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A method for determining the germination dates of trees is based on wood anatomical characteristics and dendrochronology. This procedure requires destructive sampling of the tree for an extensive analysis of the zone between the roots and the trunk of the tree (root/shoot interface). The method is applicable to forest ecology and woody plant life history studies.

Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Javų selekcijos skyriaus devynlaukėje sėjomainoje 2008 - 2009 metais buvo atlikti žieminių kviečių ( Triticum aestivum. L) konkursiniai bandymai, kuriuose buvo tirta 18 perspektyvių selekcinių linijų ir palyginta su standartine veisle Zentos. Atlikus šiuos bandymus nustatyta, kad didžiausią derlių išaugino Flair/Ansgar (8,03 t ha-1) ir Flair/Lut 9-329 DH (7,84 t ha-1) selekcinių linijų kviečiai atitinkamai 17,2 ir 14,4 proc., lyginant su kontroline Zentos (6,85 t ha-1) veisle. Žieminių kviečių, skirtų krakmolo gamybai, atrinktos mažiausiai baltymingos, kurių grūduose baltymų kiekis buvo atitinkamai 8,5 proc. ir 8,7 proc., lyginant su Zentos (10.8 proc.) veisle. Daugiausiai krakmolo, lyginant su kontroline Zentos (70,2 proc.) veisle, sukaupė Olivin/Cubus DH (73,3 %), Biscay/Dream (73 %.), Dream/Bill (72,6 %) selekcinės linijos. Selekcinės linijos Tarso / Lut 96-3 (68,8 proc.) ir Dream / 91002 G 2.1 (70,1 proc.) brokuotinos dėl mažo krakmolo kiekio grūduose. Optimalus produktyvių stiebų skaičius 170,3; 179,0 ir 200 vnt m-2 išauginęs krakmolingiausius grūdus yra atitinkamai Dream/Bill, Olivin/Cubus DH ir Biscay/Dream selekcinių linijų. / In 2008-2009 a 9-field crop rotation of the Grain Crop Selection Department of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture was used for the purpose of carrying out experimentations with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) that involved a research of 18 prospective breeding lines and their comparisons with the standard breed Zentos. Experimentations showed that maximum yield was obtained from Flair/Ansgar (8,03 t ha-1) and Flair/Lut 9-329 DH (784 t ha-1) breeding lines amounting for 17,2 percent and 14,4 percent respectively, when compared to the control breed Zentos (6,85 t ha-1). Breeding lines (Flair/Ansgar, Olivin/Cubus DH) with the least protein content were selected from the winter wheat breeds particularly intended for the purpose of starch production; their protein content was 8,5 percent and 8,7 percent, respectively when compared to Zentos breed (10,8 percent). The highest starch content was found in wheat of breeding lines Olivin/Cubus DH (73,3 percent), Biscay/Dream (73 percent), Dream/Bill (72,6 percent) when compared to the control breed Zentos (70,2 perent). Breeding lines Tarso / Lut 96-3 (68,8 percent) and Dream / 91002 G 2.1 (70,1 percent) were considered to be worth discarding due to the low starch content in grain. The optimum number of productive stems was obtained from breeding lines Dream/Bill, Olivin/Cubus DH and Biscay/Dream and amounted for 170,3, 179,0 and 200 stem units per m-2, respectively.

The morphology (noun and adjective) of the Laurynas Bortkevičius book „Kiales krizaus...“ (1819) Summary “Kiales krizaus…”, written by Laurynas Bortkevicius, was published in 1819 in Vilnius. It, as well as many other works of authors from Eastern Lithuania, is a religious book containing fourteen scenes of the stations of the Cross or Calvary. There are prayers, canticles and the descriptions of the stations of the Cross in it. The major part of the book is translated from Latin. “Kiales krizaus…” is written in the Eastern language script variant. There is huge variety of phonetic, morphological, syntactic peculiarities and archaic forms of the Eastern Aukštaičiai dialect in it. This book enables us to acquire more knowledge of the specific Eastern script of the beginning of 19th century. It also helps to understand the peculiarities of its grammatical structures, the situation of the Eastern dialects and the changes of the nouns and adjectives forms during the process of the language standardization. After the thorough analysis of nouns and adjectives made on this religious publication, the conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1. The book is written in the eastern Aukštaičiai dialect. However phonetic, morphological and lexical peculiarities as well as peculiarities of spelling are not consecutively used in the authors publication. 2. It is obvious that the majority of nouns and adjectives has sustained many Eastern Aukštaičiai peculiarities, e. g.: apłunkima, darzi... [to full text]

Sugarcane plants (cultivar NCo376) were studied to assess the effects of temperature and season (spring and autumn equinox) on the morphological and physiological response of stalk components. Plants were grown from single-eyed setts for ca. five months and then placed into three temperature controlled glasshouses (22/12°C (C), 27/17°C (W) and 32/22°C (H) day/night temperatures). The plants were sampled twice weekly over a one month period., and intemodes 4, 6 and 10 of the primary haulms of each plant sampled for growth and sugar analysis. During spring, the leaf emergence rates were 0.0303, 0.1095 and 0.1682 leaves d(-1) at temperatures C, W and H, respectively; and 0.0327, 0.0824 and 0.113 leaves d(-1) in autumn. The phyllochron intervals were 114°Cd in spring and 147°Cd in autumn. Highest green leaf blade area of the primary haulms was achieved at H (438.0 and 511.7 cm2 in spring and autumn, respectively). The stalk extension rates were 1.22, 1.02, 0.38 cm d(-1) (spring) and 1.35, 0.98, 0.45 cm d(-1) (autumn), respectively, in descending order of temperature. Total biomass and stalk biomass per plant were not affected by temperature, despite the differences in stem elongation. Internodes of plants at C were shorter but thicker and heavier than the comparable internodes of plants at W and H. In autumn, the mature internode sucrose concentrations were 35.5, 29.2 and 25.5% at C, W and H, respectively; corresponding to mean RS% of 5.7, 9.8 and 13.3%, and fibre % of 58.8, 61.1 and 61.3%, at the respective ascending order of temperature. Sucrose % in the mature internodes in spring were 27.8, 20.9 and 19.9% at C, W and H, respectively; corresponding to RS% of 5.9, 9.76 and 10.9% and fibre % of 66.3, 69.4 and 69.2% at the respective ascending order of temperature. Temperature effect on the concentration of the stalk components of the immature internodes was in general not significant. Sucrose partitioning coefficients in the mature internodes were 0.25, 0.21 and 0.20 in spring and 0.50, 0.32 and 0.21 in autumn (at C, W and H, respectively). Data that resulted from this study, which is isolated to temperature and cultivar NCo376 can be used in models of sugarcane that simulate leaf appearance and senescence, assimilate partitioning between leaf and stalk and assimilate partitioning between the stalk components namely sucrose, reducing sugars and fibre. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1998. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1998. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Maîtrise (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O cajueiro tem uma grande importÃncia sÃcio-econÃmica e cultural para a regiÃo Nordeste, por gerar emprego para os agricultores, sendo por muitas vezes a sua Ãnica fonte de renda. Assim, as pesquisas com esta fruteira tÃm aumentado bastante nos Ãltimos anos, visando primariamente, reduzir os danos fitossanitÃrios e elevar a produtividade. As doenÃas, como nas demais espÃcies cultivadas, causam significativos danos. Dentre as doenÃas do cajueiro, a resinose e a podridÃo preta das hastes, ambas causadas pelo fungo Lasiodiplodia theobromae, se destacando entre as principais doenÃas em algumas regiÃes do semi-Ãrido nordestino. PorÃm, ainda hà poucos estudos sobre a biologia, morfologia, caracterizaÃÃo genÃtica desse patÃgeno, fato que dificulta o seu manejo. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a diversidade genÃtica e patogÃnica de uma populaÃÃo com 22 isolados de L. theobromae associada ao cajueiro, utilizando marcadores microssatÃlites e inoculaÃÃes em plantas de cajueiro. Para a caracterizaÃÃo molecular, extraiu-se o DNA de cada isolado a partir do micÃlio do fungo crescido em meio lÃquido. Cada amostra foi submetida à reaÃÃo de polimerase em cadeia (PCR) com 15 pares de iniciadores desenvolvidos para flanquear regiÃes especificas contendo sequÃncias simples repetidas (microssatÃlites) dessa espÃcie. Os produtos amplificados foram observados em gel de eletroforese corados com brometo de etÃdio, e os dados tabulados em planilha binÃria e analisados pelo mÃtodo de agrupamento nÃo balanceado baseado na mÃdia aritmÃtica (UPGMA), utilizando o programa MVSP. As similaridades genÃticas foram estimadas pelo coeficiente de Nei e Li. Os resultados indicaram uma grande variabilidade genÃtica da populaÃÃo avaliada, representada por diversos grupos de similaridade variando de 22,2% a 100%. TrÃs destes isolados apresentaram entre si, 100% de similaridade genÃtica com os marcadores testados. No entanto, eram morfologicamente diferentes e um deles era procedente de localidade diferente que os demais. Os dados mostraram que a similaridade genÃtica por si sà nÃo deve ser aplicado como Ãnico fator de diversidade entre isolados. Para se testar a patogenicidade, os isolados foram inoculados em mudas de cajueiro, analisando-se o tamanho da lesÃo e a taxa de crescimento do fungo. Os resultados mostraram nÃo haver diferenÃas estatÃsticas entre os isolados, fato que demonstra que, independente do local de origem, todos os isolados mostraram-se patogÃnicos, e a sua taxa de crescimento decresce, isto Ã, a planta deve produzir algum tipo de defesa contra o patÃgeno, o que dificulta a sua infecÃÃo. / The cashew has a major socio-economic and cultural development for the Northeast region, by generating employment for farmers and is frequently their only source of income. Thus, research on this fruit has increased greatly in recent years, aimed primarily to reduce damage and increase plant productivity. Diseases, as in other crops, cause significant damage. Among cashew diseases, gummosis and black stem rot, both caused by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae, stand out among the major diseases in some regions of the semi-arid. However, there are few studies on the biology, morphology, genetic characterization of this pathogen, a fact that burden their management. This study aimed to characterize the genetic and pathogenic diversity of a population of 22 isolates of L. theobromae associated with cashew, using microsatellite markers and inoculations in cashew plants. For molecular characterization, DNA was extracted from mycelium of each isolated of the fungus grown in liquid medium. Each DNA sample was subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 15 pairs of primers designed to flank specific regions containing simple repeated sequences (microsatellites) in this species. The amplified products were observed in gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide, and the data recorded on a binary and analyzed by grouping unbalanced based on arithmetic mean (UPGMA) using the program MVSP. Genetic similarities were estimated by the coefficient of Nei and Li The results indicated a large genetic variability of the population, represented by different groups of similarity ranging from 22.2% to 100%. Three of these isolates showed 100% genetic similarity with the markers tested. However, they were morphologically differences and one of them was originated from different location than the others. The data showed that the genetic similarity alone should not be applied as the only factor of diversity among isolates. To test the pathogenicity, each isolate was inoculated on cashew seedlings. Lesion development size and recovery of the fungus were recorded. The results showed no statistical differences between the isolates, which demonstrates that, regardless of place of origin, all isolates were pathogenic, and its growth rate decreases, i. e, the plant must produce some form of defense against pathogen, which hinders their infection.