The project presented in this report is a master's thesis performed at Scania CV. The main purpose is to develop an algorithm that estimates the offset of the values that the steering wheel angle sensor reports in a truck or tractor, and also to investigate the possibility to estimate the steering wheel angle in real-time. The developed algorithm successfully estimates the offset to an accuracy on the order of degrees, and the uncertainty of the estimate is ultimately determined by the backlash in the steering system, which may range up to approximately 15 degrees or more depending on service standards. The investigation also shows that two general approaches to estimate the steering wheel angle in real-time can produce unbiased estimates only when the vehicle is cornering at low speeds.

This master thesis focuses on design of steering wheel and clutch controller module for Formula Student car, The first part of this thesis is focused on communication protocol CAN and continues with explanation of reasons for development of this solution. Requirements for individual components of system are introduced in next part. At the end of the thesis the final electrical and hardware design is introduced as well as software design. The last part of this thesis is focused on simulation of system in race condition and evaluation of results.

This thesis analyzes the interior of the solar car, used by the JU Solar Team, to improve the user experience in terms of user interaction and ergonomics. Following the Design Thinking methodology, it starts with a research phase to understand how the user interacts with the car and the elements required for this interaction during the race. It also studies the dimension of the actual interior and the anthropometric factors, some changes are proposed for a more efficient use of the space. The next phase explores new buttons and configurations for the steering wheel. The use of prototypes and sketches leads the development of the ideas, which are further developed and defined, including the graphical design and the dimensions of the interior. In the findings, the redesign of the steering wheel and interior is shown in several renders with an explanation of the final design decisions, which can be summarized in: A new shape for the steering wheel where most of the buttons have been added with new shapes and colors. The emergency buttons and light indicators have been allocated on a central control panel. The user has access to the buttons without releasing the steering wheel and the dimension of the canapé has been reduced thanks to a more efficient use of the space. As a part of the thesis a full scale model of the steering wheels and a 1:10 scale model of the interior is provided. This thesis solves some of the problems in the actual design of the solar car and explore some of the important factors in user interaction. A human-centered design approach to a project usually driven by the performance of the car and not the user experience. / Denna avhandling omfattar utveckling av interiör för solbilar med inriktning mot att förbättra för användaren. Arbetet avser att appliceras på Ju Solar teams solbil som ska delta för Högskolan i Jönköping i World Solar Challenge 2017. Forskningen i projektet fokuserar på att förstå hur användaren interagerar och samspelar med bilen och de faktiska problem som föraren har att hantera under tävlingen. Studien omfattar också antropometriska mått där förslag på ändringar gjorts för att optimera utrymmet. Utvärdering av idéer har gjorts med hjälp av skisser och prototyper, som inkluderar den grafiska designen Designbesluten kan sammanfattas med följande: • De viktiga knapparna är alla samlade i ratten. • Användning av form och färg samt position för att enkelt kunna skilja mellan knappar och dess funktioner. • Ny form för ratten med en extra grepp-zon i den övre delen. Ny utformning av knappar, former och konfiguration för ratten. • En central manöverpanel med ljusindikatorer för föraren. • Nya dimensioner av interiören för att minska förarhuvens storlek och därmed minska luftmotståndet. Som en del av avhandlingen finns en fullskalemodell av ratten och en modell i skala 1:10 av interiören tillhandahålls. Solbilar utvecklas vanligen med prestanda som prioritet men denna avhandling utforskar de problemområden som finns i anslutning till solbilens förarmiljö med människan i centrum.

A stationary or temporary offset in the steering system of a vehicle can result in functions, relying on the steering wheel angle, performing poorly. Due to the wide range of different vehicle configurations at Scania CV, all sensors with relevant information regarding vehicle direction are not available on all vehicles. By using a statistical approach, including common sensors installed on the vehicle, a conceptual algorithm calibrating the Steering Wheel Angle Sensor offset in real- time has been developed. The algorithm is simple and relies on the assumption that a vehicle is driving straight ahead most of the time above a certain minimum vehicle speed, thus the most frequent steering wheel angle is the straight ahead angle. The algorithm is only active above the certain minimum vehicle speed and consists of two moving windows comprising steering wheel angle samples in which the calculations are performed. The results show that the algorithm is able to detect offsets with a short calibration time. Storage of samples is required but no vehicle specific parameters are needed.

<p>As more and more people conduct vigilance-based activities at times other than the traditional daytime work hours, the time utilization will continue to escalate in the next century and will further increase the risks of sleepiness-related accidents.</p><p>This project, which is commissioned by Scania CV AB, is to nvestigate the potential of a method for sleepiness detection belonging to esium AB. Our objective is to examine whether Scania CV AB should continue with the investigation of the patent method, and in that case, which patent parameters, that indicate sleepiness, should be more closely inquired. The purpose with the method of patent is to discover a sleepy driving behaviour. This method is based on the interaction that appears between the driver and the vehicle. The interaction consists of small spontaneous corrections with the steering wheel that in this report is called micro communication. How well the interaction is functioning can be measured in degree of interaction, which shows how well the driver and the truck interact with each other. The interaction between the driver and the vehicle is in this report looked upon as answers and questions with a certain reaction time, which appears with a certain answered question frequency. The differences in the signal’s amplitudes are measured in variation in amplitudes.</p><p>Experiments to collect relevant signals have to be conducted in order to investigate the potential with the method of the patent. It is eligible to collect data from a person falling asleep, which implies experiments conducted in a simulator. The experiments are executed in</p><p>a simulator, one test when they are alert and one when they are sleep deprived. Tests are also executed in a Scania truck. The purpose with these experiments is to collect data of the subject’s normal driving pattern in a truck and to investigate if it is possible to obtain</p><p>acceptable data in a truck.</p><p>The sleepiness experiments have indicated that the micro communication takes place in a frequency range of 0.25 to 6.0 Hz. The variables that have been found to detect sleepiness with high reliability are the reaction time and the degree of interaction presented in spectra.</p><p>The validation experiments have shown it is possible to collect exact and accurate data from the lateral acceleration and the steering wheel torque. But, there is more noise in the signals from truck then there is in the signals from the simulator.</p><p>This method for sleepiness detection has, according to the authors, a great potential. However, more experiments have to be conducted. The authors suggest further sleepiness experiments only conducted during night time. The subjects are sufficiently alert in the beginning of the test to receive data from normal driving behaviour. Physiological measurement could be interesting to have by the side of the subjective assessments as an additional base for comparison.</p>

As more and more people conduct vigilance-based activities at times other than the traditional daytime work hours, the time utilization will continue to escalate in the next century and will further increase the risks of sleepiness-related accidents. This project, which is commissioned by Scania CV AB, is to nvestigate the potential of a method for sleepiness detection belonging to esium AB. Our objective is to examine whether Scania CV AB should continue with the investigation of the patent method, and in that case, which patent parameters, that indicate sleepiness, should be more closely inquired. The purpose with the method of patent is to discover a sleepy driving behaviour. This method is based on the interaction that appears between the driver and the vehicle. The interaction consists of small spontaneous corrections with the steering wheel that in this report is called micro communication. How well the interaction is functioning can be measured in degree of interaction, which shows how well the driver and the truck interact with each other. The interaction between the driver and the vehicle is in this report looked upon as answers and questions with a certain reaction time, which appears with a certain answered question frequency. The differences in the signal’s amplitudes are measured in variation in amplitudes. Experiments to collect relevant signals have to be conducted in order to investigate the potential with the method of the patent. It is eligible to collect data from a person falling asleep, which implies experiments conducted in a simulator. The experiments are executed in a simulator, one test when they are alert and one when they are sleep deprived. Tests are also executed in a Scania truck. The purpose with these experiments is to collect data of the subject’s normal driving pattern in a truck and to investigate if it is possible to obtain acceptable data in a truck. The sleepiness experiments have indicated that the micro communication takes place in a frequency range of 0.25 to 6.0 Hz. The variables that have been found to detect sleepiness with high reliability are the reaction time and the degree of interaction presented in spectra. The validation experiments have shown it is possible to collect exact and accurate data from the lateral acceleration and the steering wheel torque. But, there is more noise in the signals from truck then there is in the signals from the simulator. This method for sleepiness detection has, according to the authors, a great potential. However, more experiments have to be conducted. The authors suggest further sleepiness experiments only conducted during night time. The subjects are sufficiently alert in the beginning of the test to receive data from normal driving behaviour. Physiological measurement could be interesting to have by the side of the subjective assessments as an additional base for comparison.

Die Hupkraftverteilung eines airbagintegrierten Automobillenkrades wird mit Hilfe einer Parameterstudie in MathCAD so optimiert, das an jeder Krafteinleitungsposition die Hupe mit einer geforderten Mindestkraft betätigt werden kann. Nach der Modellierung in MathCAD der zugehörigen Geometrie und der Dimensionierung der Federlagerung ist das zugehörige mechanische Ersatzmodell mit Hilfe einer Parameterstudie verändert worden, so dass die Hupkraftforderung erfüllt wird.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design a single-purpose machine for machining steering wheel lever from PUR. The problem with the current state was the need of manpower for machine a large number of levers. The automated machining process eliminates the problem. The result of the work is a detailed 3D model of a single-purpose machine created in the Onshape program, drawing documentation of several parts of the equipment, economic evaluation and risk analysis of the machine. The conclusion of the thesis contains an evaluation of the whole project.

This diploma thesis describes construction design of a measuring steering wheel. This mechanism replaces the original steering wheel in the tested vehicle. Connection is made via steering shaft through an adapter. Measured parameters are steering torque and angular position of steering while driving. Measurements obtained during test-ride show some of the dynamic aspects of the tested vehicle.

The vehicle manufacturing sector is constantly evolving, and corporations are fully aware of increased consumer expectations for both driver and passenger´s comfort. SCANIA CV AB, as one of the largest Swedish manufacturers of commercial vehicles, has put an emphasis on this area. To guarantee these high-quality standards, several tests are conducted daily. Within this framework, this project aims to gain a better understanding of the phenomena associated with steering wheel vibrations. This project has an experimental focus on recreating sensitive driving conditions and addressing the vibration transfer paths to the main user interface such as the steering wheel. As widely known, the main problems related to vibrations come from resonance excitations. The most obvious solution would be to simply avoid matching any system´s eigenmodes with external excitations. Considering broadband excitations such as bumpy roads or engine vibrations, it is very unlikely that none of the critical frequencies is triggered. A better and more realistic idea would be minimizing the effects of these resonances by structural optimization. However, to do so, the eigenmodes should first be addressed. For this purpose, this project focused on identifying the annoying frequencies triggered while recreating sensitive driving scenarios. These sensitive scenarios were identified by Scania as circumstances in which the steering wheel feel gets altered. Specifically, it was decided to focus on road-induced vibrations, wheel-induced vibrations and engine-induced vibrations. The main findings show that during these tests, some resonances are triggered and interesting features are captured on the steering wheel. / Fordonstillverkningssektorn växer ständigt och företag är fullt medvetna om ökade konsumentförväntningar på både förarens och passagerarnas komfort. SCANIA CV AB, som en av de största svenska tillverkarna av kommersiella fordon, har lagt vikt vid detta område. För att garantera dessa högkvalitativa standarder genomförs flera tester dagligen.Inom denna ram syftar detta projekt till att få en bättre förståelse för de fenomen som är förknippade med rattvibrationer. Detta projekt har ett experimentellt fokus på att återskapa känsliga körförhållanden och adressera vibrationsöverföringsvägarna till huvudanvändargränssnittet, såsom ratten. Som allmänt känt kommer de största problemen relaterade till vibrationer från resonansexcitationer. Den mest uppenbara lösningen skulle vara att helt enkelt undvika att matcha något systems egenmoder med externa excitationer. Med tanke på bredbandsexcitationer som gropiga vägar eller motorvibrationer är det mycket osannolikt att ingen av de kritiska frekvenserna utlöses. En bättre och mer realistisk idé skulle vara att minimera effekterna av dessa resonanser genom strukturell optimering. För att göra det bör egenmoden först behandlas. För detta ändamål fokuserade detta projekt på att identifiera de irriterande frekvenser som triggades samtidigt som känsliga körscenarier återskapades. Dessa känsliga scenarier identifierades av Scania som omständigheter där rattkänslan förändras. Specifikt beslutades att fokusera på väginducerade vibrationer, hjulinducerade vibrationer och motorinducerade vibrationer. Huvudfynden visar att under dessa tester triggas vissa resonanser och intressanta funktioner fångas på ratten.