A autora estudou a situação nutricional de crianças de 1 a 4 anos de idade, residentes no município de Carapicuiba - São Paulo, no início da atividade de suplementação alimentar. Estudou-também a relação existente entre o estado nutricional do referido grupo etário com a suplementação alimentar, nível sócio-econômico e escolaridade das mães. Avaliou num período de 5 meses, as variáveis em estudo, principalmente as referentes ao nível sócio-econômico, educação alimentar e estado nutricional, bem como as suas modificações e interrelações. Encontrou que a frequência de crianças de l a 4 anos de idade, com algum grau de desnutrição segundo a classificação de GOMEZ, foi de 37,1 por cento na primeira fase do estudo, na segunda fase constatou-se uma diminuição nas proporções correspondentes às crianças desnutridas, desaparecendo desnutridas do grau dois (D2) e permanecendo os dois casos de desnutridos do grau três (D3). Encontrou também que 90,4 por cento das mães de 217 pré-escolares estudados, não tinham escolaridade ou apresentavam primeiro grau incompleto e que neste nível se encontravam 47,2 por cento de crianças desnutridas. A proporção de crianças desnutridas cujas mães tinham segundo grau incompleto foi de 35,4 por cento . No entanto após cinco meses de atividade da suplementação alimentar quando foi realizado paralelamente o programa de educação nutricional, a redução de crianças desnutridas para o grupo de mães sem escolaridade foi acentuada e altamente significante. Quanto a renda constatou que 53,8 por cento da população estudada tinha renda per-capita inferior a dois salários mínimos. A autora relacionando estado nutricional com renda per capita, observou que quanto menor a renda maior a proporção de desnutrido. / Nutritional status of children 1 to 4 years of age resident in the town of Carapicuíba, São Paulo, Brazil was studied at the begining of supplementation activities and 5 months later. Data were related to age, socio-economic level and scholastic status of mothers. Results show that 37,1 per cent children were malnurished at the begining of the study and that there was a reduction of the rate five months later. There was a reduction of II degree malnutntion. However III degree malnurished children did not show any improvement. Considering scholastic status of mothers, it was found that 90.4 per cent were either illiterate or had not completed primary school; 42,2 per cent of the children were malnurished whereas those whose mothers had completed high school and had started college, presented a rate of 35.4 per cent of malnutrition. Five months later a higly significant differente of rates was observed in the group whose mothers were illiterate. Regarding socio-economic status, the \"per capita\" income of 53.8 per cent of families was below two \"minimum salaries\" (salário mínimo). Results showed that the lower the \"per capita\" income the higher the malnutrition rates.

A autora estudou a situação nutricional de crianças de 1 a 4 anos de idade, residentes no município de Carapicuiba - São Paulo, no início da atividade de suplementação alimentar. Estudou-também a relação existente entre o estado nutricional do referido grupo etário com a suplementação alimentar, nível sócio-econômico e escolaridade das mães. Avaliou num período de 5 meses, as variáveis em estudo, principalmente as referentes ao nível sócio-econômico, educação alimentar e estado nutricional, bem como as suas modificações e interrelações. Encontrou que a frequência de crianças de l a 4 anos de idade, com algum grau de desnutrição segundo a classificação de GOMEZ, foi de 37,1 por cento na primeira fase do estudo, na segunda fase constatou-se uma diminuição nas proporções correspondentes às crianças desnutridas, desaparecendo desnutridas do grau dois (D2) e permanecendo os dois casos de desnutridos do grau três (D3). Encontrou também que 90,4 por cento das mães de 217 pré-escolares estudados, não tinham escolaridade ou apresentavam primeiro grau incompleto e que neste nível se encontravam 47,2 por cento de crianças desnutridas. A proporção de crianças desnutridas cujas mães tinham segundo grau incompleto foi de 35,4 por cento . No entanto após cinco meses de atividade da suplementação alimentar quando foi realizado paralelamente o programa de educação nutricional, a redução de crianças desnutridas para o grupo de mães sem escolaridade foi acentuada e altamente significante. Quanto a renda constatou que 53,8 por cento da população estudada tinha renda per-capita inferior a dois salários mínimos. A autora relacionando estado nutricional com renda per capita, observou que quanto menor a renda maior a proporção de desnutrido. / Nutritional status of children 1 to 4 years of age resident in the town of Carapicuíba, São Paulo, Brazil was studied at the begining of supplementation activities and 5 months later. Data were related to age, socio-economic level and scholastic status of mothers. Results show that 37,1 per cent children were malnurished at the begining of the study and that there was a reduction of the rate five months later. There was a reduction of II degree malnutntion. However III degree malnurished children did not show any improvement. Considering scholastic status of mothers, it was found that 90.4 per cent were either illiterate or had not completed primary school; 42,2 per cent of the children were malnurished whereas those whose mothers had completed high school and had started college, presented a rate of 35.4 per cent of malnutrition. Five months later a higly significant differente of rates was observed in the group whose mothers were illiterate. Regarding socio-economic status, the \"per capita\" income of 53.8 per cent of families was below two \"minimum salaries\" (salário mínimo). Results showed that the lower the \"per capita\" income the higher the malnutrition rates.

The diploma thesis is focused on the legal nature assessments of medical assessment service. The medical assesment service has seen many changes over the course of history, and its competence is constantly changing and evolving. Unfortunately, the nature of the assesment service is sometimes ambiguous for the non-professional public and is thus viewed very skeptically. Nowadays, only a few experts are dedicated to this topic, so I decided to unify the information and summarize the main objectives of the medical assessment service. In order to better understand and illustrate the rights and duties of this service, I also looked into history. Given the nature of the work, I decided to work on theoretical work, which points out not only the historical development in the Czech Republic, but also in Slovak Republic, further it focuses on the current state and definition of terms necessary for understanding the work of the medical assessment service. The objective of the work is to map the system of medical assessment service and work is thus a summary of information not only for the non-professional public, but also for study purposes and awareness of social workers who meet daily with many questions on this topic. The medical assessment service affects many human life stages, so it is not only about assessing health status for pension insurance, but also for health insurance or ensure the social services. Since many authors are not concerned with the topic, it is sometimes quite difficult to find a clear definition of the legal nature of individual assessments. However, the legal nature of the assessments is enshrined in the law, and also affects other life stages of the person that being assessed and claims not only for financial but also for social security, and it is therefore important to deal with this topic and its changes and submit new and comprehensive information.

There are concerns that many national parks worldwide are ineffective at conserving biological diversity and ecosystem processes, are socially unjust in their relations with Indigenous communities, or both. This dissertation asks: can national parks protect ecological integrity and concurrently address social equity issues? It presents empirical results of a systematic evaluation of six case study national parks in Canada and South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to select the six case study national parks. Data sources included State of the Park Reports; park ecological monitoring data; archival data; and semi-structured interviews with park biologists, managers, and Indigenous members of park co-management boards. Status and trend assessments and effectiveness evaluations of park ecological monitoring data were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three ecological integrity criteria. Results show that all six parks effectively addressed the priority indicators for which they had monitoring data. However, the effectiveness ratings of each park decreased when all indicators, including those identified as priorities but lacking monitoring data, were analysed. This indicates that the parks had generally identified more priority indicators than they were actually able to address (for reasons including lack of budget or trained staff, managerial challenges). Thematic coding of semi-structured interview and archival data, and the assignation of numerical ratings to these data, were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three equity criteria. Results show that all but one of the case study parks were equitable, parks with more comprehensive co-management and support from neighbouring Indigenous groups were more equitable than parks with lower levels of co-management, the parks with settled land claims were not necessarily more equitable overall, and a few parks were found to be co-managed in name only. The overall results of this evaluation demonstrate that parks effective at protecting ecological integrity can also successfully address social equity, but that further efforts to integrate these two realms are both possible and necessary. A logical starting point would be to build upon those existing integrative processes already institutionalised in many parks and protected areas: the co-management and integrated conservation and development efforts.

There are concerns that many national parks worldwide are ineffective at conserving biological diversity and ecosystem processes, are socially unjust in their relations with Indigenous communities, or both. This dissertation asks: can national parks protect ecological integrity and concurrently address social equity issues? It presents empirical results of a systematic evaluation of six case study national parks in Canada and South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to select the six case study national parks. Data sources included State of the Park Reports; park ecological monitoring data; archival data; and semi-structured interviews with park biologists, managers, and Indigenous members of park co-management boards. Status and trend assessments and effectiveness evaluations of park ecological monitoring data were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three ecological integrity criteria. Results show that all six parks effectively addressed the priority indicators for which they had monitoring data. However, the effectiveness ratings of each park decreased when all indicators, including those identified as priorities but lacking monitoring data, were analysed. This indicates that the parks had generally identified more priority indicators than they were actually able to address (for reasons including lack of budget or trained staff, managerial challenges). Thematic coding of semi-structured interview and archival data, and the assignation of numerical ratings to these data, were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three equity criteria. Results show that all but one of the case study parks were equitable, parks with more comprehensive co-management and support from neighbouring Indigenous groups were more equitable than parks with lower levels of co-management, the parks with settled land claims were not necessarily more equitable overall, and a few parks were found to be co-managed in name only. The overall results of this evaluation demonstrate that parks effective at protecting ecological integrity can also successfully address social equity, but that further efforts to integrate these two realms are both possible and necessary. A logical starting point would be to build upon those existing integrative processes already institutionalised in many parks and protected areas: the co-management and integrated conservation and development efforts.

There are concerns that many national parks worldwide are ineffective at conserving biological diversity and ecosystem processes, are socially unjust in their relations with Indigenous communities, or both. This dissertation asks: can national parks protect ecological integrity and concurrently address social equity issues? It presents empirical results of a systematic evaluation of six case study national parks in Canada and South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to select the six case study national parks. Data sources included State of the Park Reports; park ecological monitoring data; archival data; and semi-structured interviews with park biologists, managers, and Indigenous members of park co-management boards. Status and trend assessments and effectiveness evaluations of park ecological monitoring data were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three ecological integrity criteria. Results show that all six parks effectively addressed the priority indicators for which they had monitoring data. However, the effectiveness ratings of each park decreased when all indicators, including those identified as priorities but lacking monitoring data, were analysed. This indicates that the parks had generally identified more priority indicators than they were actually able to address (for reasons including lack of budget or trained staff, managerial challenges). Thematic coding of semi-structured interview and archival data, and the assignation of numerical ratings to these data, were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three equity criteria. Results show that all but one of the case study parks were equitable, parks with more comprehensive co-management and support from neighbouring Indigenous groups were more equitable than parks with lower levels of co-management, the parks with settled land claims were not necessarily more equitable overall, and a few parks were found to be co-managed in name only. The overall results of this evaluation demonstrate that parks effective at protecting ecological integrity can also successfully address social equity, but that further efforts to integrate these two realms are both possible and necessary. A logical starting point would be to build upon those existing integrative processes already institutionalised in many parks and protected areas: the co-management and integrated conservation and development efforts. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The present study involved the implementation of one component, Community Health Status Assessment, of a comprehensive, strategic planning tool, Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP), to qualitatively uncover the perceptions of the quality of life and local health care system of 28 residents in New River Valley (NRV), Virginia. The current study represents the initial qualitative study utilizing MAPP in Virginia. Interviewees perceived an overall good quality of life (e.g., ample green space, safe neighborhoods), with an urgent need for health care reform, affordable insurance, and transportation, particularly for after-hours medical care. The current study also reviews the specific findings from the one-on-one interviews, and provides a step-by-step look at the MAPP process for potential users as applied to a real-world community, specifically, the NRV. / Ph. D.

São poucas as investigações do estado nutricional de escolares, especialmente aqueles na faixa etária entre 9 e 12 anos que especifiquem o estágio de maturação sexual e que sejam norteados por parâmetros bioquímicos de avaliação de estado nutricional relativo a minerais, especialmente em relação ao zinco. ° presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco de escolares neste estágio de vida, de duas redes de ensino, pública e particular, de São João da Boa Vista/ SP, em três momentos ao longo de um ano (T1, T2 e T3), com intervalos de 4 meses. Para a avaliação antropométrica foram utilizados o IMC e a porcentagem de gordura corporal, esta última por meio da aferição de dobras cutâneas. A ingestão dietética foi analisada por programa de computador a partir de um recordatório de 24h e dois registros alimentares, e sua adequação foi avaliada pelas DRls(IOM, 2000). As concentrações de zinco plasmática, urinária e eritrocitária foram determinadas por espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica (comprimento de onda = 213,9 nm). Dos escolares avaliados, 19% estavam com o IMC&#8804;P15, sendo predominantemente do sexo feminino e da rede particular, 53% estavam com IMC=P15>P50<P85, e 28% estavam com o IMC&#8805;85, sendo predominantemente do sexo masculino e da rede pública. No T1(n=102), 12% dos escolares de ambos os sexos estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático; 32% e 37% com dieta deficiente em zinco e 81 % e 86% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. No T2 (n=92), 24% e 20% estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático, 45% e 38% com dieta deficiente em zinco, 65% e 56% com baixa excreção urinária, e 71 % e 63% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. No T3 (n=81), 39% e 4% estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático, 47% e 27% com dieta deficiente em zinco, 53% e 48% com baixa excreção urinária, e 63% e 44% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. Os resultados indicam inadequação do estado nutricional em relação ao zinco, com baixa ingestão e reservas reduzidas do mineral nos estoques teciduais, representando risco para esta população que se encontra em fase de intenso crescimento e proliferação celular. / Investigations on the nutritional status of schoolchildren are rare, especially those ones for children between 9 and 12 years old which indicate their pubertal maturation, and are directed by biochemical parameters of nutritional status in relation to minerais, mainly zinco The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the nutritional status of zinc at schoolchildren aged between 9 and 12 year old at public and private schools in São João da Boa Vista, SP (Brazil) considering three different times along one year (T1 , T2 e T3), with 4 months interval each. The anthropometric evaluation was done by body mass index (BMI) and the percentage of total body fat, this one by skinfold measurements. A software analyzed diet information based on one 24h recall and 2-d food records, and its adequacy was evaluated by DRls (10M, 2000). Zinc nutritional status was evaluated by zinc determination in plasma, erythrocyte, and 24h urine, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Iambda = 213.9 nm). Out of the schoolchildren evaluated 19% presented BMI&#8804;P15, being the majority female attending private schools, 53% showed BMI=P15>P50<P85, and 28% with IMC&#8805;85, being the majority males attending public schools. At T1 (n=102), 12% of the children of both sexes was inadequate in terms of plasmatic zinc; 32% and 37% deficient in dietetic zinc and 81 % and 86% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. At T2 (n=92), 24% and 20% were inadequate for plasmatic zinc, 45% and 38% deficient in dietetic zinc, 65% and 56% presenting low 24h urine zinc, and 71 % and 63% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. At T3 (n=81), 39% and 4% were inadequate in plasmatic zinc, 47% and 27% deficient in dietetic zinc, 53% and 48% presenting low 24h urine zinc, and 63% and 44% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. The results indicate inadequacy of the nutritional status in relation to zinc with low intake and reduced reserves of the mineral at the tissue stocks, meaning risk for that population at an intense growth and cellular proliferation.

São poucas as investigações do estado nutricional de escolares, especialmente aqueles na faixa etária entre 9 e 12 anos que especifiquem o estágio de maturação sexual e que sejam norteados por parâmetros bioquímicos de avaliação de estado nutricional relativo a minerais, especialmente em relação ao zinco. ° presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco de escolares neste estágio de vida, de duas redes de ensino, pública e particular, de São João da Boa Vista/ SP, em três momentos ao longo de um ano (T1, T2 e T3), com intervalos de 4 meses. Para a avaliação antropométrica foram utilizados o IMC e a porcentagem de gordura corporal, esta última por meio da aferição de dobras cutâneas. A ingestão dietética foi analisada por programa de computador a partir de um recordatório de 24h e dois registros alimentares, e sua adequação foi avaliada pelas DRls(IOM, 2000). As concentrações de zinco plasmática, urinária e eritrocitária foram determinadas por espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica (comprimento de onda = 213,9 nm). Dos escolares avaliados, 19% estavam com o IMC&#8804;P15, sendo predominantemente do sexo feminino e da rede particular, 53% estavam com IMC=P15>P50<P85, e 28% estavam com o IMC&#8805;85, sendo predominantemente do sexo masculino e da rede pública. No T1(n=102), 12% dos escolares de ambos os sexos estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático; 32% e 37% com dieta deficiente em zinco e 81 % e 86% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. No T2 (n=92), 24% e 20% estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático, 45% e 38% com dieta deficiente em zinco, 65% e 56% com baixa excreção urinária, e 71 % e 63% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. No T3 (n=81), 39% e 4% estavam inadequados para zinco plasmático, 47% e 27% com dieta deficiente em zinco, 53% e 48% com baixa excreção urinária, e 63% e 44% com deficiência de zinco eritrocitário, respectivamente para o sexo feminino e masculino. Os resultados indicam inadequação do estado nutricional em relação ao zinco, com baixa ingestão e reservas reduzidas do mineral nos estoques teciduais, representando risco para esta população que se encontra em fase de intenso crescimento e proliferação celular. / Investigations on the nutritional status of schoolchildren are rare, especially those ones for children between 9 and 12 years old which indicate their pubertal maturation, and are directed by biochemical parameters of nutritional status in relation to minerais, mainly zinco The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the nutritional status of zinc at schoolchildren aged between 9 and 12 year old at public and private schools in São João da Boa Vista, SP (Brazil) considering three different times along one year (T1 , T2 e T3), with 4 months interval each. The anthropometric evaluation was done by body mass index (BMI) and the percentage of total body fat, this one by skinfold measurements. A software analyzed diet information based on one 24h recall and 2-d food records, and its adequacy was evaluated by DRls (10M, 2000). Zinc nutritional status was evaluated by zinc determination in plasma, erythrocyte, and 24h urine, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Iambda = 213.9 nm). Out of the schoolchildren evaluated 19% presented BMI&#8804;P15, being the majority female attending private schools, 53% showed BMI=P15>P50<P85, and 28% with IMC&#8805;85, being the majority males attending public schools. At T1 (n=102), 12% of the children of both sexes was inadequate in terms of plasmatic zinc; 32% and 37% deficient in dietetic zinc and 81 % and 86% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. At T2 (n=92), 24% and 20% were inadequate for plasmatic zinc, 45% and 38% deficient in dietetic zinc, 65% and 56% presenting low 24h urine zinc, and 71 % and 63% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. At T3 (n=81), 39% and 4% were inadequate in plasmatic zinc, 47% and 27% deficient in dietetic zinc, 53% and 48% presenting low 24h urine zinc, and 63% and 44% deficient in erythrocytic zinc, for female and males respectively. The results indicate inadequacy of the nutritional status in relation to zinc with low intake and reduced reserves of the mineral at the tissue stocks, meaning risk for that population at an intense growth and cellular proliferation.

La malnutrition à l’admission en réanimation pédiatrique est fréquente et associée à une augmentation de la morbi-mortalité. Néanmoins, la plupart des études, limitées à une évaluation statique du statut nutritionnel, ne permettent pas une analyse fine de l’impact de la malnutrition. Une approche systémique associerait en plus d’une évaluation nutritionnelle statique, une analyse dynamique dans le temps, une analyse de la composition corporelle et une analyse physiopathologique et étiologique. Cette approche globale a été appliquée dans 4 études prospectives observationnelles, incluant des enfants sévèrement agressés de plus de 36 semaines d’âge corrigé. Il en ressort que la dénutrition globale à l’admission est fréquente (23,7%) et que la cassure des courbes de croissance avant l’admission est associée à une augmentation de la durée de séjour de 3 jours. L’enfant sévèrement agressé présente à l’admission des taux plasmatiques abaissés de 6 micronutriments impliqués dans le stress oxydant (Sélénium, Zinc, Cuivre, Vitamines C, E et bêta-carotène), proportionnellement au nombre de défaillances d’organe. La dénutrition globale et la fonte musculaire acquises en cours de séjour sont des phénomènes fréquents, précoces et importants, associés à une durée de séjour prolongée. Les changements métaboliques liés à l’agression sévère conduisent à une dénutrition. Ces processus adaptatifs sont parfois dépassés et la dénutrition pourra à son tour aggraver le pronostic. La bonne compréhension de la physiopathologie sous-jacente et un suivi systémique et systématique du statut nutritionnel sont les éléments indispensables à l’évaluation des stratégies nutritionnelles / Malnutrition at pediatric Intensive care unit (PICU) admission is frequent and associated with impaired outcomes. However, most studies have focused solely on a static definition. A holistic approach would improve the description of malnutrition: this would include both a static and dynamic assessment of nutritional status, together with body composition assessment and with malnutrition classified based on its patho-physiology and etiology. This holistic assessment of malnutrition has been applied and examined in four observational studies which included critically ill children older than 36 gestational weeks (corrected age). These found that malnutrition was frequent at PICU admission (27.3%) and faltering growth prior to PICU admission was associated with an increased length of PICU stay (+3 days). Critically ill children present at admission with decreased plasma levels of 6 micro-nutrients (Selenium, Copper, Zinc, Vitamin C, E and beta-carotene) involved in anti-oxidative stress pathways. Nutritional status deterioration during PICU stay, and associated muscle mass loss occurred frequently and were intense. This early phenomenon was associated with extended length of PICU stay. A profound critical illness related metabolic shift leads to malnutrition as an adaptive process. However, malnutrition may also negatively impact on outcomes in this setting. These studies have led to a clearer understanding of the underlying patho-physiology. This, combined with a more systematic and holistic nutritional assessment, will enable implementation and assessment of nutritional strategies aiming to improve the functional outcome of critically ill children