Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAcao_Ivan_ Pereira.pdf: 6028159 bytes, checksum: cfaa04c1f12cd51b883a1fc9be98b2d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-27 / Blackberry is a temperate climate fruit that due to its rusticity, good yield, fast economic feedback and several options of market, it is a good alternative for small farms diversification. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of seven different pre-planting fertilizers on blackberries cultivars Tupy and Xavante. The experiment was carried out at the city São Mateus do Sul Paraná state, in 2006 and 2007 crop. The applied treatments were: T1: Control; T2: 2.0t/ha of broiler litter (BL); T3: 350kg/ha of the composition 8-20-20 (recommendation of CQFS-RS/SC, 2004); T4: 2.0t/ha of BL+1.2t/ha Thermophosphate (TP)+2.0t/ha lime-schist (CX)+1,0t/ha schist (spent-oil shale) (XR); T5: 2.0t/ha BL+1.2t/ha TP+1.0t/ha CX+0.5t/ha XR; T6: 2.0t/ha BL+1.2t/ha TP+4.0t/ha CX+2.0t/ha XR and T7: 2.0 t/ha BL+1.2 t/ha TP. The responses variables measured were shoots number per plant, shoot diameter, relation between shoot number and yield, pruning dry matter (PDM), yield, dynamic of production, Agronomic Efficiency Index (AEI), weight, diameter, total soluble solids (TSS), color, anthocianyn content, fruit acidity percentage, nutrient exportation and some content of macro and micronutrients in the pruning material, fruits and soil. The results were analysed using the statistical software WinSTAT version 2.11 at 5% level of significance. It was verified significative effects of the treatments using pre-planting fertilization only at the soil nutrients content; T6 and T3 showed the highest phosphorus and potassium concentrations, respectively. The cultivar Tupy was statistically superior at the variables PDM, yield, diameter and fruit weight and anthocianyn content. Also, there were high concentrations of Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and B in the pruning material and K, P and Cu in the fruits. Xavante was superior in shoot density and fruit color, as well as in the concentration of Ca and Mn in fruits. The cultivars Tupy and Xavante did not statistically differ at the variables: shoot diameter, TSS and fruit acidity. Also the content of P, K, S, Zn and Mn in the pruning material and B, Fe, Mg and S in the fruits did not change. There was a positive correlation of 93% for Tupy and 84% for Xavante between the increase of shoot number and yield. The harvest period extended during 71 days, being the effective harvest period (90% of production) 37 days for cv. Tupy and 24 days for cv. Xavante. The AEI of Tupy was higher in T3 and of Xavante in T5. The treatments of pre-planting fertilization did not promote alterations on nutrients content to be about to induce significative variations of the assessed variables. Regarding to cultivars, Tupy showed superior results compared to Xavante in the main studied variables. / A amora-preta é uma fruta de clima temperado que devido a sua rusticidade, boa produtividade, rápido retorno econômico e as várias opções de mercado, se apresenta como uma alternativa na diversificação da matriz produtiva, principalmente nas pequenas propriedades rurais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de sete diferentes adubações de pré-plantio sobre as cultivares Tupy e Xavante de amoreira-preta. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em São Mateus do Sul-PR, nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Os tratamentos aplicados foram os seguintes: T1: Testemunha; T2: 2,0ton ha-1 de cama de aviário(CA); T3: 350kg ha-1 da formula 8-20-20 (recomendação da Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo-RS/SC, 2004); T4: 2,0ton ha-1 de CA+1,2ton ha-1 de Termofosfato(TMF)+2,0ton ha-1 de Calxisto(CX)+1,0ton ha-1 de Xisto Retortado(XR); T5: 2,0ton ha-1 CA+1,2ton ha-1 TMF+1,0ton ha-1 de CX+0,5ton ha-1 de XR; T6: 2,0ton ha-1 CA+1,2ton ha-1 TMF+4,0ton ha-1 de CX+2,0ton ha-1 de XR e T7: 2,0ton ha-1 CA+1,2ton ha-1 TMF. As variáveis resposta avaliadas foram: número de hastes por planta, diâmetro de hastes, relação entre número de hastes e produtividade, matéria seca de poda (MSP), produtividade, dinâmica de produção, Índice de Eficiência Agronômica (IEA), peso, diâmetro, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), cor, teor de antocianinas, percentual de acidez dos frutos, exportação de nutrientes e teores de macro e micronutrientes no material de poda, frutos e solo. Os resultados foram analisados no software estatístico WinStat, versão 2.11, a um nível de significância de 5%. Foram verificados efeitos significativos dos tratamentos de adubação de pré-plantio apenas para os teores de nutrientes no solo, onde os tratamentos T6 e T3 apresentaram as maiores concentrações de fósforo e potássio respectivamente. A cultivar Tupy foi superior estatisticamente nas variáveis resposta: MSP, produtividade, diâmetro e peso de frutos e teor de antocianinas. Além da maior concentração de Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe e B no material de poda e de K, P e Cu nos frutos. A cultivar Xavante foi superior em densidade de hastes e cor de frutos, além da maior concentração de Ca e Mn nos frutos. As cultivares não diferiram significativamente nas variáveis: diâmetro de hastes, SST e acidez titulável dos frutos. Além de apresentarem os mesmos teores de P, K, S, Zn e Mn no material de poda e de B, Fe, Mg e S nos frutos. Houve uma correlação positiva de 93% para cv. Tupy e de 84% para a cv. Xavante entre o aumento do número 7 de hastes e o da produtividade. O período de colheita foi de 71 dias, sendo o período efetivo de colheita (90% da produção) foi de 37 dias para a cv. Tupy e de 24 dias para a cv. Xavante. O IEA da cv. Tupy foi maior no tratamento T3, já papré-plantio base não proporcionaram alterações nos teores de nutrientes a ponto de induzir variações significativas das variáveis resposta avaliadas. Quanto as cultivares, a cv. Tupy apresentou resultados superiores aos da cv. Xavante nas principais variáveis estudadas.

Abstract : Complex Trauma (CT) refers to the exposure to chronic or prolonged experiences of maltreatment that often occur in the context of a caregiving relationship. This concept also refers to the numerous sequelae that CT can have on the child’s functioning, including dissociation. Dissociation reflects a continuum of behaviours and processes that range from normative (e.g., daydreaming) to pathological (e.g., amnesia). The majority of children in the child welfare system have been victim to experiences of chronic maltreatment, which represents an important precursor in the development of disorganized attachment (DA). As such, many authors highlight the importance of assessing for CT exposure and associated sequelae given the pathological trajectories that are associated to these, including DA and the development of dissociative symptoms. The MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB; Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buschbaum, Emde, & the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990) is a narrative task whose purpose is to activate children’s attachment representations. The Attachment-Focused Coding System for Story Stems (AFCS; Reiner & Splaun, 2008) is a valid coding system which uses four stories (out of the 14 available) from the MSSB that are considered more likely to activate the child’s attachment system. However, this system differs in that it is quicker to administer and to code, making it more accessible to researchers and clinicians. The AFCS screens for the majority of sequelae associated to CT but does not consider dissociation. The first theoretical article outlines the current state of knowledge surrounding child dissociation, as well as how this concept relates to DA and exposure to CT. This article also explores difficulties related to the assessment of dissociation symptoms in maltreated children and argues the relevance of using a narrative task like the MSSB to do so. The second empirical article aims to develop a child dissociation assessment system which examines   the verbal and non-verbal manifestations of children that emerge during the MSSB stories selected for use with the AFCS. The Child Dissociation Assessment System (CDAS) is composed of two complementary measures, the Child Dissociation Code (CDC), which screens for dissociative symptoms, and the Child Dissociation Tool (CDT), which then assesses how these symptoms affect several domains of functioning, should this be necessary. The CDAS is a response to the current lack of child dissociation instruments available and takes limitations identified amongst existing measures into account. Through this exploratory study, the authors sought to obtain interrater agreement, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.75. To achieve this, 20 MSSB protocols of children between 6 and 12 years old (10 from a clinical sample and 10 from a non-clinical sample) were scored using the CDAS. The Mann-Whitney statistical test was then applied to the CDC to compare the average scores obtained on this measure by both groups of children to verify whether it discriminated between a clinical and non-clinical population. Preliminary results indicated that the CDAS possesses adequate to excellent inter-reliability and that the CDC discriminated between a clinical and non-clinical sample of children, highlighting the relevance of using the CDAS and of pursuing a validation study. / Les traumatismes complexes (TC) décrivent l’exposition à de multiples événements de vie traumatiques qui se produisent de manière répétée et prolongée et dont la figure parentale est souvent l’auteur. Cette nomenclature réfère également aux multiples impacts des TC sur le fonctionnement de l’enfant, dont la dissociation. La dissociation reflète une gamme de comportements et de processus allant de normaux (p. ex., rêverie) à pathologiques (p. ex., amnésie). La majorité des enfants suivis par la protection de la jeunesse (PJ) ont été victimes de maltraitance chronique, qui constitue l’un des principaux précurseurs de l’attachement désorganisé (AD). Ainsi, plusieurs auteurs notent l’importance d’évaluer l’exposition aux TC et leurs séquelles compte tenu des trajectoires pathologiques qui y sont associées, dont l’AD et le développement de symptômes dissociatifs. Le MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB; Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buschbaum, Emde, & the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990) est une tâche narrative qui vise à activer les représentations d’attachement chez les enfants. L’Attachment-Focused Coding System for Story Stems (AFCS; Reiner & Splaun, 2008) est un système de codage se voulant simple et accessible pour les chercheurs et les cliniciens, qui est appliqué à quatre histoires du MSSB (sur 14) jugées plus susceptibles d’activer l’attachement de l’enfant. L’AFCS tient compte d’indices reflétant la majorité des séquelles engendrées par les TC mais ne considère pas la dissociation. Le premier article théorique vise à dresser un portrait de l’état des connaissances au sujet de la dissociation telle qu’elle se manifeste chez les enfants, son lien avec l’AD et avec l’exposition aux TC. L’article explore également les difficultés liées à l’évaluation des symptômes de dissociation chez les enfants et discute de la pertinence d’évaluer ceux-ci en utilisant une tâche narrative telle que le MSSB. Le deuxième article empirique vise à développer un système d’évaluation de la   dissociation chez l’enfant à partir des manifestations verbales et non-verbales de la dissociation qui émergent lors des histoires du MSSB sélectionnées par l’AFCS. Le Child Dissociation Assessment System (CDAS) est composé de deux outils complémentaires, soit le Child Dissociation Code (CDC), qui permet un dépistage de symptômes dissociatifs, et le Child Dissociation Tool (CDT) qui dans un deuxième temps précise les domaines de fonctionnement atteints par ces symptômes, le cas échéant. Le CDAS répond à un manque actuel d’instruments pour évaluer la dissociation infantile et comble les limites identifiées parmi ceux qui existent. À travers cette étude exploratoire, les auteurs visent un accord inter juges satisfaisant pour le CDAS, soit un coefficient de corrélation interclasse (CIC) de 0,75 ou plus. Pour ce faire, 20 protocoles du MSSB d’enfants âgés de 6 à 12 ans (10 issus d’une population clinique et 10 d’une population non-clinique) ont été codés à l’aide de ce nouveau système de dissociation. Ensuite, le test statistique de Mann-Whitney a été appliqué au CDC afin de comparer la moyenne des scores de dissociation obtenus par les deux groupes d’enfants pour vérifier si cet outil discrimine entre la population clinique et non-clinique. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent que le CDAS possède un taux d’accord inter juges adéquat à excellent et que le CDC discrimine entre des enfants issus d’une population clinique et non-clinique. Ces résultats soulignent la pertinence du CDAS et justifient la poursuite d’un travail de validation.

No description available.

The late Paleozoic deposits of the Czech Republic are famous for their rich occurence of silicified stems. Despite the fact they have been often described and are well-known among scientists and collectors, their modern evaluation is lacking. This work summarizes results of recent anatomical and paleoenvironmental studies of silicified stems of the Intra Sudetic and Krkonoše Piedmont basins, where are these fossils found very frequently. Based on field research and review of public and private collections, the presence of silicified remnants was proved in several stratigraphic units. Firstly, this work deals with silicified stems of calamitaleans, which are known from the Ploužnice Horizon of the Krkonoše Piedmont Basin, and some gymnosperms. Based on anatomical studies of the secondary xylem and other related features there were found two species of calamitaleans: Arthropitys cf. bistriata and Calamitea striata. Secondly, the more abundant Agathoxylon - type of wood was divided into two groups, which are assigned to cordaitaleans, and conifers. The palaeoenvironmental conditions were partly reconstructed according to sedimentary structures and also according to cordaitaleans - conifers ratio in each wood-bearing layer. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006- Vlamir Fortes de Azevedo.pdf: 2176373 bytes, checksum: 3bbb1382e86e5d66a9e847d2c49e7275 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-17 / Tomato plants are highly susceptible to a great number of pests and diseases . This is a constraint to organic production, especially under field conditions. New technologies should be developed to improve organic tomato yields and reduce disease incidence. Row spacing and pruning regimes are two aspects which may be targeted to achieve these goals. Since cherry-type tomatoes are small, size variation resulting from pruning, will not significantly affect market value. The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effect of the number of stems per plant (through pruning) and plant densities on the yields and fruit quality of cherry-type tomatoes. Also, the labor required to prune the plants was estimated. Two experiments were performed at the experimental field of Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica-RJ in the Spring-Summer 2004 and Fall/Winter 2005. The first experiment evaluated the effect of three pruning regimes (free growth, one stem per plant and two stems per plant) three plant densities (1.5 X 0,4m,1.5 X 0,6m and 1.5 X 0,8 m) and two cultivars (hybrid Super-Sweet and a local self pollinated - Perinha ). The second evaluated the effects of three pruning regimes (free growth, two stem per plant and three stems per plant and two cultivars (hybrid Super-Sweet and a self pollinated - A ). The spacing used was 1.0 X 0.6m. In the first experiment, fruit yields were equivalent on the free growth and the two stems treatments. The free growth treatment had lower labor cost, since no pruning was done. In the second experiment, the number of harvests was lower compared to the previous experiment, since a severe occurrence of blight occured. Higher yields were achieved on the three stem treatment, although a higher labor cost was associatesd to this treatment. / O tomateiro ? uma esp?cie altamente suscet?vel a um grande n?mero de pragas e doen?as, o que dificulta o seu cultivo em sistemas org?nicos de produ??o, principalmente quando conduzida em ambiente n?o-protegido. Assim, novas tecnologias que possam vir a viabilizar o seu cultivo em sistemas org?nicos devem ser testadas, visando n?o s? o aumento da produ??o, como tamb?m a redu??o dos problemas fitossanit?rios. Entre os fatores que podem ser trabalhados est?o o espa?amento e a elimina??o sistem?tica das hastes laterais, pr?tica esta conhecida como desbrota , deixando-se uma ou mais hastes por planta. Como o grupo do tomate cereja apresenta frutos pequenos, o tamanho do fruto n?o afeta significativamente a sua valoriza??o no mercado. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do n?mero de hastes por planta, combinado com diferentes espa?amentos, sobre a produtividade e a qualidade de frutos de tomate tipo cereja e o gasto com m?o-de-obra para se efetuar a desbrota. Para tanto, foram realizados dois ensaios no Campo Experimental da Horticultura do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, em Serop?dica-RJ, nos per?odos de primavera-ver?o de 2004 e outono-inverno de 2005. No primeiro ensaio, foram avaliados os efeitos da combina??o de tr?s formas de condu??o (sem tutoramento e sem limita??o do n?mero de hastes por planta; tutoramento e condu??o de uma haste por planta e, tutoramento e condu??o de duas hastes por planta), tr?s espa?amentos entre plantas (0,4, 0,6 e 0,8 m) e duas cultivares de tomate cereja, o h?brido Super-Sweet e a variedade Perinha . O espa?amento entre linhas utilizado foi 1,5 m. No segundo ensaio, foram avaliados os efeitos da combina??o entre tr?s formas de condu??o (sem tutoramento e sem limita??o do n?mero de hastes por planta; tutoramento e condu??o de duas hastes por planta e, tutoramento e condu??o de tr?s hastes por planta) e duas cultivares de tomate cereja, o h?brido Super-Sweet e variedade A . O espa?amento adotado foi de 0,6 m entre plantas e 1,0 m entre linhas. No cultivo realizado no per?odo de primavera-ver?o, observou-se que o sistema n?o tutorado apresentou produtividade de frutos comerciais igual estatisticamente ? do tratamento onde as plantas foram conduzidas sob tutoramento e mantendo-se duas hastes por planta. O tratamento onde n?o foi feita a condu??o das plantas apresentou, ainda, menor custo de produ??o, decorrente do fato de n?o se ter gasto m?o-de-obra para a pr?tica da desbrota. No cultivo realizado no per?odo de outono-inverno, no entanto, observou-se redu??o acentuada do n?mero de colheitas neste sis tema devido, principalmente, ao ataque severo de requeima. Neste mesmo per?odo, constatou-se que o sistema de condu??o com tr?s hastes foi o que proporcionou maior produtividade de frutos comerciais, por?m com maior custo de produ??o devido ao aumento do gasto com m?o-de-obra para realiza??o da referida opera??o.

It is well known that methane (CH4) is emitted from soil, water and wetlands under anaerobic conditions through methanogenesis. CH4 is the final product of the anaerobic respiration of the microorganism methanogen. More recently, it has been shown that CH4 is also emitted by trees and if only the emissions from soil and water are measured the fluxes of CH4 in the ecosystem will be underestimated. Considering the emission from trees, the Amazon region greatly contributes to global emissions. To investigate if there is need for method development for measuring CH4 fluxes, the aim in this study was to statistically test the spatial and the short temporal variability of CH4 emissions from trees. This was done within and between two different seasons in three different plots in the Amazon basin during the year 2017. Samples of CH4 were collected using semi rigid chambers placed on tree stems. The samples were later analyzed in a laboratory environment using the Los Gatos Ultraportable Greenhouse Gas Analyzer (UGGA). For the statistical analysis non-parametric test were used, due to the non-parametric data. In this study, the result shows that the short temporal variability is not statistically significant in any of the three plots, but the short temporal variability is statistically significant between the two seasons. This tells us that it is of importance to collect samples during different seasons of the year when measuring CH4 emissions from trees. The spatial variability is statistically significant on all the three plots in both seasons. This tell us that it is important to collect samples from different heights of the tree stems when collecting CH4 samples regardless of the season. / The Global Methane Budget

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-02-21T15:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA189.pdf: 1182946 bytes, checksum: cdac92d859fc3431d9c622f433fc3ae9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T15:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA189.pdf: 1182946 bytes, checksum: cdac92d859fc3431d9c622f433fc3ae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / FUMDES / Uniedu / Nitrogen is the mineral nutrient taken up in highest amounts by maize (Zea mays) and the one that has the largest impact on its grain yield. Maize requires great nitrogen rates and high plant densities to achieve elevated grain yield. However, these two management practices favor stem lodging which may decrease grain yield and quality. An alternative to avoid this problem is the use of growth regulators that restrict theinternode expansion, preventing the excessive increase of plant height. This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the use of ethyl trinexapac growth regulator as an alternative to increase the response to nitrogen side-dress fertilization of maize hybrids with contrasting cycles. The experiment was set in Lages, SC, during the 2014/2015 growing season. A randomized block experimental designarranged in split-split plots was used. Two hybrids were tested in the main plots: P1630 (hipper early cycle) and 30F53 (early cycle). Four nitrogen (N) rates were evaluated in the split plots, equivalent to 0; 0.5; 1 and 1.5 times the amount of N required to achieve a grain productivity of 21,000 kg ha-1. Thepresence and absence of the growth regulator ethy trinexapac l was assessed in the split-split plots. The plant density of 90,000 pl ha-1 and the row spacing of 0.7 m were used. The application of the growth regulatorethy trinexapac decreased 12% plant height, at the average of four N rates and two hybrids. The percentage of broken and lodged stems was lower than 1% and was not affected by the evaluated treatments. The application ofethyl trinexapac reduced 3% the 16 17 weight of 1000 grains. This contributed to the decrease of 815 kg ha-1 of maize hybrids grain yield when the growth regulator was applied, at the average of four N rates. The nitrogen efficiency use decreased linearly with the increase in N rate, both in presence and absence of the growth regulator. The application of the growth regulator ethyl trinexapac was not an effective managementstrategy to increase grain yield and nitrogen efficiencyuse of maize hybrids P1630 and P30F533 / O nitrogênio é o nutriente mineral mais absorvido pelo milho (Zea mays) e o que mais interfere no rendimento de grãos. Para alcançar altas produtividades, é necessário utilizar altas doses de N e densidades de plantas elevadas na lavoura. Contudo, estas duas práticas de manejo favorecem o acamamento, podendo causar perdas significativas no rendimento e na qualidade de grãos. Uma estratégia para evitar este problema é o uso de reguladores de crescimento que restrinjam a expansão dos entrenós e o incremento excessivo na estatura da planta. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac como alternativa para aumentar a resposta do milho à adubação nitrogenada em cobertura de híbridos de milho com ciclos contrastantes. O experimento foi implantado em Lages, SC, na safra 2014/2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas sub-subdivididas. Na parcela principal foram testados dois híbridos: P1630 (ciclo hiperprecoce) e 30F53 (ciclo precoce). Nas subparcelas foram testadas quatro doses de nitrogênio (N), equivalentes a 0; 0,5; 1 e 1,5 vezes a dose necessária para atingir produtividade de 21.000 kg ha-1. Nas sub-subparcelas foram testadas a ausência e presença do 12 13 regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac. A densidade utilizada foi de 90.000 plantas ha-1 e o espaçamento entre fileiras de 0,7m. A aplicação do regulador de crescimentoetil trinexapac diminuiu em 12% a estatura de plantas, na média das quatro doses de N e dois híbridos usados. A percentagem de plantas acamadas e quebradas foi inferior a 1º e não foi afetada pelos tratamentos testados no trabalho. A aplicação de etil trinexapac reduziu em 3% a massa de 1000 grãos. Isto contribuiu para o decréscimo de 815 kg ha1 do rendimento de grãos dos híbridos avaliados quando se aplicou o produto, na média das doses de N. A eficiência do uso do nitrogênio diminuiu linearmente com o incremento na dose de N aplicada em cobertura, tanto na presença quanto na ausência do regulador de crescimento. A aplicação do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac não foi uma estratégia efetiva para aumentar para aumentar o rendimento de grãos e a eficiência de uso do nitrogênio dos híbridos P1630 e P30F533

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV14MA137.pdf: 748421 bytes, checksum: 74756a464b8fbc9e8e5f4b2e9987693f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The delay of maize harvesting may damage grain yield. The magnitude of these losses can be influenced by the hybrid agronomic characteristics. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the effects of harvest time on the agronomic performance of maize hybrids with different growth cycles. The experiment was set in Lages, SC, during the 2012/13 growing season. A randomized block design with split plots was used. Six single-cross hybrids were tested on the main plots: PP32R22H and P1630H (super early); P2530 (very early); X40B143H, P30F53YH and PP30R50YH (early). Five harvest times were assessed in the split plots: 0 (physiological maturity), 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after physiological maturity. The plant density of 80,000 pl ha-1and row spacing of 0.7 m were used. Sowing was held on December 5, 2012. Delaying harvest time by 40 days decreased 8.7% grain yield in comparison to harvest performed at the crop physiological maturity. The percentage of broken and lodged stems was higher when maize was harvested 30 to 40 days after physiological maturity. The incidence of stem diseases increased proportionally to the delay in harvest time. The occurrence of rotten grains was not affected by harvest time. The super early hybrids P32R22H and P1630H presented higher percentage of stem diseases, greater occurrence of rotten grains and worst ear husk coverage. Grain average moisture at harvest was higher than 25.0%, even when this operation was performed 40 days after physiological maturity. The delay in 14 harvest time damages maize agronomic performance, regardless of maize growth cycle / O atraso na colheita do milho poder ocasionar perdas quantitativas e qualitativas aos grãos. A magnitude dessas perdas pode ser influenciada pelas características agronômicas do híbrido utilizado. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da época de colheita sobre o desempenho agronômico de híbridos de milho com ciclos distintos. O experimento foi implantado em Lages, SC, na safra 2012/13. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas subdivididas. Na parcela principal foram testados seis híbridos simples: PP32R22H e P1630H (hiper-precoces); P2530 (super-precoce); X40B143H, P30F53YH e PP30R50YH (precoces). Nas subparcelas foram testadas cinco épocas de colheita: 0 (maturação fisiológica), 10, 20, 30 e 40 dias após a época 0. A densidade utilizada foi de 80.000 plantas ha-1 e o espaçamento entre fileiras de 0,7m. A semeadura foi realizada no dia 5 de dezembro de 2012. O atraso de 40 dias na colheita reduziu 8,7% a produtividade média de grãos dos seis híbridos, em comparação a colheita feita na maturação fisiológica. A percentagem de plantas acamadas e quebradas foi maior quando a colheita ocorreu de 30 a 40 dias após a maturação fisiológica. A incidência de doenças na base de colmo aumentou proporcionalmente ao retardamento da colheita. A incidência de grãos ardidos não diferiu entre as épocas de colheita. Os híbridos hiper-precoces PP32R22H e P1630H apresentaram maior incidência de podridões de base de colmo, pior empalhamento das espigas e maior percentagem de grãos 12 ardidos do que os demais híbridos. A umidade média dos grãos na colheita foi maior do que 25%, mesmo quando esta operação foi realizada 40 dias após a maturação fisiológica. O atraso na colheita prejudica o desempenho agronômico do milho, independentemente do ciclo do híbrido utilizado

The presence of vegetation in open channel flow has a significant influence on flow resistance, turbulence structures and sediment transport. This study will evaluate flow resistance and scale velocity profile in depth limited flow conditions, specifically investigating the impact of vegetation on the flow resistance under submerged flow conditions. The resistance induced by vegetation in open channel flows has been interpreted differently in literature, largely due to different definitions of friction factors or drag coefficients and the different Reynolds numbers. The methods utilized in this study are based on analytical and numerical models to investigate the effects of vegetation presence on flow resistance in open channel flows. The performing strategy approach was applied by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, using artificial cylinders for the velocity profile. This is to estimate the average flow velocity and resistance coefficients for flexible vegetation, which results in more accurate flow rate predictions, particularly for the case of low Reynolds number. This thesis shows different formulas from previous studies under certain conditions for a length scale metric, which normalises velocity profiles of depth limited open channel flows with submerged vegetation, using both calculated and simulated model work. It considers the submerged vegetation case in shallow flows, when the flow depth remains no greater than twice the vegetation height. The proposed scaling has been compared and developed upon work that have been influenced by logarithmic and power laws to present velocity profiles, in order to illustrate the variety of flow and vegetation configurations.