Este trabalho discute caminhos para tornar o projeto de detalhamento da armadura um indutor da melhoria da produtividade da mão-de-obra no serviço de armação. Uma revisão bibliográfica inicial precede a apresentação de estudos de campo, que foram realizados para se entender como a produtividade em armação varia. Tal entendimento (expresso na forma de faixas de variação da produtividade e apresentação dos fatores influenciadores) deu apoio a entrevistas com projetistas, visando levantar suas opiniões sobre as alterações no projeto, levando à melhoria da produtividade, que seriam mais viáveis de serem adotadas. Em paralelo, estudaram-se as diferentes formas de apresentação dos projetos de detalhamento da armadura e, uma vez descritas estas possibilidades, coletaram-se as opiniões de gestores da produção sobre as formas de representação mais convenientes. Todos estes conhecimentos, de base teórica e empírica, servem de subsídio para a tomada de decisões sobre diretrizes a serem seguidas na futura elaboração de projetos de detalhamento da armadura, o que é bastante desejável no sentido de se aumentar a competitividade das empresas de construção de edifícios. / This thesis presents directions to make the steel reinforcement design a tool to improve rebar labor productivity. Bibliography review served as basis to go through a site study that allowed understanding rebar labor productivity variation. Such an information, expressed in terms of a labor productivity unit rate range associated to the influencing factors presentation, supported designers interviews where they stated the ideas they are willing to use in their designs to improve labor productivity. The thesis also discusses different approaches to be used in order to represent the product being defined in the design. In this case, production managers were listened to, aiming to understand the ones they prefer. The whole knowledge here described, coming from theory or reality evaluation, can help managers in taking decisions in relation to the steel reinforcement design directions to be followed. This can be very helpful to make construction companies more competitive.

abstract: Concrete columns constitute the fundamental supports of buildings, bridges, and various other infrastructures, and their failure could lead to the collapse of the entire structure. As such, great effort goes into improving the fire resistance of such columns. In a time sensitive fire situation, a delay in the failure of critical load bearing structures can lead to an increase in time allowed for the evacuation of occupants, recovery of property, and access to the fire. Much work has been done in improving the structural performance of concrete including reducing column sizes and providing a safer structure. As a result, high-strength (HS) concrete has been developed to fulfill the needs of such improvements. HS concrete varies from normal-strength (NS) concrete in that it has a higher stiffness, lower permeability and larger durability. This, unfortunately, has resulted in poor performance under fire. The lower permeability allows for water vapor to build up causing HS concrete to suffer from explosive spalling under rapid heating. In addition, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of HS concrete is lower than that of NS concrete. In this study, the effects of introducing a region of crumb rubber concrete into a steel-reinforced concrete column were analyzed. The inclusion of crumb rubber concrete into a column will greatly increase the thermal resistivity of the overall column, leading to a reduction in core temperature as well as the rate at which the column is heated. Different cases were analyzed while varying the positioning of the crumb-rubber region to characterize the effect of position on the improvement of fire resistance. Computer simulated finite element analysis was used to calculate the temperature and strain distribution with time across the column's cross-sectional area with specific interest in the steel - concrete region. Of the several cases which were investigated, it was found that the improvement of time before failure ranged between 32 to 45 minutes. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2011

Este trabalho discute caminhos para tornar o projeto de detalhamento da armadura um indutor da melhoria da produtividade da mão-de-obra no serviço de armação. Uma revisão bibliográfica inicial precede a apresentação de estudos de campo, que foram realizados para se entender como a produtividade em armação varia. Tal entendimento (expresso na forma de faixas de variação da produtividade e apresentação dos fatores influenciadores) deu apoio a entrevistas com projetistas, visando levantar suas opiniões sobre as alterações no projeto, levando à melhoria da produtividade, que seriam mais viáveis de serem adotadas. Em paralelo, estudaram-se as diferentes formas de apresentação dos projetos de detalhamento da armadura e, uma vez descritas estas possibilidades, coletaram-se as opiniões de gestores da produção sobre as formas de representação mais convenientes. Todos estes conhecimentos, de base teórica e empírica, servem de subsídio para a tomada de decisões sobre diretrizes a serem seguidas na futura elaboração de projetos de detalhamento da armadura, o que é bastante desejável no sentido de se aumentar a competitividade das empresas de construção de edifícios. / This thesis presents directions to make the steel reinforcement design a tool to improve rebar labor productivity. Bibliography review served as basis to go through a site study that allowed understanding rebar labor productivity variation. Such an information, expressed in terms of a labor productivity unit rate range associated to the influencing factors presentation, supported designers interviews where they stated the ideas they are willing to use in their designs to improve labor productivity. The thesis also discusses different approaches to be used in order to represent the product being defined in the design. In this case, production managers were listened to, aiming to understand the ones they prefer. The whole knowledge here described, coming from theory or reality evaluation, can help managers in taking decisions in relation to the steel reinforcement design directions to be followed. This can be very helpful to make construction companies more competitive.

The current research project mainly aims to investigate the corrosion resistance and bond performance of steel reinforced recycled aggregate concrete incorporating nano-silica under both normal and corrosive environmental conditions. The experimental part includes testing of 180 pull-out specimens prepared from 12 different mixtures. The main parameters studied were the amount of recycled aggregate (RCA) (i.e. 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%), nano silica (1.5% and 3%), steel embedment length as well as steel bar diameter (12 and 20mm). Different levels of corrosion were electrochemically induced by applying impressed voltage technique for 2, 5, 10 and 15 days. The experimental observations mainly focused on the corrosion level in addition to the ultimate bond, failure modes and slips occurred. Experimental results showed that the bond performance between un-corroded steel and recycled aggregate concrete slightly reduced, while a significant degradation was observed after being exposed to corrosive conditions, in comparison to normal concrete. On the other hand, the use of nano silica (NS) showed a reasonable bond enhancement with both normal and RCA concretes under normal conditions. However, much better influence in terms of bond and corrosion resistance was observed under advancing levels of corrosion exposure, reflecting the improvement in corrosion resistance. Therefore, NS was superbly effective in recovering the poor performance in bond for RCA concretes. More efficiency was reported with RCA concretes compared to the conventional concrete. The bond resistance slightly with a small amount of corrosion (almost 2% weight loss), then a significant bond degradation occurs with further corrosion. The influence of specific surface area and amount of nano silica on the performance of concrete with different water/binder (w/b) ratios has been also studied, using 63 different mixtures produced with three different types of colloidal NS having various surface areas and particle sizes. The results showed that the performance of concrete is heavily influenced by changing the surface area of nano silica. Amongst the three used types of nano silica, NS with SSA of 250 m2 /g achieved the highest enhancement rate in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and microstructure analysis, followed by NS with SSA of 500 m2/g, whilst NS with SSA of 51.4 m2 /g was less advantageous for all mixtures. The optimum nano silica ratio in concrete is affected by its particle size as well as water to binder ratio. The feasibility of the impact-echo method for identifying the corrosion was evaluated and compared to the corrosion obtained by mass loss method. The results showed that the impact echo testing can be effectively used to qualitatively detect the damage caused by corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. A significant difference in the dominant frequencies response was observed after exposure to the high and moderate levels of corrosion, whilst no clear trend was observed at the initial stage of corrosion. Artificial neural network models were also developed to predict bond strength for corroded/uncorroded steel bars in concrete using the main influencing parameters (i.e., concrete strength, concrete cover, bar diameter, embedment length and corrosion rate). The developed models were able to predict the bond strength with a high level of accuracy, which was confirmed by conducting a parametric study. / Higher Education Institute of the Libyan Government

The current research project mainly aims to investigate the corrosion resistance and bond performance of steel reinforced recycled aggregate concrete incorporating nano-silica under both normal and corrosive environmental conditions. The experimental part includes testing of 180 pull-out specimens prepared from 12 different mixtures. The main parameters studied were the amount of recycled aggregate (RCA) (i.e. 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%), nano silica (1.5% and 3%), steel embedment length as well as steel bar diameter (12 and 20mm). Different levels of corrosion were electrochemically induced by applying impressed voltage technique for 2, 5, 10 and 15 days. The experimental observations mainly focused on the corrosion level in addition to the ultimate bond, failure modes and slips occurred. Experimental results showed that the bond performance between un-corroded steel and recycled aggregate concrete slightly reduced, while a significant degradation was observed after being exposed to corrosive conditions, in comparison to normal concrete. On the other hand, the use of nano silica (NS) showed a reasonable bond enhancement with both normal and RCA concretes under normal conditions. However, much better influence in terms of bond and corrosion resistance was observed under advancing levels of corrosion exposure, reflecting the improvement in corrosion resistance. Therefore, NS was superbly effective in recovering the poor performance in bond for RCA concretes. More efficiency was reported with RCA concretes compared to the conventional concrete. The bond resistance slightly with a small amount of corrosion (almost 2% weight loss), then a significant bond degradation occurs with further corrosion. The influence of specific surface area and amount of nano silica on the performance of concrete with different water/binder (w/b) ratios has been also studied, using 63 different mixtures produced with three different types of colloidal NS having various surface areas and particle sizes. The results showed that the performance of concrete is heavily influenced by changing the surface area of nano silica. Amongst the three used types of nano silica, NS with SSA of 250 m2 /g achieved the highest enhancement rate in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and microstructure analysis, followed by NS with SSA of 500 m2/g, whilst NS with SSA of 51.4 m2 /g was less advantageous for all mixtures. The optimum nano silica ratio in concrete is affected by its particle size as well as water to binder ratio. The feasibility of the impact-echo method for identifying the corrosion was evaluated and compared to the corrosion obtained by mass loss method. The results showed that the impact-echo testing can be effectively used to qualitatively detect the damage caused by corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. A significant difference in the dominant frequencies response was observed after exposure to the high and moderate levels of corrosion, whilst no clear trend was observed at the initial stage of corrosion. Artificial neural network models were also developed to predict bond strength for corroded/uncorroded steel bars in concrete using the main influencing parameters (i.e., concrete strength, concrete cover, bar diameter, embedment length and corrosion rate). The developed models were able to predict the bond strength with a high level of accuracy, which was confirmed by conducting a parametric study. / Higher Education Institute in the Libyan Government MONE BROS Company in Leeds (UK) for providing recycled aggregates BASF and Akzonobel Companies for providing nano silica NS, Hanson Ltd, UK, for suppling cement

According to the 2019 Canadian infrastructure report card, a concerning amount of municipal infrastructure is in poor or very poor condition. The infrastructure in this condition requires immediate action for rehabilitation or replacement. For concrete infrastructure, an effective repair can extend its service life and ensure that the services it provides continue to meet the community expectations. However, unfavorable environmental factors such as repeated/cyclic loads and freezing and thawing cycles adversely affect the bond between substrate concrete and repair materials, which lowers the structural capacity of repaired structures. So far, researchers have found that bond strength of repair can be affected by surface roughness, surface moisture, chemical adhesion or cohesion, curing regime, properties of substrate and repair materials, use of bond agent, and curing regimes. These findings are mostly based on the studies that focused on cold-jointed cylinders or beams, but in real-life repair situations, repairs of beams or slabs are located at either tension or compression side of the structure. Currently, there is no comprehensive study that investigates the bond of concrete repair under a combination of freezing and thawing and repeated/cyclic loading conditions. In addition, it is challenging to provide a rapid and non-destructive evaluation of the bond deterioration of repair materials. To address these issues systematically, this dissertation breaks the task into four phases. Phase (I) focuses on the development of an engineered “crack-free” repair mix that contains polypropylene (PP) fiber. A novel method is used to surface treat the PP fibers with supplementary cementitious materials. The effectiveness of surface-treating fibers for improved bond strength and reduced cracking is investigated. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of this engineered repair mix are determined and compared with two commercially available repair materials. The results from Phase I show that by adding 0.2% (by weight) Metakaolin-treated fibers into concrete mix, the compressive strength improves by up to 15.7% compared to mixes with untreated fibers. This study achieved a strength increase of 13.5% as compared to the reported 3.3% in other studies that use 25 times the amount of metakaolin used in this study. The experimental results confirm that at 0.2% dosage level, the use of novel surface treating technique is a cost-effective way to improve the strength of repair materials. Phase (II) focuses on characterizing the bond strength of various repair systems after freezing-thawing (FT) damage using both non-destructive and destructive methods. Two innovative sounding methods, which overcome the subjectivity of the traditional chain drag method, are used to evaluate FT damage non-destructively. In the experimental study, beams with a U-shaped cut are made to simulate conditions experienced by a concrete structure during a typical repair project. Three types of repair materials are used including cementitious repair concrete, cementitious repair mortar, and polymer-modified cementitious mortar. After up to 300 cycles of freeze-thaw exposure, resonant frequency and bond flexural strength of the prismatic specimens are determined. The empirical equations relating Non-destructive test (NDT) measurements and flexural bond strength of the repaired structures after freeze-thaw (FT) exposure are proposed. The results from Phase II show that the change in dynamic modulus of elasticity determined from NDTs agrees well with the change in other measurements including flexural bond strength, interfacial crack width, and mass loss after freeze-thaw exposure. In this study, linear relationships are established between dynamic modulus of elasticity and flexural bond strength for both cementitious and polymer-modified cementitious repair mortar with a coefficient of determination ranging between 0.87 and 0.95. The proposed empirical models can be used to predict bond flexural strength of repaired structures based on NDT measurement. Also, it was found that the samples repaired with polymer-modified cementitious mortar (Mix P) have superior FT resistance compared to other repaired samples. Phase (III) focuses on investigating the structural capacity and bond performance of repaired beams after cyclic/repeated loading. To accelerate the test process, a novel modified loading regime consisting of cycle groups of increasing cyclic/repeated stress amplitude is proposed. The models proposed by literature and current codes and standards are used to validate the results. Phase (IV) focuses on the development of the damage models for both individual and combined FT and cyclic loading exposure on repaired concrete structures. The results in phase III show the feasibility of using the Palmgren-Miner rule and Goodman linear model to estimate the fatigue life of repaired structures. This was confirmed within the context of this study. This study established the usefulness of using groups of increasing cyclic stress amplitude to accelerate the fatigue test process. The two-million cycle fatigue endurance limit estimated using cycle groups of Mix S (70.8%) was very similar to what was reported in the literature (71%) using the traditional time-consuming cyclic loading method. This study found that the formulas proposed by CSA 23.3 can effectively predict the moment resistance of both intact (control) and repaired RC beams. The ratio of experimental moment resistance values to its predictions ranges from 0.91 to 1.04. Based on the experimental results of previous three phases, an empirical model that predicted the fatigue service life of FT-damaged concrete structures is proposed. Future research requires a more comprehensive study on the FT performance of various polymer-modified cementitious mortars of different mix designs in repairing concrete structures. By increasing the number of tested specimens, a better relationship could be established between destructive and NDT methods. Future research is also required to explore the combined effect of FT and cyclic loading on repaired RC structures experimentally. / Graduate / 2023-03-22

Tragwerke aus Stahlbeton weisen infolge des Kriechens und Schwindens des Betons ein zeitveränderliches Materialverhalten auf. Die Folge sind Umlagerungen der im Querschnittsinneren wirkende Kräfte und im Zeitverlauf zunehmende Verformungen. Zur Beurteilung dieses Langzeitverhaltens sind geeignete Berechnungsmodelle erforderlich, die im Planungsstadium eine zuverlässige Prognose ermöglichen. Dabei spielen nicht nur reine Stahlbetonkonstruktionen eine Rolle, sondern im Zuge von Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen werden zur Erhöhung der Tragfähigkeit zunehmend auch textile Bewehrungen aus Carbon- und AR-Glasfasern eingesetzt. Durch die beanspruchungsgerecht aufzubringenden Bewehrungsstrukturen und einen speziellen Feinbeton können sehr geringe Betonschichtdicken realisiert werden. Es entsteht ein Verbundquerschnitt mit unterschiedlichen Betonrezepturen, gleichfalls unterschiedlichem Betonalter und mit mehreren verschiedenen Bewehrungskomponenten. Um Aussagen zum Langzeitverhalten derartiger Konstruktionen treffen zu können, ist eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung über alle diese im Verbund liegenden Komponenten mit ihren jeweiligen Materialeigenschaften erforderlich. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sind in einem ersten Schritt die Stoffgesetze für die beteiligten Materialien Beton, Stahl- und Textilfaserbewehrung zu formulieren. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei das viskoelastische Verhalten des Betons, für dessen baumechanische Beschreibung ein geeignetes rheologisches Modell in Form einer Feder-Dämpfer-Kombination dargestellt und die zugehörige Spannungs-Dehnungs-Zeit-Beziehung hergeleitet wird. Ferner wird aufgezeigt, wie die erforderlichen Materialparameter mit Hilfe üblicher Berechnungsansätze für Kriechen und Schwinden (z.B. nach EUROCODE 2) kalibriert werden können. Die betrachteten Textilfasern werden zunächst mit linear-elastischem Verhalten in Rechnung gestellt. Auf alternative Ansätze, die auch hier viskoelastische Eigenschaften berücksichtigen, wird hingewiesen, und das Berechnungsmodell ist dahingehend erweiterbar gestaltet. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die Materialmodelle der Einzelkomponenten nach den mechanischen Grundprinzipien von Gleichgewicht und Verträglichkeit und unter der BERNOULLIschen Annahme eines eben bleibenden Querschnittes miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Hierfür ist eine inkrementelle Vorgehensweise erforderlich, die mit dem Zeitpunkt der ersten Lastaufbringung beginnt und schrittweise den darauffolgenden Zustand berechnet. Im Ergebnis entsteht ein Algorithmus, der die am Querschnitt stattfindenden Veränderungen im Spannungs- und Dehnungsverhalten unter Einbeziehung der Stahlbewehrung sowie einer ggf. vorhandenen Textilbetonschicht wirklichkeitsnah erfaßt. Für statisch bestimmte Systeme mit bekanntem Schnittkraftverlauf wird gezeigt, wie sich so zu jeder Zeit an jeder Stelle der vorliegende Dehnungszustand und aus diesem über die Krümmung die Durchbiegung berechnen läßt. Der dritte und für viele praktische Anwendungen wichtigste Schritt besteht darin, die am Querschnitt hergeleiteten Beziehungen in ein finites Balkenelement zu überführen und dieses in ein FE-Programm zu implementieren. Auch das gelingt auf inkrementellem Wege, wobei für jedes Zeitinkrement die Spannungs- und Verformungszuwächse aller Elemente mit Hilfe des NEWTON-RAPHSON-Verfahrens über die Iteration des Gleichgewichtszustandes am gesamten System bestimmt werden. Hierzu werden einige Beispiele vorgestellt, und es werden die Auswirkungen des Kriechens und Schwindens mit den sich daraus ergebenden Folgen für das jeweilige Tragwerk erläutert. Ferner wird gezeigt, wie textilbewehrte Verstärkungsmaßnahmen gezielt eingesetzt werden können, um das Trag- und Verformungsverhalten bestehender Bauwerke unter Beachtung des zeitveränderlichen Materialverhaltens kontrolliert und bedarfsgerecht zu beeinflussen. / Structures of reinforced concrete show a time-varying material behaviour due to creeping and shrinking of the concrete. This results in the rearrangement of the stresses in the cross-section and time-depending increase of the deformations. Qualified calculation models enabling a reliable prediction during the design process are necessary for the assessment of the long-term behavior. Not only pure reinforced concrete structures play an important role, but within retrofitting actions textile reinforcements of carbon and AR-glass fibres are applied in order to enhance the load-bearing capacity. A small concrete-layer-thickness can be achieved by the load-compatible application of reinforced textile configurations and the usage of a special certain fine-grained concrete. It leads to a composite section of different concrete recipes, different concrete ages and also several components of reinforcement. To give statements for the long-term behaviour of such constructions, a holistic examination considering all this influencing modules with their particular material properties is necessary. Within this dissertation in a first step the material laws of the participated components, as concrete, steel and textile reinforcement, are defined. The focus is layed on the visco-elastic behaviour of the concrete. For its mechanical specification a reliable rheological model in terms of a spring-dashpot-combination is developed and the appropriate stress-strain-time-relation is derived. Furthermore the calibration of the required material parameters considering creep and shrinkage by means of common calculation approaches (e.g. EUROCODE 2) is demonstrated. For the textile fibres a linear-elastic behaviour is assumed within the calculation model. It is also refered to alternative approaches considering a visco-elastic characteristic and the calculation model is configured extendable to that effect. In a second step the material models of the single components are correlated taking into account the mechanical basic principles of equilibrium and compatibility as well as the BERNOULLIan theorem of the plane cross-section. Therefore an incremental calculation procedure is required, which starts at the moment of the first load-application and calculates the subsequent configuration step by step. In the result an algorithm is derived, that realistically captures the occuring changings of stress and strain in the cross-section by considering the steel reinforcement as well as a possibly existing layer of textile concrete. For statically determined systems with known section force status it is demonstrated how to calculate the existing condition of strain and following the deflection via the curvaturve at every time and at each position. The third step - for many practical applications the most important one - is the transformation of the derived relations at the cross-section into a finite beam-element and the implementation of this in a FE-routine. This also takes place in an incremental way, whereat for each time-increment the increase of stress and strain for all elements is identified by using the NEWTON-RAPHSON-method within the iteration process for the equilibrium condition of the whole system. Meaningful numerical examples are presented and the effects of creep and shrinkage are explained by depicting the consequences for the particular bearing structure. Moreover it is shown how the purposeful use of textile reinforcement strengthening methodes can influence and enhance the load-bearing and deflection characteristics of existing building constructions by considering the time-varying material behaviour.

Tragwerke aus Stahlbeton weisen infolge des Kriechens und Schwindens des Betons ein zeitveränderliches Materialverhalten auf. Die Folge sind Umlagerungen der im Querschnittsinneren wirkende Kräfte und im Zeitverlauf zunehmende Verformungen. Zur Beurteilung dieses Langzeitverhaltens sind geeignete Berechnungsmodelle erforderlich, die im Planungsstadium eine zuverlässige Prognose ermöglichen. Dabei spielen nicht nur reine Stahlbetonkonstruktionen eine Rolle, sondern im Zuge von Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen werden zur Erhöhung der Tragfähigkeit zunehmend auch textile Bewehrungen aus Carbon- und AR-Glasfasern eingesetzt. Durch die beanspruchungsgerecht aufzubringenden Bewehrungsstrukturen und einen speziellen Feinbeton können sehr geringe Betonschichtdicken realisiert werden. Es entsteht ein Verbundquerschnitt mit unterschiedlichen Betonrezepturen, gleichfalls unterschiedlichem Betonalter und mit mehreren verschiedenen Bewehrungskomponenten. Um Aussagen zum Langzeitverhalten derartiger Konstruktionen treffen zu können, ist eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung über alle diese im Verbund liegenden Komponenten mit ihren jeweiligen Materialeigenschaften erforderlich. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sind in einem ersten Schritt die Stoffgesetze für die beteiligten Materialien Beton, Stahl- und Textilfaserbewehrung zu formulieren. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei das viskoelastische Verhalten des Betons, für dessen baumechanische Beschreibung ein geeignetes rheologisches Modell in Form einer Feder-Dämpfer-Kombination dargestellt und die zugehörige Spannungs-Dehnungs-Zeit-Beziehung hergeleitet wird. Ferner wird aufgezeigt, wie die erforderlichen Materialparameter mit Hilfe üblicher Berechnungsansätze für Kriechen und Schwinden (z.B. nach EUROCODE 2) kalibriert werden können. Die betrachteten Textilfasern werden zunächst mit linear-elastischem Verhalten in Rechnung gestellt. Auf alternative Ansätze, die auch hier viskoelastische Eigenschaften berücksichtigen, wird hingewiesen, und das Berechnungsmodell ist dahingehend erweiterbar gestaltet. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die Materialmodelle der Einzelkomponenten nach den mechanischen Grundprinzipien von Gleichgewicht und Verträglichkeit und unter der BERNOULLIschen Annahme eines eben bleibenden Querschnittes miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Hierfür ist eine inkrementelle Vorgehensweise erforderlich, die mit dem Zeitpunkt der ersten Lastaufbringung beginnt und schrittweise den darauffolgenden Zustand berechnet. Im Ergebnis entsteht ein Algorithmus, der die am Querschnitt stattfindenden Veränderungen im Spannungs- und Dehnungsverhalten unter Einbeziehung der Stahlbewehrung sowie einer ggf. vorhandenen Textilbetonschicht wirklichkeitsnah erfaßt. Für statisch bestimmte Systeme mit bekanntem Schnittkraftverlauf wird gezeigt, wie sich so zu jeder Zeit an jeder Stelle der vorliegende Dehnungszustand und aus diesem über die Krümmung die Durchbiegung berechnen läßt. Der dritte und für viele praktische Anwendungen wichtigste Schritt besteht darin, die am Querschnitt hergeleiteten Beziehungen in ein finites Balkenelement zu überführen und dieses in ein FE-Programm zu implementieren. Auch das gelingt auf inkrementellem Wege, wobei für jedes Zeitinkrement die Spannungs- und Verformungszuwächse aller Elemente mit Hilfe des NEWTON-RAPHSON-Verfahrens über die Iteration des Gleichgewichtszustandes am gesamten System bestimmt werden. Hierzu werden einige Beispiele vorgestellt, und es werden die Auswirkungen des Kriechens und Schwindens mit den sich daraus ergebenden Folgen für das jeweilige Tragwerk erläutert. Ferner wird gezeigt, wie textilbewehrte Verstärkungsmaßnahmen gezielt eingesetzt werden können, um das Trag- und Verformungsverhalten bestehender Bauwerke unter Beachtung des zeitveränderlichen Materialverhaltens kontrolliert und bedarfsgerecht zu beeinflussen. / Structures of reinforced concrete show a time-varying material behaviour due to creeping and shrinking of the concrete. This results in the rearrangement of the stresses in the cross-section and time-depending increase of the deformations. Qualified calculation models enabling a reliable prediction during the design process are necessary for the assessment of the long-term behavior. Not only pure reinforced concrete structures play an important role, but within retrofitting actions textile reinforcements of carbon and AR-glass fibres are applied in order to enhance the load-bearing capacity. A small concrete-layer-thickness can be achieved by the load-compatible application of reinforced textile configurations and the usage of a special certain fine-grained concrete. It leads to a composite section of different concrete recipes, different concrete ages and also several components of reinforcement. To give statements for the long-term behaviour of such constructions, a holistic examination considering all this influencing modules with their particular material properties is necessary. Within this dissertation in a first step the material laws of the participated components, as concrete, steel and textile reinforcement, are defined. The focus is layed on the visco-elastic behaviour of the concrete. For its mechanical specification a reliable rheological model in terms of a spring-dashpot-combination is developed and the appropriate stress-strain-time-relation is derived. Furthermore the calibration of the required material parameters considering creep and shrinkage by means of common calculation approaches (e.g. EUROCODE 2) is demonstrated. For the textile fibres a linear-elastic behaviour is assumed within the calculation model. It is also refered to alternative approaches considering a visco-elastic characteristic and the calculation model is configured extendable to that effect. In a second step the material models of the single components are correlated taking into account the mechanical basic principles of equilibrium and compatibility as well as the BERNOULLIan theorem of the plane cross-section. Therefore an incremental calculation procedure is required, which starts at the moment of the first load-application and calculates the subsequent configuration step by step. In the result an algorithm is derived, that realistically captures the occuring changings of stress and strain in the cross-section by considering the steel reinforcement as well as a possibly existing layer of textile concrete. For statically determined systems with known section force status it is demonstrated how to calculate the existing condition of strain and following the deflection via the curvaturve at every time and at each position. The third step - for many practical applications the most important one - is the transformation of the derived relations at the cross-section into a finite beam-element and the implementation of this in a FE-routine. This also takes place in an incremental way, whereat for each time-increment the increase of stress and strain for all elements is identified by using the NEWTON-RAPHSON-method within the iteration process for the equilibrium condition of the whole system. Meaningful numerical examples are presented and the effects of creep and shrinkage are explained by depicting the consequences for the particular bearing structure. Moreover it is shown how the purposeful use of textile reinforcement strengthening methodes can influence and enhance the load-bearing and deflection characteristics of existing building constructions by considering the time-varying material behaviour.

[ES] Los pilares tubulares de acero rellenos de hormigón (CFST) son un tipo de elementos estructurales mixtos que han ganado popularidad recientemente debido a su excelente comportamiento estructural y al uso racional de los materiales en su fabricación. Con la introducción de un perfil de acero dentro de una sección CFST, surge un nuevo tipo de sección mixta: los pilares tubulares de acero rellenos de hormigón con perfil de acero interior (SR-CFST), en los cuáles se centra esta tesis. Esta tipología incrementa la capacidad portante a temperatura ambiente de los pilares CFST y mejora su comportamiento a fuego, ya que el perfil interior está protegido térmicamente por el hormigón que lo rodea. Las investigaciones disponibles en la bibliografía sobre pilares SR-CFST aún son escasas, pese a sus significativas capacidades mecánicas tanto a temperatura ambiente como a elevada. En esta tesis se revisa el estado del arte sobre pilares SR-CFST, llegando a la conclusión de que son necesarias más investigaciones para comprender el comportamiento de estas secciones a temperatura elevada. La presente tesis analizará el comportamiento frente al fuego de pilares SR-CFST mediante ensayos experimentales y simulaciones numéricas. Inicialmente, se lleva a cabo una campaña experimental para analizar el comportamiento de los pilares bajo dos escenarios: una primera fase que estudia el comportamiento de los pilares tras su exposición al fuego, y una segunda en la que se analizará el comportamiento termo-mecánico de pilares cortos SR-CFST bajo carga constante e incremento progresivo de la temperatura. Tras ello, se desarrolla un modelo de elementos finitos para extender los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente y estudiar en profundidad el comportamiento de los pilares SR-CFST en fuego. El modelo numérico se valida con los ensayos termo-mecánicos realizados anteriormente, así como comparando sus predicciones con los resultados experimentales extraídos de la bibliografía. Con el modelo desarrollado se realizan una serie de estudios paramétricos para examinar la influencia de los parámetros geométricos más relevantes, así como para analizar el efecto del uso de materiales de alta resistencia en el comportamiento a fuego de los pilares. En base a los resultados obtenidos de los estudios paramétricos, se lleva a cabo una propuesta para determinar de forma sencilla la distribución de temperaturas seccional en un tiempo de exposición al fuego dado. Empleando las temperaturas equivalentes obtenidas y en línea con las directrices del Eurocódigo 4 Parte 1.2, se propone una nueva expresión para evaluar la resistencia plástica seccional de los pilares SR-CFST bajo la acción del fuego. Esta propuesta cubre un campo de aplicación que actualmente no está contemplado en la normativa europea. / [CA] Els pilars tubulars d'acer plens de formigó (CFST) són un tipus de membres estructurals mixtes que han guanyat popularitat recentment degut al seu excel·lent comportament estructural y a l'ús moderat de materials en la seua construcció. Amb la introducció d'un perfil d'acer dins d'una secció CFST, s'obté un nou tipus de secció mixta: els pilars tubulars d'acer plens de formigó amb perfil d'acer interior (SR-CFST), al voltant dels quals se centra esta tesi. Esta tipologia incrementa la capacitat a temperatura ambient dels pilars CFST i millora el seu comportament a foc, ja que el perfil interior està protegit tèrmicament pel formigó que l'envolta. Les investigacions disponibles a la bibliografia sobre pilars SR-CFST encara són escasses, malgrat les seues significatives capacitats mecàniques tant a temperatura ambient com a elevada. En esta tesi es revisa l'estat de l'art sobre pilars SR-CFST, concloent que són necessàries més investigacions per tal de comprendre el comportament d'estes seccions a alta temperatura. En la present tesi s'analitzarà el comportament a foc dels pilars SR-CFST per mitjà d'assajos experimentals i simulacions numèriques. Inicialment es desenvolupa una campanya experimental per tal d'analitzar el comportament dels pilars en dos situacions: una primesa fase estudia el comportament dels pilars després de la seua exposició al foc i una segona en què s'analitza el comportament termo-mecànic de pilars curts SR-CFST subjectes a una càrrega constant i a un increment progressiu de la temperatura. Seguidament es desenvolupa un model d'elements finits realista per tal d'estendre els resultats obtinguts experimentalment i estudiar en profunditat el comportament dels pilars SR-CFST en foc. El model numèric es valida amb els assajos termo-mecànics realitzats anteriorment, així com comparant les seues prediccions amb els resultats disponibles a la bibliografia. Amb ajuda del model desenvolupat es realitzen una sèrie d'estudis paramètrics per tal d'examinar la influència dels paràmetres geomètrics més rellevants així com l'efecte de l'ús de materials d'alta resistència en el comportament a foc dels pilars. Basat en els resultats obtinguts dels estudis paramètrics, es desenvolupa una proposta per determinar, de forma senzilla, la distribució de temperatures seccional en un temps d'exposició al foc concret. Amb les temperatures equivalents obtingudes i en línia en les indicacions de l'Eurocódi 4 Part 1.2, es proposa un nou mètode per avaluar la resistència plàstica seccional de pilars SR-CFST baix l'acció del foc. Esta proposta cobreix un camp d'aplicació que actualment no està contemplat en la normativa europea. / [EN] Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns are a type of composite structural members that have gained popularity in recent years owing to their excellent structural performance and rational use of the materials. By embedding a steel profile inside a CFST section, a new and innovative type of composite section is generated: the so-called steel-reinforced concrete-filled steel tubular (SR-CFST) column, which is the focus of this thesis. This typology improves the room temperature capacity of CFST columns, while enhancing their fire performance, as the inner steel profile is thermally protected by the surrounding concrete. Despite their remarkable load-bearing capacity at both room and elevated temperature, investigations on SR-CFST columns under fire are still scarce. The state of the art on the fire behaviour of SR-CFST columns is reviewed in this thesis, proving that further research is needed to completely understand the performance of this type of columns under elevated temperature. The fire performance of SR-CFST columns is analysed in this thesis by means of experimental tests and numerical simulations. First, an experimental investigation is conducted to study the behaviour of these composite columns under two scenarios: the first phase of the experimental campaign is focused on the post-fire performance, while the second phase is conducted to determine the thermo-mechanical performance of SR-CFST stub columns under constant load and increasing temperature. Subsequently, a realistic finite element model is developed to extend the experimental results and analyse in depth the behaviour of SR-CFST columns in fire. The numerical model is validated against the previously performed thermo-mechanical tests, as well as by comparing its predictions with the available experimental results from the literature. A series of parametric studies are conducted to analyse the influence of the relevant geometrical parameters and to study the effect of the use of high-strength materials on the fire performance of the columns. Based on the results of the parametric studies, a simplified proposal is developed to easily determine the cross-sectional temperature distribution at a given fire exposure time. Using the obtained equivalent temperatures and in line with the current provisions in Eurocode 4 Part 1.2, a new design equation is proposed to evaluate the cross-sectional plastic resistance of SR-CFST columns under fire conditions, filling an existing gap in the European design code. / The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude for the help provided through the Grant PID2019-105908RB-I00 and for the first author’s pre-doctoral contract through the Grant PRE2020-093106 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ‘‘ESF Investing in your future’’. Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge the funding for open access charge from CRUE-Universitat Politècnica de València. / Medall Martos, D. (2024). Numerical and experimental research on the fire resistance of composite columns with steel sections embedded in concrete and high strength materials [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207130