresentados na aplicação do Seis Sigma são amplamente positivos. Os resultados obtidos abrangem melhorias radicais de qualidade, produtividade e custos. As atividades e ferramentas que apresentaram melhores resultados são destacadas. Apesar do Seis Sigma estar associado à aplicação intensiva de estatística, verifica-se que, de um modo geral, o Seis Sigma pode ser aplicado de um modo mais simplificado. / The subject of this work is the Six Sigma methodology. The main purpose is to present and develop a methodology for Six Sigma application, illustrating through a case study. First, a literature review, focusing on the items quality, customer satisfaction and Six Sigma methodology, is carried out. Next, a model proposed for Six Sigma application in industrial processes is presented. The proposed model deals with the structure for Six Sigma application, the training of the people involved and the main activities and tools of the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control). The proposed model is applied to many projects. One of these projects is described in detail, illustrating the proposed model. The results achieved with Six Sigma are very positive. The results include breakthrough improvements in quality, productivity and costs. The activities and tools that show best results are emphasized. Despite the association of Six Sigma with intensive statistical application, it is possible to verify that this methodology can be applied in a more simplified way.

O tema deste trabalho é a metodologia Seis Sigma. O objetivo principal é apresentar e desenvolver uma metodologia para aplicação do Seis Sigma e desenvolver estudo aplicado. Inicialmente, é realizada uma revisão bibliográfica, enfocando os temas qualidade, satisfação do cliente e Seis Sigma. Na seqüência, é apresentada uma proposta de modelo para a aplicação do Seis Sigma em processos industriais. O modelo proposto aborda a estrutura para aplicação do Seis Sigma, os treinamentos e as principais atividades e ferramentas do ciclo DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve e Control). O modelo proposto é aplicado através de uma série de projetos. Um desses projetos é descrito detalhadamente, ilustrando o modelo proposto. Os resultados apresentados na aplicação do Seis Sigma são amplamente positivos. Os resultados obtidos abrangem melhorias radicais de qualidade, produtividade e custos. As atividades e ferramentas que apresentaram melhores resultados são destacadas. Apesar do Seis Sigma estar associado à aplicação intensiva de estatística, verifica-se que, de um modo geral, o Seis Sigma pode ser aplicado de um modo mais simplificado. / The subject of this work is the Six Sigma methodology. The main purpose is to present and develop a methodology for Six Sigma application, illustrating through a case study. First, a literature review, focusing on the items quality, customer satisfaction and Six Sigma methodology, is carried out. Next, a model proposed for Six Sigma application in industrial processes is presented. The proposed model deals with the structure for Six Sigma application, the training of the people involved and the main activities and tools of the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control). The proposed model is applied to many projects. One of these projects is described in detail, illustrating the proposed model. The results achieved with Six Sigma are very positive. The results include breakthrough improvements in quality, productivity and costs. The activities and tools that show best results are emphasized. Despite the association of Six Sigma with intensive statistical application, it is possible to verify that this methodology can be applied in a more simplified way.

The frequent use of two or more closely positioned vessels during offshore operations makes the study of multi-body hydrodynamics an important topic, especially for the design of deepwater offshore systems. This research investigation studies the response behavior of a coupled mini-TLP / barge system in both head and beam sea conditions. The design sea conditions were selected to represent the combined wind, wave and current conditions for a target location off the coast of West Africa. Both the mini-TLP and the barge were designed to have independent mooring systems. Coupling between the two vessels is introduced through a connection consisting of two breast lines and a fender system. This connection is designed to restrain the horizontal movements of the two vessels while keeping a constant distance between them and avoiding collisions. The main focus of this study is to analyze the experimental data obtained during the model testing, especially the motions of the two bodies and the values related to the fender system, in order to characterize the behavior of the uncoupled and coupled system configurations. A statistical approach is used for the data analysis and interpretation. Statistical parameters are used to provide an overall characterization of system behavior, and Gaussian and Weibull distribution functions are utilized to detect the importance of non-linearity in the data with particular attention to extreme values. Correlations between the two vessels in time domain and frequency domain are investigated. In addition, auto and cross spectrum analyses of the data are used to contrast the motion behavior of the uncoupled and coupled configurations. It is shown that the connection system reduces the horizontal vessel motions; however the forces exerted on the fender system show significant variation depending on sea heading conditions.

Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjama IR statistika bei FARIMA ir AR duomenų generavimo algoritmai. Darbe pateikta programinė IR statistikos skaičiavimo bei FARIMA ir AR duomenų generavimo algoritmų realizacija. Visi algoritmai visapusiškai ištestuoti bei jiems sukurta vartotojo sąsaja. IR statistika dar nėra pilnai įrodyta, todėl šis darbas galės būti naudojamas tolimesniems IR statistikos tyrimams. / IR statistics, FARIMA and AR data production algorithms are analyzed in this master’s degree study. I present IR statistics calculating, FARIMA and AR data production algorithms software realization. All algorithms are universally tested and has user interface. IR statistics is not fully proven, that’s why this study could be used in further IR statistics researches.

Dans le domaine de la distribution d’électricité, l’arrivée progressive de production décentralisée rend certains réseaux de distribution exportateurs de puissance, au point où des investissements sont nécessaires pour permettre l’évacuation de la puissance produite. La progression de l’instrumentation des réseaux permet au distributeur d’obtenir des informations de plus en plus riches sur la production décentralisée et la question d’intégrer celles-ci dans les procédés de planification français se pose. À partir de relevés de production, on vérifie que les situations de référence utilisées pour dimensionner le réseau présentent un risque d’occurrence suffisant pour nécessiter des investissements. Si des solutions offrant de la flexibilité sont utilisées, celles-ci peuvent être intégrées au processus de planification. Une étude technico-économique est nécessaire et des méthodes sont proposées pour estimer les fréquences de forte production et la dispersion possible pour un ou plusieurs producteurs. Des modèles simples de loi jointe sont proposés. Le cas pratique de l’effacement de production est testé sur des réseaux considérés réalistes. À partir des relevés réels et des modèles, l’effacement est comparé à l’option d’investir au niveau du poste source. Des abaques de décision sont tracés permettant une projection rapide du distributeur. Par ailleurs dans une optique d’utilisation de l’effacement pour gérer des contraintes intra-réseau, une méthode de calcul de load flow probabilisé est proposée ; celle-ci permet d’estimer rapidement la quantité d’effacement requise et de réaliser un comparatif économique entre plusieurs options. / In the field of electricity distribution, some grids are more and more frequently exporters due to the gradual arrival of decentralized generation. Some grid investments are required to allow the evacuation of the power generated. As more and more information about decentralized production are available for the DSO, the question of integrating them into the planning processes arises.From data of energy production, it appears that the current situations tested for sizing the grid are likely to be reached on a several years basis. If consumption or production flexibilities are used, these can be integrated into the planning process. A technical and economic study is needed and methods are proposed to estimate the frequencies of high production and possible dispersion for one or more producers. Simple models of joint distribution are proposed.The practical case of curtailing production has been tested on networks with realistic scenarios of producers arrival. From actual data and previous models, curtailment and reinforcement are compared on a technico-economic basis. A abacus is plotted as a simple decision tool for the DSO. The question of using curtailment to defer or avoid intra-grid investment has also been investigated ; a calculation method of probabilistic load flow is proposed; it gives a quick and accurate estimation of the energy to curtail in order to avoid a constraint.

The management of quality more often penetrate into the sector of trade and becomes the important part of it. In the first part of my work I introduce the service department of Motorola Company . Also there are the most widely used statistic implements of the management of quality, which can be used for the improvement of the processes in the company. The base of the work is the analysis of brakedowns and their causes accured on reading units, repaired in the company. The result of the work is the corrective solution, which caused the rise of internal quality of the product, which was selected as the most problematic product on the basis of statistic control. The proposing solutions should rise internal quality by falling PPM under 20000. The most of proposing solutions were successfully implemented into the use.

Thesis (MDevF (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the realm of consumer behaviour research, discussions regarding materialism – commonly defined as the desire to consume – indebtedness and low-income consumerism have become almost unavoidable. This is to be expected in a society where spending patterns are constantly evolving, levels of indebtedness are steadily increasing and interest in the so-called ‘bottom of the pyramid’ consumers has been heightened. In South Africa, studies have found changes in consumption and credit usage to not only be significant, but also particularly relevant amongst low-income consumers. While this changing culture of consumption has been widely acknowledged, there has been little empirical research on consumer behaviour in South Africa and even less on low-income consumerism. For this reason a study was developed, which sought to explore the relationship between materialism and indebtedness among a sample of low-income, instalment paying consumers of South Africa’s leading catalogue retailer. Through use of a mailed self-completion survey questionnaire, consumers of the targeted retailer were asked to indicate their level of materialism, as measured using a materialism scale, and to report their level of indebtedness, measured as the number of retail store accounts held. In addition, key demographic data, consisting of the respondents’ age, gender and monthly income, was drawn from the retailer’s database. Using this data the study assessed whether (i) the sampled consumers displayed strong characteristics of materialism and (ii) whether materialism is a significant variable in predicting the sampled consumers’ propensity for incurring debt. Data analysis techniques applied in this study included tests to measure the reliability of the materialism scale as well as a variety of descriptive and inferential statistical tools, designed to identify relationships in the collected data. Using these techniques, this study found that sampled low-income consumers are indeed highly materialistic, with levels of materialism observed in this study being significantly higher than in a previous materialism study where a low-income earning consumer sample was used. Regarding levels of indebtedness, regression and correlation analysis performed suggested the presence of statistically significant relationships between consumers’ levels of indebtedness and each of the demographic variables of age and gender. However, materialism and monthly income was not found to be significant variables in determining a consumer’s level of indebtedness. While the decision to delineate this study based on the consumers of one particular retailer limits the extent to which findings can be generalised to the larger South African population, the results do provide a number of important insights, which contributes to the scant body of literature on low-income consumer behaviour in this country. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op die navorsingsveld oor verbruikersgedrag het die gesprek rondom die voorkoms van materialisme (wat gewoonlik gedefinieer word as die behoefte om te verbruik), verbruikersdruk en die skuldlas onder lae inkomstegroepe byna onvermydelik geword. Dit is te verwagte in ’n samelewing waar bestedingspatrone voortdurend ontwikkel, skuldlasvlakke aan die groei is en die belangstelling in verbruikers op die onderste vlak van die sogenaamde piramide verskerp het. Studies in Suid-Afrika dui aan dat, onder lae inkomste verbruikers, die verskille in verbruikersgedrag en kredietgebruik nie net opvallend nie maar ook besonder ter saaklik is. Hoewel die verandering in verbruikerskultuur rondom besteding reeds wyd beskryf is, is daar nog nie veel empiriese navorsing oor verbruikersgedrag gedoen nie – en nog minder onder lae inkomstegroepe. Dit is om hierdie rede dat ’n studie ontwerp is om die verhouding tussen materialisme en skuldlas te ondersoek onder ’n steekproef van lae inkomste huurkoopverbruikers van Suid-Afrika se grootste kataloguskleinhandelaar. Daar is gebruik gemaak van ’n vraelys vir die opname, wat aan die verbruikers gepos is en deur hulle ingevul is. Verbruikers is gevra om die vlak van hul materialisme aan te dui, soos gemeet volgens die gebruik van ’n skaal of maatstaf vir materialisme; en om hul skuldlas weer te gee, gemeet aan die aantal rekeninge wat hulle by kleinhandelwinkels het. Belangrike demografiese data, soos die respondente se ouderdom, geslag en maandelikse inkomste, is verkry uit die kleinhandelaar se databasis. Hierdie data is gebruik om te bepaal, (i) of die steekproefverbruikers ’n sterk neiging tot materialisme toon, en (ii) of materialisme ’n beduidende rol speel in die voorspelbaarheid van die mate waartoe die steekproefverbruikers hulle aan skuld sal blootstel. Tegnieke wat in die studie gebruik is vir data-analise sluit toetse in wat die betroubaarheid van die maatstawwe vir materialisme meet, asook ’n aantal beskrywende en afleibare statistiese metodes wat ontwerp is om verhoudings in die versamelde data te identifiseer. Deur die gebruik van hierdie tegnieke het die studie gevind dat hierdie steekproef van lae inkomste verbruikers inderdaad hoogs materialisties is, en dat die vlakke van materialisme wat waargeneem is, beduidend hoër is as wat gevind is in ’n vorige studie onder ’n steekproef van lae-inkomste verbruikers. Met betrekking tot skuldlasverpligtinge, het die regressie- en korrelasie-analise wat gedoen is die bestaan van statisties beduidende verhoudinge tussen verbruikers se skuldlasvlakke en die demografiese veranderlikes van ouderdom en geslag aangedui. Daar is egter gevind materialisme en maandelikse inkomste is nie beduidende veranderlikes in die bepaling van ’n verbruiker se skuldlas nie. Hoewel die ontwerp van hierdie studie om verbruikers van slegs ’n enkele kleinhandelaar in te sluit ’n beperking plaas op die toepasbaarheid van die bevindinge op die wyer Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking, het die resultate ’n aantal belangrike insigte verskaf wat bydra tot die klein hoeveelheid bestaande literatuur oor lae inkomste verbruikersgedrag in die land.

L'objectif de ce travail a été l'utilisation d'une méthodologie de formulation des formes à libération prolongée. Le choix de «matrices hydrophiles» a été fait en raison de l'intérêt et de l'importance des travaux qui lui sont consacrés, mais surtout en raison de la possibilité d'utilisation de la technologie simple de fabrication des comprimés par compression directe.Le principe actif choisi est le diclofenac de sodium, un anti-inflammatoire largement utilisé dont la molécule est tombée dans le domaine public. Utilisé  à raison de 100 mg par comprimé. La première partie bibliographique résume l'intérêt des formes à libération prolongée, décrit les différentes formes galéniques existantes pour la voie orale et fait le point sur les formules et les propriétés des agents matriciels hydrophiles parmi les plus utilisés, notamment les éthers de celluloses, hydroxypropymethylcellulose (METOLOSES®) (1). Dans la partie expérimentale, nous avons réalisé les différentes étapes nécessaires au développement d'une forme à libération prolongée qui correspondant aux étapes classiques  de pré-formulation, formulation et optimisation. Dans une première étape d'essais préliminaires  nous avons étudiés le comportement d'un point de vue pharmacotechnique des matières premières utilisés seuls et en mélange. Ce qui a permis de faire des orientations en ce qui concerne les différents types de METOLOSES, la nature du diluant, et leurs concentrations. Dans une deuxième étape, nous avons réalisé un premier plan d'expériences de criblage des facteurs, qui permet de déterminer le poids de chacun et leurs éventuelles interactions. Ce qui nous a permis de conclure sur l'effet des différents facteurs en formulation. Dans une troisième étape, nous avons réalisé un deuxième plan d'expériences d'optimisation de la formulation  en utilisant un plan composite centré constitué de 9 expériences ce qui a permis de sélectionner une zone de formules optimales. Enfin, la réalisation d'une formule optimale nous a permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus dans les travaux de développement et dont l'objectif été une libération sur 12 heures. / The objective of this work was the use of a formulation methodology of prolonged release dosage forms. The choice of “hydrophilic matrices” was done because of the interest and the numbered works which is devoted to it, but also for the use of a simple manufacture technology by direct compression. The selected active pharmaceutical ingredient is one of the most largely used nonsteroidial anti-inflammatory drug, the sodium diclofenac which is out of patent and used at 100 Mg per tablet. The first bibliographical part summarizes the interest of the prolonged release dosage forms, described the existing oral dosage forms and gives a progress report on the formulas and the properties of hydrophilic matrices agents among most used, in particular the cellulose ethers, hydroxypropymethylcellulose (METOLOSES®) (1). In the experimental part, we carried out the various steps necessary to the development of a prolonged release dosage form which correspond to the traditional steps of pre-formulation, formulation and optimization. In a first step of pharmaceutics preliminary tests we studied the behavior of raw materials used alone and in mixture. What made orientations with regard to the various types of METOLOSES, the nature of diluents, and their concentrations. In a second step, we carried out a first screening factors experimental design, which enabled us to conclude on the effect of the various factors in formulation. In a third step, we carried out a second optimization experimental design using a centered composite plan consisted of 9 experiments which lead us to define a space design of optimal formulas. Lastly, the manufacture of a formula from the design space enabled us to confirm the results to development work and for which the objective was a sustained release over 12 hours.

Os protetores solares (PS) são os grandes responsáveis pela proteção da pele quando exposta à radiação solar, por isso a importância sanitária de se otimizar o desenvolvimento deste cosmético tipo II e monitorar para que seja eficaz em seu propósito. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar os conceitos de Qualidade por Design (QbD), ferramentas estatísticas de desenho experimental (DoE - Design of Experiments) e o conceito de tecnologia analítica de processo (PAT - Process Analytical Technology) para desenvolver uma formulação e processo produtivo de um PS de modo a modernizar os processos da indústria cosmética, fazendo as análises durante o processo e eliminando o controle de qualidade final. Trata-se de um sistema de desenvolvimento sistematizado, onde se executa as ferramentas de QbD para avaliar os dados obtidos ao longo da fase experimental. Para a fase experimental, empregou-se o desenho fatorial e desenho do compósito central (CCD - Central Composite Design) como ferramenta estatística, para a execução do planejamento de experimentos (DoE - Design of Experiments). As respostas foram analisadas através da metodologia de superfície resposta (RSM - Response Surface Methodology). Tais ferramentas são fundamentais para a determinação do desenho de concepção (design space), para se obter o PS com as melhores características físico-químicas e de processo dentro do escopo delineado. Para o desenvolvimento da metodologia de análise in line, optou-se pela utilização da espectrometria UV, utilizando-se ferramentas como análise de regressão dos mínimos quadrados (PLS) devido a praticidade em transforma-la em uma ferramenta PAT, para isto, a quimiometria foi empregada para modelar sistemas que são desconhecidos e complexos, como um PS, e trazendo respostas diretas como a aprovação do produto antes de ser embalado, por exemplo. A abordagem apresentada baseia-se na construção da qualidade ao longo do desenvolvimento e otimização de PS e torna possível o monitoramento da qualidade em tempo real. / The sunscreens are great responsible for the skin protection when it is exposed to direct sunlight, so it means a great importance of health to optimize the development of type II cosmetic and monitor for it to be effective in its purpose. The objective of this work is to apply the concepts of Quality by Design and statistical tools of experimental design (DoE - Design of experiments), as well as applying the process analytical technology (PAT - Process Analytical Technology) concept for formulation and manufacturing process development of a topical sunscreen being able to modernize the cosmetic industry processing, including real time analyses and eliminating quarantine step, which waits analysis approval performed by the quality assurance, and then release the product for sale. As it is a systematic development, where critical quality attributes and risk assessment were performed to evaluate over obtained data. During experimental phase, the factorial design was used as a statistical tool for design of experiments implementation, and the responses were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM - Response Surface Methodology). This mapping is critical to determination of the product design (design space), i.e. get sunscreen with the best physical and chemical characteristics and processing within the outlined scope. For in line methodology development, UV spectrometry was opted to be used due to less effort in sample preparation and due to great easiness to turn it into a PAT tool. For this, chemometrics was used, which brings together chemical and statistical elements to obtain three main elements: empirical modeling, multivariate modeling and chemical data, making it able to model systems that are unknown and complex, as a sunscreen, getting direct answers as product release approval before being packed, for example. The presented approach was based on the construction of quality throughout the sunscreen development and optimization making possible the real time quality monitoring.