[pt] A indústria siderúrgica no Brasil gera atualmente cerca de 5 milhões de toneladas/ano de escória de aciaria LD. Estudos preliminares recentes têm mostrado ser promissora a produção de cimento mediante tratamentos térmicos e modificações químicas capazes de gerar fases com propriedades pozolânicas com resistência a compressão semelhantes às do cimento Portland. Dentro deste contexto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a viabilidade de utilização da escória LD na produção de um cimento Portland classe E por meio de ajuste químico composicional e tratamentos térmicos da escória ainda liquida utilizando análises químicas por ICP-OES e testes de resistência à compressão segundo a norma NBR 7215. Além disso, a presente pesquisa realizou estudo de correlação utilizando várias gamas de misturas e um fator de correlação entre os corpos de prova especificados pela norma (5x10cm) e corpos de prova menores (1x2cm), a fim de adequar um equipamento mais apropriado ao projeto. Os resultados mostraram que a mistura formada por 75 por cento Cimento Portland II F-32 e 25 por cento Novo Clínquer (escória de LD química e termicamente tratada) e a mistura com a relação 50-50 desses mesmos materiais, foram as que atenderam plenamente a condição exigida pela norma para a resistência à compressão dos Cimentos Portland Tipo II, Classe E, decorridos 28 dias de cura. Além disso os resultados mostraram viabilidade na correlação dos corpos de prova, dessa forma sendo possível a realização dos testes mecânicos com corpos de prova com dimensão de 1x2 cm. / [en] Nowadays the steel industry in Brazil generates about 5 million tons of LD steel slag annually. Recently some studies with its use in cement production have shown promise, once that after heat treatment and chemical modifications it can present phases with similar hydraulic properties to Portland cement and equivalent compressive strength as well. In this context, the present work aimed to investigate the feasibility of using LD slag for production of a Portland cement Class-E, in the face of chemical modifications of the liquid slag followed by a fast-cooling heat treatment and chemical analysis carried out by ICP-OES techniques and also a compressive strength test according to the NBR 7215 standard. In addition, based on the results of the compression test and to optimize the amount of material used, a correlation study was carried out between specimens in accordance with the standard (5X10cm) and smaller specimens (1X2cm), in order to use an appropriate lab compressive machine. The results showed that the mixtures using 75 percent Portland II Cement F-32 and 25 percent Novo Clinquer (chemical and heat-treated LD slag) and that one with 50-50 ratio using the same materials, were the mixtures that fully satisfied the minimum compressive resistance condition required by the NBR standard, concerning Type II Class Portland Cements, after 28 days of curing. In addition, the results showed feasibility in the correlation of specimens, thus making it possible to perform mechanical tests with specimens with a dimension of 1x2 cm.

Although Iron and steel industry is essential for the development of society, the industry is responsible for a large portion of CO2 emissions. The industry also produces by-products like metallurgical slag in orders of million tons. The slag is alkaline in nature and rich in Ca and Mg oxides. Upon use the oxide interact with atmospheric CO2 and form carbonates, making them unstable. Storing CO2 in the slag would make it more stable, enhances its life cycle and promotes further usage in various applications. CO2 sequestration can be done through carbonation of steel slag. Carbonation of slag can be achieved through direct and indirect carbonation. Direct carbonation is performed either in a gaseous or an aqueous state in a single step. Indirect carbonation involves multiple steps as it activates the Ca/Mg ions in the slag before they interact with CO2. For an industrial process the direct route would be more viable as it involves lesser steps, easier to scale up. Since there are no solvents to activate the Ca/ Mg the cost involved is also less. This thesis focuses on developing an industrial process to sequester CO2 in metallurgical slag. Sequestration through a combination of gaseous and aqueous has been attempted while studying the effect of carbonation time, carbonation temperature and shape of slag used. Carbonation of the slag is performed using CO2 and steam. The results show that carbonation yield increases with carbonation time and decreases with increase in temperature. The effect of the shape of slag used for carbonation was studied by performing carbonation test in a slag pellet. Diffusion plays a significant role in carbonation process. Powdered slag showed higher carbonation yield compared to the pellet. CO2 uptake as high as 53g of CO2/kg of slag at 200 oC for 6 hr has been achieved. The results indicate the possibility for an industrial carbonation process. / Även om järn- och stålindustrin är avgörande för samhällets utveckling, är industrin ansvarigför en stor del av koldioxidutsläppen. Industrin producerar också biprodukter som metallurgisk slagg i order på miljoner ton. Slaggen är alkalisk till sin natur och rik på Ca- och Mg-oxider. Vid användning interagerar oxiden med atmosfärisk CO2 och bildar karbonater, vilket gör dem instabila. Att lagra koldioxid i slaggen skulle göra den mer stabil, förbättra livscykeln och främja ytterligare användning i olika applikationer. CO2-bindning kan göras genom kolsyrning av stålslagg. Kolsyrning av slagg kan uppnås genom direkt och indirekt karbonatisering. Direkt karbonatisering utförs antingen i ett gasformigt eller vattenhaltigt tillstånd i ett enda steg. Indirekt kolsyrning involverar flera steg eftersom den aktiverar Ca/Mg-jonerna i slaggen innan de interagerar med CO2. För en industriell process skulle den direkta vägen vara mer livskraftig eftersom den innebär mindre steg, lättare att skala upp. Eftersom det inte finns några lösningsmedel för att aktivera Ca/Mg är kostnaden också mindre. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att utveckla en industriell process för att binda koldioxid i metallurgisk slagg. Sekvestrering genom en kombination av gasformig och vattenhaltig har försökt under undersökning av effekten av kolsyratid, kolsyratemperatur och form av den använda slaggen. Kolsyringen av slaggen utförs med CO2 och ånga. Resultaten visar att karbonatiseringsutbytet ökar med kolsyratiden och minskar med temperaturökningen. Effekten av formen på slagg som användes för karbonatisering studerades genom att utföra karbonatiseringstest i en slaggpellet. Diffusion spelar en viktig roll i karbonatiseringsprocessen. Pulveriserad slagg visade högre karbonatiseringsutbyte jämfört med pelleten. CO2-upptag så högt som 53 g CO2/kg slagg vid 200 oC under 6 timmar har uppnåtts. Resultaten indikerar möjligheten för en industriell karbonatiseringsprocess.

L’objectif de ce travail est la mise au point de filtres garnis de laitiers d’aciéries destinés au traitement du phosphore (P) des eaux usées au sein de petites installations. Deux types de laitiers on été testés: laitiers de four à arc électrique (EAF), et laitiers d'aciérie de conversion (BOF). Une approche intégrée a été suivie, avec investigations à différentes échelles: (i) Des expériences en flacons ont été réalisées pour établir les capacités de rétention du P de laitiers produits en Europe, et ainsi sélectionner les échantillons les plus adaptés pour l’élimination du P; (ii)Des expériences en colonnes ont été menées pour étudier l'effet de divers paramètres, notamment la taille et la composition du laitier, sur les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires des filtres; (iii) Enfin, des expériences sur terrain ont été conduites afin d’évaluer les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires de deux unités démonstration conçues pour le traitement du P au sein d’un marais artificiel. Les résultats expérimentaux ont indiqué que le principal mécanisme d'élimination du P est lié à la dissolution du CaO des laitiers, suivie de la précipitation de phosphate de Ca et recristallisation en hydroxyapatite (HAP). Après 100 semaines d'alimentation avec une solution de P (concentration moyenne de P totale 10,2 mgP/L), les colonnes remplies de laitiers de petite taille (BOF6-12 mm et EAF 5-16 mm) ont retenu >98% du P total en entrée, tandis que les colonnes remplies de laitiers de grande taille (BOF 20-50 mm et EAF 20-40) ont retenu 56et 86% du P total en entrée, respectivement. Il apparaît que, plus la taille des laitiers est petite, plus la surface spécifique disponible pour la dissolution du CaO et pour l’adsorption des phosphates de Ca est grande. Les expériences sur terrain ont confirmé que les laitiers sont efficaces pour le traitement du P de l'effluent d'un marais artificiel (concentration moyenne du P totale 8,3 mg P/L). Sur une période de 85 semaines d'opération, de laitiers EAF ont retenu le 36% du P total en entrée, tandis que les laitiers BOF ont retenu le 59% du P total en entrée.L’efficacité de rétention du P apparaît augmenter avec la température et le temps de rétention hydraulique (HRT),très probablement parce que l'augmentation de la température et du HRT a favorisé la dissolution de la CaO et la précipitation de phosphate de Ca. Toutefois, il a été constaté que HRT >3 jours peuvent produire des pH élevés (>9), à la suite d’une excessive dissolution de CaO.Cependant, les résultats des unités démonstration ont montré que, à HRT de 1-2 jours, les filtres produisent des pH élevés seulement pendant les 5 premières semaines de fonctionnement, puis les pH se stabilisent en dessous de 9. Enfin, une équation de dimensionnement sur la base des résultats expérimentaux a été proposée. / This thesis aimed at developing the use of electric arc furnace steel slag (EAF-slag) and basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF-slag) in filters designed to upgrade phosphorus (P) removal in small wastewater treatment plants. An integrated approach was followed, with investigation at different scales: (i) Batch experiments were performed to establish an overview of the P removal capacities of steel slag produced in Europe, and then to select the most suitable samples for P removal; (ii)Continuous flow column experiments were performed to investigate the effect of various parameters including slag size and composition, and column design on treatment and hydraulic performances of lab-scale slag filters; (iii)Finally, field experiments were performed to investigate hydraulic and treatment performances of demonstration scale slag filters designed to remove P from the effluent of a constructed wetland. The experimental results indicated that the major mechanism of P removal was related toCaO-slag dissolution followed by precipitation of Caphosphate and recrystallisation into hydroxyapatite (HAP).Over 100 weeks of continuous feeding of a synthetic Psolution (mean inlet total P 10.2 mg P/L), columns filled with small-size slag (6-12 mm BOF-slag; 5-16 mm EAFslag)removed >98% of inlet total P, whereas columnsfilled with big-size slag (20-50 mm BOF-slag and 20-40mm EAF-slag) removed 56 and 86% of inlet total P,respectively. Most probably, the smaller was the size ofslag, the greater was the specific surface for CaO-slagdissolution and adsorption of Ca phosphate precipitates.Field experiments confirmed that EAF-slag and BOF-slagare efficient substrate for P removal from the effluent of aconstructed wetland (mean inlet total P 8.3 mg P/L). Overa period of 85 weeks of operation, EAF-slag removed 36%of inlet total P, whereas BOF-slag removed 59% of inlettotal P. P removal efficiencies increased with increasing temperature and void hydraulic retention time (HRTv),most probably because the increase in temperature and HRTv affected the rate of CaO dissolution and Caphosphate precipitation. However, it was found that longHRTv (>3 days) may produce high pH of the effluents(>9), as the result of excessive CaO-slag dissolution. However, the results of field experiments demonstrated that at shorter HRTv (1-2 days), slag filters produced pH that were elevated only during the first 5 weeks of operation, and then stabilized below a pH of 9. Finally, a dimensioning equation based on the experimental results was proposed.

L’objectif de cette thèse sous contrat cifre entre la société S3d et l’Ecole des Mines de Nantes a été de développer une solution innovante et rentable de production de bio-GNV (Gaz Naturel pour Véhicules) à l’échelle d’une exploitation agricole. Les solutions testées pour capter le CO2 et l’H2S se sont respectivement basées sur les réactions de carbonatation accélérée et la sulfuration du fer sur matériaux alcalins. Pour cela, un co-produits industriels à faible valeur ajoutée a été identifié : les laitiers sidérurgiques issus de four de conversion à oxygène (laitiers BOF pour Basic Oxygen Furnace). Des essais ont été menés à l’échelle du laboratoire sur le CO2 etl’H2S en réacteurs statiques puis en colonne dynamique. L’étude de la carbonatation accélérée du CO2 sur les laitiers BOF et la chaux a permis d’estimer les capacités de capture du CO2 à 49 gCO2/kgBOF pour les BOF contre 265,4 gCO2/kg chaux pour la chaux. La sulfuration des laitiers par H2S a conduit à une capacité de capture de 7,0 ± 1,0 gH2S/kgBOF. Suite à ces résultats, la faisabilité technique a été évaluée sur un biogaz réel produit sur une exploitation agricole vendéenne. Des tests sur site dans une colonne garnie de 200 g de laitiers en lit fixe pendant 46 jours ont permis de valider la faisabilité de la désulfurisation parles laitiers BOF en conditions réelles. Cependant, les réflexions menées sur la carbonatation du CO2 ont conduit à l’introduction d’une solution alternative à savoir la filtration membranaire. Enfin, le bilan économique sur la filière complète a montré que la rentabilité de cette unité était contrainte par un investissement de 75 000 € subventionné à 30% et la consommation d’au moins 6 pleins/semaine. / Bio-NGV (bio- Natural Gas for Vehicles) is a bio-fuel based on the biogas in which components such as CO2and H2S are removed. But the economical feasibility of available and commercial technologies to perform these removals is limited to 80 Nm3/h of treated biogas. Regarding farm scale biogas plant, fuel needs of 1 fill-upper day would represent the treatment of only 1 Nm3/hof raw biogas. The aim of our work was to develop a solution economically adapted to farm scale to produce bio-NGV from biogas. An alternative and low cost material, BOF slag (Basic Oxygen Furnace slag), was then identified to perform CO2 removal by accelerated carbonation and H2S removal by iron sulfidation. The accelerated carbonation feasibility was evaluated in batch and dynamic reactors under laboratory conditions. But, removal capacities obtained were insufficient to be used under real conditions. Lime was then tested and CO2 removal capacities observed were higher than BOFslag ones but still insufficient. Iron sulfidation by H2Swas also tested under laboratory conditions. Batch reactor and dynamic column investigations led to an interesting H2S removal capacity of 7,0 ± 1,0 gH2S/kgBOF. Based on this result, performances were also validated under real conditions on the biogas produced on site field. According to the whole experimental data, the complete process of bio-NGV production was designed including the H2S removal performed by BOF slag, CO2 removal achieved in two membranes and the 200 bars compression. Finally, the overall economical balance has showed that a total investment of 75 000 € with a subsidy rates of 30% and a weekly fuel consumption between 6 and 28 fill-up/week will lead to a profitable project.

A indústria cimenteira busca alternativas para economia de recursos no processo produtivo, em especial envolvendo o uso de materiais residuais no cimento, como escórias siderúrgicas. A escória de aciaria, em particular, apresenta composição desfavorável para aplicação in natura, porém há metodologias na literatura de modificação do material para aplicações cimentícias. No entanto, ainda não se encontram avaliações da corrosão de armaduras de aço em compósitos cimentícios com essa adição, seja em meio sólido ou líquido (água de poro). Esse estudo avaliou, através de curvas de polarização e da espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), a resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 em soluções representativas de águas de poro extraídas por pressão de pastas de cimento com 25 % de escória de aciaria in natura ou modificada por processo pirometalúrgico. Para efeitos comparativos, foi feita também a avaliação do desempenho do aço em meios de águas de poro indicadas na literatura como representativas de cimento Portland comum e de escória de alto forno. O efeito da presença de espécies agressivas na resistência à corrosão do aço foi avaliado adicionando-se 1,0 % de NaCl em massa às soluções estudadas. Nas águas de poro sem 1,0 % de cloreto, o aço CA-50 apresentou-se passivo e não mostrou indícios de corrosão nos ensaios nem de polarização nem de EIE durante 120 h de imersão. Entretanto, os ajustes dos diagramas com circuito elétrico equivalente (CEE) apontaram que as características de proteção da camada passiva formada nas águas de poro de cimento com escória de aciaria foram superiores, resultando em maior resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 nestes meios. Por sua vez, nos meios com 1,0 % de NaCl, após polarização e EIE até 120 h, o aço sofreu corrosão para as águas de poro de cimento comum e escória de alto forno, porém não corroeu nas águas de poro representativas de cimentos com escórias de aciaria, cujo melhor desempenho foi associado à maior alcalinidade destes meios. A caracterização microestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de varredura após os ensaios de polarização anódica e de imersão mostrou que o principal produto de corrosão formado foi a lepidocrocita (?-FeOOH), comum em ataque do aço por cloretos. / The cement industry seeks alternatives to save resources in production processes, especially involving the use of residual materials in cements, such as slags. Steel slags present unfavorable composition for application as cement additions in natura, but there are methodologies in the literature for modifying this material for commercial application. However, there are no evaluations of the corrosion of steel reinforcements in cementitious composites with steel slags, either in solid or liquid medium (pore water). The present study employed polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in pore water solutions representative of cement pastes with 25 % steel slag in natura or modified by a pyrometallurgical process. For comparison purposes, the performance of CA-50 steel in the pore waters indicated in the literature as representatives of Portland cement and blast furnace slag activated with cement were also evaluated. The effect of aggressive species on the corrosion resistance of the steel was assessed by adding 1.0 % NaCl by mass to the pore water solutions. Without 1.0 % chloride addition, CA-50 steel exhibited good performance and showed no evidences of corrosion in all of the investigated media, both in anodic polarization and in EIS tests performed up to 120 h immersion. However, the fitting of the EIS diagrams with equivalent electric circuit (EEC) revealed that the protectiveness of the passive layer formed in pore waters representative of cements with steel slags were superior, indicating better corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in these media. Conversely, when 1.0 % chloride was added to the pore waters, CA-50 steel presented pitting corrosion, and impedance decreases with immersion in the pore waters representative of pure cement and blast furnace slag, whereas no corrosion was detected by both methodologies in pore waters representatives of cements with steel slags, which superior performance was ascribed to their higher alkalinity. Microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after anodic polarization and immersion tests showed that the main corrosion product formed was lepidocrocite (?-FeOOH), usual of chloride attack of steel.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O Microrrevestimento AsfÃltico a Frio (MRAF) Ã um tipo de revestimento aplicado na manutenÃÃo preventiva de pavimentos que tem sido usado com sucesso em outros estados do Brasil e no mundo, desde que nÃo existam problemas estruturais na rodovia. Para a composiÃÃo do MRAF tem sido empregados agregados locais que em alguns casos se tornam escassos e com custos elevados. Essa realidade tem motivado pesquisadores a estudarem novos materiais para serem empregados em revestimentos asfÃlticos. Sendo assim, a pesquisa aqui proposta tem o objetivo geral de verificar a viabilidade tÃcnica, econÃmica e ambiental do uso do Agregado SiderÃrgico (AS) e do material fresado na aplicaÃÃo do MRAF. Para tanto, elaborou-se um programa experimental desenvolvido em quatro etapas. Na primeira etapa, procedeu-se a coleta e a caracterizaÃÃo de agregados convencionais e alternativos (AS e material fresado) e da emulsÃo modificada por polÃmeros de ruptura controlada (RC1C-E). Na segunda etapa, foram realizados estudos de dosagem, de desgaste superficial e de tempo de cura em laboratÃrio atravÃs de ensaios usualmente empregados. Na terceira etapa, foi analisado o comportamento do MRAF, aplicado diretamente sobre uma base de pavimento asfÃltico de comportamento mecÃnico conhecido, quando submetido a um simulador de trÃfego de laboratÃrio. Na quarta etapa, foi realizado um comparativo de custos de aplicaÃÃo do MRAF utilizando os agregados convencionais e alternativos. A partir dos resultados, observou-se que os agregados alternativos estudados tÃm potencial para serem empregados em serviÃos de MRAF, sem diminuiÃÃo de sua vida Ãtil e propiciando uma reduÃÃo nos custos de aplicaÃÃo. / Microsurfacing is a type of bituminous wearing course applied in pavement preventive maintenance that has been used successfully in states of Brazil and the world, but cannot be applied in structurally deficient pavements. For microsurfacing composition it is used local aggregates that in some cases become scarce and expensive. This situation has motivated researchers to study new materials to be used this bituminous wearing course. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to verify the technical, economic and environmental viability of using steel slag and recycled asphalt aggregates in microsurfacing applications. To reach the main objective, a laboratory procedure was developed in four steps. In the first step, the collection and characterization of conventional and alternative aggregates (steel slag and recycled asphalt aggregates) and polymer-modified emulsified asphalt were made. In the second step, mix desing, surface abrasion resistance and set time tests were performed. In the third step, the microsurfacing performance was analyzed by a laboratory traffic simulator when it is applied over a base material with a known mechanical behavior. In the fourth step, a comparative cost study of microsurfacing application using conventional and alternative aggregates was performed. The laboratory procedure results indicated that the alternative aggregates studied have the potential to be used in microsurfacing aplications without service life decreasing, providing a reduction in implementation costs.

<p>This thesis work aimed to provide a better knowledge of inclusion behavior at the steel-slag interface. All results are based on mathematical modeling of liquid and solid inclusion separation to the slag. The model descriptions of the inclusion transfer are based on the equation of motion at the system. It is assumed that the inclusion transfer is governed by four forces acting on the inclusion as it has reached the steel-slag interface. These are the buoyancy force, the added mass force, the drag force and the rebound force. The models assume two cases of inclusion separation depending on the inclusion Reynolds number. In the case where Reynolds number is larger or equal to unity, Re≥1, a steel film is formed between the inclusion and the slag. This steel film must first be drained before the inclusion can separate to the slag. If Reynolds number, Re<1, then no steel film is formed and the inclusion will be in direct contact with the slag. The mathematical models also propose three types of inclusion behavior as the inclusion crosses the steel-slag interface. The inclusion can either, pass and separate to the slag, oscillate at the interface with the possibility of reentering the steel bath with the steel flow or it can remain at the interface not completely separated to the slag. A parameter study for 20 μm inclusions showed that the most important parameters controlling the inclusion behavior at the steel-slag interface are the slag viscosity and the interfacial tensions between the phases. For 100μm inclusions also the inclusion density affects the inclusion behavior. The models were applied to ladle and tundish conditions. Since the slags in the chosen industrial conditions have not been studied experimentally before, estimations of the important physical property parameters were made. Future measurements will therefore be needed in order to make predictions of inclusion transfer behavior at the steel-slag interface which are more relevant for the industry. The main conclusion is that useful plots can be made in order to illustrate the tendency for the inclusion transfer and how to manipulate the physical property parameters in order to increase the inclusion separation in ladles and tundishes.</p>

<p>The main focus in the present work concerns calculations on steel/slag equilibria. Thermodynamic software and databases are now powerful and accurate enough to give reliable results when applied to complex metallurgical processes. One example is the decarburization process of high alloyed steels. It is shown that using advanced thermodynamic models, without a complicated kinetic description of the system, reasonable agreement with experimental data is obtained. The calculations are performed using the Thermo-Calc software.</p><p>Within this work a Java interface for Thermo-Calc has been implemented. Java gives graphical possibilities and a graphical interface has been created that facilitates calculations that involve both metallic phases as well as oxides and make them feasible also for an industrial user.</p>

A indústria cimenteira busca alternativas para economia de recursos no processo produtivo, em especial envolvendo o uso de materiais residuais no cimento, como escórias siderúrgicas. A escória de aciaria, em particular, apresenta composição desfavorável para aplicação in natura, porém há metodologias na literatura de modificação do material para aplicações cimentícias. No entanto, ainda não se encontram avaliações da corrosão de armaduras de aço em compósitos cimentícios com essa adição, seja em meio sólido ou líquido (água de poro). Esse estudo avaliou, através de curvas de polarização e da espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), a resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 em soluções representativas de águas de poro extraídas por pressão de pastas de cimento com 25 % de escória de aciaria in natura ou modificada por processo pirometalúrgico. Para efeitos comparativos, foi feita também a avaliação do desempenho do aço em meios de águas de poro indicadas na literatura como representativas de cimento Portland comum e de escória de alto forno. O efeito da presença de espécies agressivas na resistência à corrosão do aço foi avaliado adicionando-se 1,0 % de NaCl em massa às soluções estudadas. Nas águas de poro sem 1,0 % de cloreto, o aço CA-50 apresentou-se passivo e não mostrou indícios de corrosão nos ensaios nem de polarização nem de EIE durante 120 h de imersão. Entretanto, os ajustes dos diagramas com circuito elétrico equivalente (CEE) apontaram que as características de proteção da camada passiva formada nas águas de poro de cimento com escória de aciaria foram superiores, resultando em maior resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 nestes meios. Por sua vez, nos meios com 1,0 % de NaCl, após polarização e EIE até 120 h, o aço sofreu corrosão para as águas de poro de cimento comum e escória de alto forno, porém não corroeu nas águas de poro representativas de cimentos com escórias de aciaria, cujo melhor desempenho foi associado à maior alcalinidade destes meios. A caracterização microestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de varredura após os ensaios de polarização anódica e de imersão mostrou que o principal produto de corrosão formado foi a lepidocrocita (?-FeOOH), comum em ataque do aço por cloretos. / The cement industry seeks alternatives to save resources in production processes, especially involving the use of residual materials in cements, such as slags. Steel slags present unfavorable composition for application as cement additions in natura, but there are methodologies in the literature for modifying this material for commercial application. However, there are no evaluations of the corrosion of steel reinforcements in cementitious composites with steel slags, either in solid or liquid medium (pore water). The present study employed polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in pore water solutions representative of cement pastes with 25 % steel slag in natura or modified by a pyrometallurgical process. For comparison purposes, the performance of CA-50 steel in the pore waters indicated in the literature as representatives of Portland cement and blast furnace slag activated with cement were also evaluated. The effect of aggressive species on the corrosion resistance of the steel was assessed by adding 1.0 % NaCl by mass to the pore water solutions. Without 1.0 % chloride addition, CA-50 steel exhibited good performance and showed no evidences of corrosion in all of the investigated media, both in anodic polarization and in EIS tests performed up to 120 h immersion. However, the fitting of the EIS diagrams with equivalent electric circuit (EEC) revealed that the protectiveness of the passive layer formed in pore waters representative of cements with steel slags were superior, indicating better corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in these media. Conversely, when 1.0 % chloride was added to the pore waters, CA-50 steel presented pitting corrosion, and impedance decreases with immersion in the pore waters representative of pure cement and blast furnace slag, whereas no corrosion was detected by both methodologies in pore waters representatives of cements with steel slags, which superior performance was ascribed to their higher alkalinity. Microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after anodic polarization and immersion tests showed that the main corrosion product formed was lepidocrocite (?-FeOOH), usual of chloride attack of steel.

The main focus in the present work concerns calculations on steel/slag equilibria. Thermodynamic software and databases are now powerful and accurate enough to give reliable results when applied to complex metallurgical processes. One example is the decarburization process of high alloyed steels. It is shown that using advanced thermodynamic models, without a complicated kinetic description of the system, reasonable agreement with experimental data is obtained. The calculations are performed using the Thermo-Calc software. Within this work a Java interface for Thermo-Calc has been implemented. Java gives graphical possibilities and a graphical interface has been created that facilitates calculations that involve both metallic phases as well as oxides and make them feasible also for an industrial user. / QC 20101118