Debates realizados nas últimas décadas acerca do conceito de Diplomacia permitiram a consideração das práticas de negociação e mediação de conflitos do período medieval como práticas diplomáticas, antes restritas somente às realidades do Estado Moderno. Nesse cenário de discussões teóricas, o Período Comunal Italiano (séculos XII a XIV) despertou o interesse dos historiadores como um campo privilegiado de estudo da Diplomacia, principalmente devido às experiências de conflito entre as comunas italianas e o Sacro Império Romano-Germânico, que marcaram o período. Tal fascínio historiográfico em relação às comunas italianas expressou-se, sobretudo, na realização de um intenso processo de revisão e exploração dos corpora documentais peninsulares sob a chave de leitura da Diplomacia. Entretanto, a legislação estatutária comunal italiana não usufruiu da mesma sorte que outros textos no estudo das relações diplomáticas peninsulares na Baixa Idade Média por serem, principalmente, documentos considerados muito rígidos para a abordagem dessa questão. Fora os trabalhos de Angelini e Gilli, que acenaram para as possibilidades de estudo dos estatutos sob a ótica da Diplomacia, esses documentos continuam em grande parte ainda não explorados, principalmente a relação das rubricas estatutárias dedicadas aos embaixadores com os movimentos políticos da época. Desta forma, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as diferentes redações dos estatutos comunais de Bolonha, Ferrara, Modena e Verona produzidos entre os séculos XIII e XV, buscando compreender como esses textos regulamentavam a organização de embaixadas e a escolha de embaixadores para representar os interesses da comuna no exterior, e qual era a relação que as rubricas destinadas a esse personagem estabeleciam com as disputas políticas no interior de cada uma dessas comunas e em seu conjunto. / Debates developed in the last decades about the concept of Diplomacy allowed practices of conflict mediation and resolution developed during the medieval period to be considered as diplomatic practices, a title once reserved only to realities related to the Modern State. In this scenario of theoretical discussions, the Italian Communal Period (XIIth to XIVth centuries) has arisen the interest of historians as a privileged field to study Diplomacy, especially due to the conflict experiences between the communes and the Holy Roman German Empire, which marked the period. Such historiographic fascination essentially resulted in the execution of an intense revision and exploration process of documents produced in the peninula in a Diplomatic point of view. However, the Statutory Communal Legislation did not cherished of the same luck as other texts in this sort of inquire, mainly because they were considered too rigid to be used in the exploration of such matter. Apart from the works of Angelini and Gilli, who signaled the possibilities of studying the statutes in a Diplomatic point of view, these documents continue to be mostly unedited and unexplored, especially the relationship between their rubricae dedicated to ambassadors and the political movements of the period. Therefore, this research aims to analyse different redactions of the communal statutes of Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Verona written between the 13th and the 15th century, in order to try to understand how these texts regulated the organization of embassies and the choice of ambassadors to represent communal interests abroad, and what was the relationship established between the rubricae dedicated to this figure and the political disputes in the interior of each one of these communes and in them as a group.

The need for regulation of the credit rating agencies (CRAs) arose due to their role in the subprime mortgage crisis. The CRAs awarded risky securities '3-A' investment grade status and then failed to downgrade them quickly enough when circumstances changed which led to investors suffering substantial losses. The causes identified by the regulators for the gatekeeper failure were conflicts of interest (as the issuers of these securities pay for the ratings); lack of competition (as the Big Three CRAs have dominated the market share); and lack of CRA regulation. The regulators, both in the US and EU, have tried to address these problems by introducing soft law self-regulation in accordance with the International Organisation of Securities Commissions Code and hard law statutory regulation such as that found in the "Reform Act" and "Dodd-Frank Act" in the US and similar provisions in the EU. This thesis examines these provisions in detail by using a doctrinal black-letter law method to assess the success of the regulators in redressing the problems identified. It also examines the US case law regulation relating to the legal liability of CRAs. The findings are that the US First Amendment protection, exclusion clauses and case law, all lack a deterrent effect on the actions of CRAs. As CRAs have escaped substantial damages, investors are left uncompensated for their losses. The thesis concludes that the issues of conflicts of interest and an anti-competitive environment persist. This thesis recommends the introduction of liability for the CRAs based on the Australian Bathurst case and which should be put in a statutory footing, including the requirements that are needed for making exclusion clauses effective. Rotation of CRAs for every three years would minimise the conflicts of interest. Regulators should require CRAs to purchase professional indemnity insurance, if available, to compensate investors.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston University

Debates realizados nas últimas décadas acerca do conceito de Diplomacia permitiram a consideração das práticas de negociação e mediação de conflitos do período medieval como práticas diplomáticas, antes restritas somente às realidades do Estado Moderno. Nesse cenário de discussões teóricas, o Período Comunal Italiano (séculos XII a XIV) despertou o interesse dos historiadores como um campo privilegiado de estudo da Diplomacia, principalmente devido às experiências de conflito entre as comunas italianas e o Sacro Império Romano-Germânico, que marcaram o período. Tal fascínio historiográfico em relação às comunas italianas expressou-se, sobretudo, na realização de um intenso processo de revisão e exploração dos corpora documentais peninsulares sob a chave de leitura da Diplomacia. Entretanto, a legislação estatutária comunal italiana não usufruiu da mesma sorte que outros textos no estudo das relações diplomáticas peninsulares na Baixa Idade Média por serem, principalmente, documentos considerados muito rígidos para a abordagem dessa questão. Fora os trabalhos de Angelini e Gilli, que acenaram para as possibilidades de estudo dos estatutos sob a ótica da Diplomacia, esses documentos continuam em grande parte ainda não explorados, principalmente a relação das rubricas estatutárias dedicadas aos embaixadores com os movimentos políticos da época. Desta forma, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as diferentes redações dos estatutos comunais de Bolonha, Ferrara, Modena e Verona produzidos entre os séculos XIII e XV, buscando compreender como esses textos regulamentavam a organização de embaixadas e a escolha de embaixadores para representar os interesses da comuna no exterior, e qual era a relação que as rubricas destinadas a esse personagem estabeleciam com as disputas políticas no interior de cada uma dessas comunas e em seu conjunto. / Debates developed in the last decades about the concept of Diplomacy allowed practices of conflict mediation and resolution developed during the medieval period to be considered as diplomatic practices, a title once reserved only to realities related to the Modern State. In this scenario of theoretical discussions, the Italian Communal Period (XIIth to XIVth centuries) has arisen the interest of historians as a privileged field to study Diplomacy, especially due to the conflict experiences between the communes and the Holy Roman German Empire, which marked the period. Such historiographic fascination essentially resulted in the execution of an intense revision and exploration process of documents produced in the peninula in a Diplomatic point of view. However, the Statutory Communal Legislation did not cherished of the same luck as other texts in this sort of inquire, mainly because they were considered too rigid to be used in the exploration of such matter. Apart from the works of Angelini and Gilli, who signaled the possibilities of studying the statutes in a Diplomatic point of view, these documents continue to be mostly unedited and unexplored, especially the relationship between their rubricae dedicated to ambassadors and the political movements of the period. Therefore, this research aims to analyse different redactions of the communal statutes of Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Verona written between the 13th and the 15th century, in order to try to understand how these texts regulated the organization of embassies and the choice of ambassadors to represent communal interests abroad, and what was the relationship established between the rubricae dedicated to this figure and the political disputes in the interior of each one of these communes and in them as a group.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Law School, 1988. / Table of cases: leaves [771]-783. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [784]-795).

This thesis analyses the provisions of the Town Planning Act of Nova Scotia with respect to the procedures for the enactment, amendment, and repeal of the official town plan, the enactment, amendment, variation, and repeal of the zoning by-law, the enactment of subdivision regulations, and the approval of subdivision plans, through the following hypothesis: The Town Planning Act of Nova Scotia does not require amendment if the statutory provisions for the enactment, amendment, and repeal of the official town plan, the enactment, amendment, variation, and repeal of the zoning by-law, the enactment of subdivision regulations, and the approval of subdivision plans pursuant to the subdivision regulations are to be satisfactory in terms of: 1. Systems Mainteance; 2. Community Planning; 3. Openness; 4. Efficiency; 5. Effectiveness; 6. Justice. The hypothesis is tested and proven invalid. However the test itself and the methodology for the development of the conceptual framework and the consequent hypothesis are found to be sufficiently defective to necessitate an alternative conclusion about the validity of the hypothesis, namely, "not proven". Notwithstanding the problem in establishing and testing the hypothesis, it is felt that the thesis is worthwhile inasmuch it has established a valid theoretical framework for the treatment of land use planning related issues and points to further areas of research. The conceptual framework is based upon systems theory. A conceptual framework is a means of organizing concepts and facts about a given class of phenomena in a consistent and logically satisfying manner while lacking the precision of a theory. The main sources of supporting data for the conceptual framework and the test of the hypothesis are the Town Planning Act, population and economic data about the Province of Nova Scotia, and responses to a questionnaire which was mailed to planning authorities in the Province. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Etudier l’ordre juridique partisan, c’est affirmer qu’un parti politique constitue un ordre juridique. Pour cela, il faut d’abord montrer que les règles internes des partis répondent aux critères mobilisés par la doctrine pour qualifier la juridicité puis, en s’inscrivant dans la perspective du pluralisme juridique et en s’appuyant sur la théorie de l’institution, démontrer que le parti politique, en tant qu’institution, est un ordre juridique. Ce constat implique d’étudier ses relations vis-à-vis de l’Etat tant en ce qui concerne son encadrement que son contrôle ce qui permet de prendre la mesure de son autonomie. L’ordre juridique partisan n’est pas seulement un ordre juridique spécifique, c’est encore un ordre juridique flexible, perméable à la société qui l’entoure et au sein duquel le droit est instrumentalisé. La porosité de l’ordre juridique partisan vis-à-vis de son environnement se traduit par une conformation au contexte institutionnel dans lequel il évolue mais aussi par une adaptabilité aux évolutions du contexte social dans lequel il s’inscrit. Au sein du parti, le droit est mis au service de la justification des stratégies politiques et de nombreuses règles se voient contournées ou même jamais appliquées. Le droit disciplinaire, quant à lui, connaît une application circonstancielle motivée par des considérations d’opportunité politique ou résultant des rapports de forces internes au parti qui en font un droit négocié. / The study of the nature of partisan juridical order leads to affirm that a political party constitutes a juridical order. To do so, one must first establish that the internal rules of parties meet the criteria established by existing doctrine to decide that the threshold for lawfulness has been met ; and then, within the perspective of juridical pluralism and based on the theory of institutions, one must demonstrate that a political party, as an institution, is a juridical order. Such a finding implies the need to study the party’s relationship to the state, in both its regula tion and its control, so as to be able to measure its autonomy. The partisan juridical order is not only a specific juridical order; it is also a flexible juridical order, which is open to the society around it and within which the law is made instrumental . The porosity to its environment of the partisan juridical order results in its conforming to the institutional context in which it operates, but also in its adaptability to the evolution of the social context within which it fits. Within the party, the law is used to justify political strategies and a number of rules are bypassed or even never applied. As to disciplinary law, it is applied according to circumstances, and motivated by considerations of political opportunity or as a result of the internal balance of power within the party, which make it a negotiated law.

Tenter de saisir le pacte d’actionnaires face à la mutation du droit des sociétés incite àpoursuivre une démarche par étapes successives : une première est destinée à éprouverla viabilité d’une mise en relation des deux phénomènes, une seconde à explorer lesimplications de ce rapprochement. La démarche conduit, en un premier temps, àprendre appui sur ce qui apparaît comme un élément commun – la logique contractuelle– pour éclairer la capacité du pacte d’actionnaires à constituer une figure d’unedialectique renouvelée de la loi et du contrat.Dans le cas du pacte, le rattachement à l’ordre contractuel a à voir avec la nature mêmede cet instrument et apparaît comme un facteur crucial de son universalité. Cettedernière se manifeste aussi bien dans la capacité à transcender la distinction entre ledroit romano-germanique et le droit anglo-saxon que dans le polymorphisme dontl’étendue et les limites sont perceptibles au gré d’une approche typologique. Dans le casdu droit des sociétés, la contractualisation, si elle n’entretient pas un rapport deconsubstantialité, n’en est pas moins significative de l’évolution contemporaine en lamatière. Constitutive d’une modalité de la mutation du droit des sociétés, cette tendanceest plus particulièrement illustrée par trois mécanismes introduits au cours des vingtdernières années – la SAS, les actions de préférence et la fiducie – qui représentent unecapacité multiforme d’évidement à l’égard du pacte.En un second temps, par-delà l’absence d’incompatibilité entre le pacte et la mutation dudroit des sociétés, une quête peut être poursuivie afin d’explorer les implications de larelation qui est susceptible d’unir ces deux phénomènes et qui dessinent une doubleplasticité du pacte.La plasticité intrinsèque, qui regarde de manière prioritaire les parties au pacte, paraîttrouver dans le droit boursier un révélateur pertinent. Ce cadre particulier permet nonseulement de mettre à profit l’impératif de transparence comme palliatif à l’obstacle queconstitue la confidentialité du pacte, mais également, dans un contexte de contraintesrenforcées, d’éprouver la faculté du pacte d’incarner des orientations caractéristiquesd’une gouvernance d’entreprise efficace. La plasticité extrinsèque procède d’uneconception plus extensive. Celle-ci repose à la fois sur un phénomène spécifique aupacte, qui tient à son effectivité renouvelée par des voies réglementaire etjurisprudentielle, et sur son inscription dans un processus plus global d’altruismecontractuel, qui offre au pacte une capacité inédite de constituer un instrument derégulation paradigmatique d’une conception renouvelée du droit des sociétés. / The attempt at giving account of the shareholders’ agreement in view of the contrastingevolution of law ruling commercial and financial companies supposes several steps ofresearch. First of all, it calls for assessing the viability of correlating the two phenomena;secondly it means exploring the implications of this kind of parallel investigation; yetboth should remain inconclusive without a careful scrutiny of their common ground –the logic of contractual arrangements – so as to elucidate the ability of shareholders’agreements to offer a valid scheme of a renewed dialectical process of law versuscontract.From the standpoint of shareholders’ agreements, their very nature makes for theproximity to the contractual sphere, as a crucial factor of their universality. Thisaccounts for their capacity to bridge the gap between Roman-Germanic and Anglo-Saxonlegal tradition, as well as for its polymorphism whose extent and limitations must beworked out by way of a typological approach. In the perspective of legislation pertainingto companies, the process of contractualization corresponds to an obviouscontemporary trend, even if this is not tantamount to consubstantiality.Constituting one of the modalities of mutation to which corporate law has been subject,the above tendency is illustrated by three mechanisms introduced over the last twentyyears – the “Société par actions simplifiée”, the preferred shares and the trust – all ofwhich represent multifarious ways of substituting to shareholders’ agreements differentinstruments of legal practice.In a second phase, beyond the statement of at least partial compatibility betweenshareholders’ agreements and the mutations of legislation, a quest may be pursued inorder to explore the relationship virtually linking together these two phenomena, whichcan be described as encompassing a double plasticity, appearing under two distinctaspects. The intrinsic plasticity, concerning foremost the parties to the agreement,seems to find an adequate expression in stock exchange regulations. This framework notonly allows to take advantage of the imperative requirement of transparency, in guise ofa counterpoise to the requirement of confidentiality, but also, in a context of reinforcedstatutory rules, to test the capacity of shareholders’ agreements to establish an efficientcorporate governance. The extrinsic plasticity proceeds from a more overall conception.Resting upon a specific trait of shareholders’ agreements, it results in a renewedeffectivity in terms of regulation and of jurisprudence, as well as in a more globalprocess of contractual altruism, which afford to shareholders’ agreements anunprecedented capacity of paradigmatic regulation and a renewed conception of law.

This thesis offers an investigation into the roles of slaves and freedmen and the extent of their involvement in the Romans’ legal and literary discourse on adultery and the legislation introduced to address it – the lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis. It also seeks to assert their place more firmly within the context of the Roman familia and explore what this means in the context of the adultery statute. This thesis reasserts the position of slaves and freedmen within the Roman familia as a whole and, more specifically, as individuals deserving and requiring of consideration within the context of the analysis of the adultery statute and other social legislation. A multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted in this thesis to address the multiple avenues apparent in the investigation. A detailed analysis of the primary extant source of the statute, found in Justinian’s Digest, was carried out to determine the extent of the inclusion of the servile and freed in adulterous relationships and how much consideration was shown to them by the legal writers, or jurists. As a corollary to this analysis, a range of literary works, from Ovid, the Elder Seneca, Quintilian, Tacitus and Suetonius, was examined to provide a counterpoint to the legal perspective on the inclusion of slaves and freedmen within adulterous relationships, and, subsequently, the familia. Re-assessing the roles of slaves and freedmen within adulterous relationships and the legislation aimed at controlling this crime also necessitates another reassessment – namely, that of the motivations behind the introduction of the statute itself. Notoriously difficult to determine, this thesis posits, in conclusion, that, rather than being an instrument of the moral indignation of the contemporary Roman population, the adultery legislation was instituted as an instrument of economic control to counter the potential dilution of the wealth of the elite of Rome by illegitimate children. Slaves and freedmen were, then, a crucial element of a deceptively complex piece of legislation typically assumed to affect and address members of the Roman elite only.

This thesis has detailed the political activity of the influential Republicans in relation to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Contained in the thesis are: a brief description of events in Selma, Alabama in early 1965 that illustrated the continued existence of voting discrimination after the passage of three civil rights bills in eight years; response of GOP members of Congress to the awareness that previous measures enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment were ineffective; Republican efforts to enact a voting rights bill and an interpretation of Republican political behavior relating to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.