L’intégration des fibres naturelles cellulosiques de plantes annuelles ou de résidus agricoles ou agro-industriels dans l’élaboration de matériaux de structures composites et le développement de nouveaux liants biosourcés sont aujourd’hui un domaine de recherche d’intérêt croissant. La thèse s'est déroulée dans le cadre du programme « Eco-panneaux », dont les deux objectifs principaux furent tout d'abord de valoriser les fibres végétales d’origine tunisienne comme l’alfa, le jonc et les folioles de palme et ensuite d'évaluer le potentiel d'espèces végétales tunisiennes dont les écorces sont riches en tannins (fruit de grenade, racines du sumac et tronc de pin d’Alep). Les études de caractérisation des fibres ont montré que leurs masses volumiques sont inférieures à 1. Le calcul du point de saturation des fibres (FSP) montre des valeurs majoritairement comprises entre 60 et 100 %. Nous avons également pu caractériser la cinétique d'imprégnation d'eau pour chacune des fibres. L’imprégnation se stabilise après 24 h d’immersion. Riches en minéraux (concentrations supérieures à 1 %), les fibres ont montré des teneurs en cellulose, en lignines et en hémicellulose comparables à celles généralement rencontrées avec les fibres de bois. L’analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG) a permis de constater que les matrices végétales étudiées sont thermiquement stables pour des températures inférieures à 200°C. Le dosage colorimétrique pour étudier la composition en polyphénols des matrices tannifères, l’analyse infrarouge et l’étude structurale de l’extrait des tanins, ainsi que le calcul du « Stiasny number » , montrent la forte teneur de l’écorce de grenade en tanins hydrolysables et la richesse des écorces du tronc de pin d’Alep et des racines du sumac en tanins condensés. L’étude des propriétés thermiques des extraits de tanins par ATG montre que les tanins de pin d’Alep et du sumac sont thermiquement plus stables que ceux de la grenade. La colle formulée à partir d’hexamine et de tanins de pin d’Alep présente un module d’élasticité élevé. Alors que la colle à base de tanins de grenade forme le réseau le moins dense. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par l’étude de la résistance au cisaillement. L'étude réalisée sur les composites fibres-plâtre (mise en œuvre et caractérisation physico mécanique des composites) a montré que les fibres locales pourraient constituer une alternative aux fibres d'importation utilisées actuellement. Une première caractérisation de la conductivité thermique des panneaux isolants élaborés à partir des fibres locales et de colles de tanins montre une conductivité thermique moyenne de 0,106w/K.m. / The integration of natural cellulosic fibers from annual plants and agricultural residues and agro-industrial materials in the development of composite structures and the development of new bio-based adhesives, are now a research field with growing interest. The thesis was conducted within the framework of "Eco-panels" program, which its two main objectives were firstly, to enhance plant fibers of Tunisian origin as alfa, rush and palm leaflets and then to evaluate the potential of Tunisian plant species whose bark is rich in tannins (pomegranate fruit, sumac roots and Aleppo pine trunk). The characterization studies of fibers showed that their densities are less than 1. The calculation of the fiber saturation point (FSP) shows values mostly between 60 and 100 %. We were also able to characterize the impregnation kinetics of water for each of these fibers. The impregnation stabilizes after 24 h of immersion. Rich in minerals (concentrations greater than 1 %), the fibers showed levels of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose comparable to those generally encountered with wood fibers. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the plant matrices are thermally stable for temperatures below 200 ° C. The colorimetric assay of the polyphenolic composition of tanniferous matrices, the infrared analysis and the structural study of the tannins extract, as well as the calculation of "Stiasny number" show the high content in hydrolysable tannins for pomegranate barks and richness of Aleppo pine trunk barks and sumac roots barks in condensed tannins. The study by TGA of the thermal properties of tannins extracts shows that Aleppo pine and sumac tannins are thermally more stable than those of pomegranate. The formulation made from hexamine and Aleppo pine tannins has the greatest elasticity modulus. While the formulation prepared from pomegranate tannins forms the least dense network. These results were confirmed by the study of the shear strength. The study conducted on fiber-plaster composites (implementation and physico-mechanical characterization of composites) showed that local fiber could be an alternative to imported fibers used currently. A first characterization of the thermal conductivity of insulation panels made from local plant fibers and tannins adhesives shows an average conductivity of 0,106 W / Km.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago_Luan_Hachmann.pdf: 1649541 bytes, checksum: 8e937bb39bf1fdae7f31d4186d79cc60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was conducted in the period from April, 11th, 2014 until September, 9th, 2014 aiming studying the influence of the number of stems and the way of establishing these stems in productivity and quality characteristics of the tomato cultivars, and evaluate the daily course of gas exchange indexes of the tomato cultivars in the leaves exposed to solar radiation from the east (morning) or the west (afternoon). The experimental design used in the first experiment was a randomized block design with factorial 3 x 2 x 2, with four replications. Three numbers of stem per plant were tested (one, two and four steams) two forms of establishment (maintaining and removing the main stem) and two cultivars (Caniles and Rubi F1 hybrid). The total number of fruits, number of normal fruits, non-commercial and blossom-end rot was evaluated; percentage of unmarketable fruits and blossom end rot; average mass, longitudinal and transversal diameter of the normal fruits; fruit mass, transversal and longitudinal diameter, average fruit mass and productivity of the first four clusters; total mass of fruit and fruit normal mass; and was calculated productivity of normal fruits, non-commercial, with blossom end rot and total fruit yield. It was also evaluated pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity and soluble solids/titratable acidity ("ratio"). In the second experiment the experimental design was a randomized block design, factorial 2 x 2 x 6, with four replications. The first factor was composed of two evaluation positions in the plant (East and West), the second of two tomato cultivars (Caniles and Rubi) and finally six times evaluation throughout the day (8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 and 18:00). It was measured the rate of CO2 net assimilation (A), leaf transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and leaf temperature (°C) and vapor pressure deficit. It was also calculated the water use efficiency (WUE) (A/E), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) (A/gs) and the instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation (A/Ci). The conduction of plants with four steams is more favorable to productivity and the quality characteristics. The establishment of steams number keeping the main stem is best suited for providing greater productivity. The cultivar Caniles is the most suitable for driving on growing conditions, due to its higher yield and fruits with better "ratio". The values of net assimilation rate of CO2, leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, water use efficiency, intrinsic water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency on the east side are larger than on the west side. The cultivar Caniles has a higher net assimilation rate of CO2, leaf transpiration, leaf temperature and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency under conditions of high temperature and luminosity / Este trabalho foi conduzido no período de 11/04/2014 a 16/09/2014, tendo como objetivo estudar a influência do número de hastes e da forma de estabelecimento dessas hastes nas características produtivas e qualitativas de duas cultivares de tomateiro, e avaliar o curso diário dos índices de trocas gasosas de duas cultivares de tomateiro, em folhas expostas à radiação solar proveniente do quadrante leste (período da manhã) ou do quadrante oeste (período da tarde). O delineamento experimental utilizado no primeiro experimento foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 3 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições. Foram testados três números de haste por planta (uma, duas e quatro hastes), duas formas de condução (mantendo a haste principal e retirando a haste principal) e duas cultivares (híbrido F1 Rubi e híbrido Caniles). Foi avaliado o número total de frutos, número de frutos normais, não comerciais e com podridão apical; porcentagem de frutos não comerciais e com podridão apical; massa média, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal dos frutos normais; massa de frutos, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal, massa média por fruto e produtividade dos quatro primeiros cachos; massa total de frutos e massa de frutos normais; e foi calculada a produtividade de frutos normais, não comerciais, com podridão apical e produtividade total de frutos. Também foi avaliado o pH, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e a relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável ( ratio ). No segundo experimento o delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 6, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi composto de duas posições de avaliação na planta (Leste e Oeste), o segundo de duas cultivares de tomate (Caniles e Rubi) e por fim seis horários de avaliação ao longo do dia (8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 e 18:00). Foi mensurada a taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 (A), taxa de transpiração foliar (E), condutância estomática (gs), concentração interna de CO2 (Ci), temperatura foliar (°C) e déficit de pressão de vapor. Também foi calculada a eficiência no uso da água (WUE) (relação A/E), eficiência intrínseca no uso da água (WUEi) (relação A/gs) e a eficiência instantânea da carboxilação (A/Ci) (relação A/Ci). A condução das plantas com quatro hastes é mais favorável para a produtividade e para as características de qualidade. O estabelecimento do número de hastes mantendo a haste principal é mais adequado por proporcionar obtenção de maior produtividade. A cultivar Caniles é a mais adequada para a condução nas condições de cultivo, por apresentar maior produtividade e por apresentar frutos com maior ratio . Os valores de taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, taxa de transpiração foliar, condutância estomática, temperatura foliar, eficiência no uso da água, eficiência intrínseca no uso da água e eficiência instantânea de carboxilação no quadrante leste são maiores que no quadrante oeste. A cultivar Caniles apresenta maior taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, taxa de transpiração foliar, temperatura foliar e eficiência instantânea de carboxilação sob condições de temperatura e luminosidade elevadas

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Resprouting is an important means of plant regeneration especially under conditions that do not favour regeneration through seeding such as frequent disturbances, low productivity, unfavourable soil conditions, extreme cold and limited understorey light availability. Sprouts may be advantageous over seedlings because they have higher survival and growth rates than seedlings, since they use resources from parent plants unlike seedlings that have to acquire their own resources. Resprouting is well documented for ecosystems that experience severe disturbances that damage aboveground biomass. For example, resprouting is important for plant persistence against fire in fire-prone savannas and Mediterranean shrub-lands, and hurricanes and cyclones in tropical forests. In these ecosystems, resprouting often results in multi-stemming, because this dilutes the risk of damage among many stems, improving the chances of individual survival. This study was conducted at coastal dune forest at Cape Vidal in north-eastern South Africa, where there is a high incidence of multi-stemmed trees due to resprouting in response to chronic disturbances of low severity. This study examines (1) the importance of resprouting to tree survival and dynamics in an environment where disturbance severity is low but pervasive, and (2) how this resprouting strategy differs from the more familiar sprouting response to severe disturbances such as fire and hurricanes. Analysis of the relationship between multi-stemming and a number of disturbances potentially causing multi-stemming revealed that stem leaning and substrate erosion were the most important disturbances associated with multi-stemming. There were fewer multistemmed trees on dune slacks that had a stable substrate and were protected from sea winds than on dune crests and slopes that had unstable substrate and were exposed to sea winds. Trees resprouted and became multi-stemmed from an early stage to increase their chances of survival against leaning caused by strong sea winds and erosion, and occasional slumping of the unstable dune sand substrate. These low severity disturbances are persistent and are referred to as chronic disturbances in this thesis. As a result of these chronic disturbances, both single and multi-stemmed trees had short stature because taller individuals that emerged above the tree canopy would be exposed to wind damage. Under chronic disturbances plants may manifest a phylogenetically determined sprouting response. However, in this study resprouting and multi-stemming were the results of the tree-disturbance interaction and not a property of a plant or species and were not phylogenetically constrained. Because the disturbances are predominantly of low severity, leaning trees were able to regain the vertical orientation of the growing section by turning upward (a process referred to as ‘turning up’ in this study) and hence survive without resprouting. Species that were prone to turning upward had a low incidence and degree of leaning of their individuals, low frequency of loss of primary stems and high abundance of individuals. Although turning up is less costly to the individual than resprouting, it could only be used by leaning trees that had small angles of inclination and were not eroded. High intensities of the latter require that individuals resprout to survive. The form and function of resprouting varied between seedlings and juvenile and mature trees. Resprouting in seedlings resulted in a single replacement shoot, unlike sprouting in juvenile and mature trees that resulted in multi-stemmed trees. Like sprouting in juvenile and mature trees, sprouting in seedlings was not phylogenetically constrained. Resprouting in seedlings increased seedling persistence; hence species with more sprout seedlings had larger individual seedlings and seedling banks. Resprouting in seedlings increased the chances of seedling recruitment, whereas resprouting in juvenile and mature trees increased the chances of an established plant maintaining its position in the habitat. After disturbances of high severity, which destroy the photosynthesizing parts, plants resprout using carbohydrates stored below- or above ground. In this study, good resprouters stored more carbohydrates both below- and above ground than poor resprouters. The carbohydrates were mobilized for resprouting after disturbance. More carbohydrates were stored in stems than in roots because the prevailing disturbances were mostly of low severity and hence above ground resources were readily available. Similar to storage by plants in severely disturbed habitats, carbohydrates were stored by reserve formation, which competes for carbohydrates with growth and maintenance and forms permanent storage, rather than accumulation, which temporarily stores carbohydrates in excess of demands for growth and maintenance. Stored carbohydrates are not necessary for resprouting of plants after disturbances of low severity because they can resprout using resources remobilized directly from the disturbed photosynthesizing parts. However, in this study, stored carbohydrates served as a bet-hedge against occasional severe disturbances that occurred in addition to chronic disturbances. Allocation of carbohydrates to permanent storage diverts them from growth and reproduction and hence good resprouters had lower growth rates, seed output, seed size and seedling recruitment than poor resprouters. However, the costs of these traits that resulted in low recruitment from seed by good resprouters, were compensated for by high persistence of established individuals of good resprouters through recruitment of sprout stems. This study demonstrates that resprouting is not only advantageous in severely disturbed environments, but also in environments where disturbances are of low severity but nevertheless confer an advantage on individuals that persist. Thus in forest environments where aboveground biomass is seldom destroyed and individuals are relatively long-lived, resprouting can confer significant fitness and selective advantage on individuals. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Η παρούσα διατριβή ασχολείται με τη συγκριτική μελέτη λέξεων στην Αγγλική και τη Νέα Ελληνική που περιέχουν δεσμευμένα μορφολογικά στοιχεία, δηλαδή μορφήματα που δεν απαντώνται ανεξάρτητα στο λόγο. Στην Αγγλική οι λέξεις αυτές είναι γνωστές με τον όρο «νεοκλασικά σύνθετα», καθώς τα δεσμευμένα στοιχεία που περιέχουν έχουν αρχαιοελληνική ή λατινική προέλευση. Στη Νέα Ελληνική πρόκειται για μία κατηγορία ρηματικών συνθέτων, που περιέχουν ένα δεσμευμένο θέμα ρηματικής προέλευσης σε τελική θέση. Σημαντικό χαρακτηριστικό των εν λόγω λέξεων είναι ότι ένα μεγάλο ποσοστό αυτών ανήκει σε ειδικά επιστημονικά και τεχνικά λεξιλόγια. Στόχος της μελέτης είναι ο άμεσος συσχετισμός των λέξεων αυτών στις δύο γλώσσες από μορφολογική άποψη, με απώτερο σκοπό τη βέλτιστη υπολογιστική τους επεξεργασία. Για τις ανάγκες της παρούσας συγκροτήθηκαν δύο σώματα δεσμευμένων θεμάτων που εμφανίζονται σε τελική θέση μέσα σε λέξεις της Αγγλικής και της Νέας Ελληνικής, τα οποία αποτέλεσαν τα κύρια γλωσσικά δεδομένα, τόσο για την θεωρητική ανάλυση, όσο και για την υπολογιστική επεξεργασία των υπό εξέταση λέξεων. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις θεωρητικές απόψεις που έχουν διατυπωθεί, τα δεδομένα που προέκυψαν από την εξέταση των σωμάτων δεσμευμένων στοιχείων, καθώς και την παρουσία των λέξεων με δεσμευμένα στοιχεία κατά τη διάρκεια εξέλιξης της κάθε γλώσσας, πραγματοποιείται η μορφολογική τους ανάλυση, που έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τον άμεσο συσχετισμό τους με την αναγνώριση αντίστοιχων δομών στις εν λόγω λέξεις. Με βάση τα συμπεράσματα της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης επιχειρείται η δημιουργία ενός συστήματος υπολογιστικής μορφολογικής επεξεργασίας των εν λόγω λέξεων, που διέπεται από κοινές αρχές και κοινούς κανόνες για τις δύο γλώσσες, με στόχο την όσο το δυνατόν αποτελεσματικότερη και οικονομικότερη περιγραφή του φαινομένου, για χρήση σε ένα πλήθος εφαρμογών της γλωσσικής επεξεργασίας. Ο φορμαλισμός που χρησιμοποιείται αποτελεί έναν λεξιλογικό μεταγλωττιστή (LEXC) που είναι ιδιαίτερα κατάλληλος για τον ορισμό λεξιλογίων φυσικών γλωσσών και βασίζεται στις μεθόδους πεπερασμένων καταστάσεων. / This PhD thesis deals with the comparative study of words containing bound morphological stems in English and Modern Greek (MG) and their computational processing. A great number of these words, also known as neoclassical compounds, belong to technical and scientific terminologies. The linguistic database used for the theoretical analysis and the computational processing proposed in this study, consists of two corpora, especially built for and appended in the current study, containing bound stems as final elements in words of English and MG. According to the theoretical analysis proposed, compounds with bound stems in the two languages share similar structures. The proposed system for the computational processing of these words, based on the the conclusions of the theoretical analysis, makes use of finite state methods, specifically the Xerox Lexical Compiler (LEXC) and offers an efficient way of implementing the phenomenon of neoclassical compounding in modern languages.

Postharvest stem bending is one of the most detrimental factors that affect postharvest quality life of Gerbera jamesonii cutflower varieties. Stem bending is of economic importance in the cutflower industry in South Africa because it negatively affects the overall total sales. Growers and retailers want to improve the postharvest vaselife of this crop using suitable preservatives. The aim of this study was to determine suitable preservatives and optimal vaselife conditions that could prevent or minimise postharvest stem bending of Gerbera jamesonii “Black diamond”. The variety “Black diamond was selected and treated with four different floral preservative solutions. The relationship between stem bending and absorption rate of the preservative solutions was established. The data gathered indicated that there was a significant difference to the solution absorption rate and stem bending. Stem bending differed from 0 to 38 degrees. Stems treated on control, preservative 3 and 4 recorded the highest degrees of bending, while preservative 1 and 2 recorded the lowest degrees of stem bending within 12 day period. The performance results of the preservatives and control repeated three times under the same experimental conditions showed that preservative 1 and 2 can be used to minimise postharvest stem bending of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Black diamond’ / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Ornamental Horticulture)

Ce travail de thèse concerne l'étude et l'évaluation de l'extraction et de la séparation de molécules d'intérêt à partir des résidus de colza. L'impact des différents traitements (broyage, champs électriques pulsés, décharges électriques de hautes tensions et ultrasons) sur l'amélioration de l'extraction des polyphénols et des protéines à partir des tiges de colza a été comparé. Ces traitements permettent d'endommager les membranes et/ou parois cellulaires de manière mécanique, électrique ou acoustique, facilitant ainsi la libération des composés intracellulaires vers le milieu extérieur. La cinétique d'extraction, le rendement en polyphenols totaux et en protéines et la consommation énergétique sont principalement étudiés. De plus, l'efficacité des traitements étudiés pour l'extraction des polyphénols et protéines, en fonction du degré de maturité de la plante a été étudiée. Les méthodes testées pour la séparation des extractibles (polyphénols et protéines) concernent la coagulation, la filtration membranaire ainsi que le couplage de ces deux méthodes afin de réduire la consommation de solvants organiques et la rétention des polyphénols au cours de séparation. La séparation des extractibles a été évaluée par le biais de l'analyse de pureté et du taux de rétention. Enfin, des effets positifs du traitement électrique sur l'étape de séparation des extractibles tels que l'augmentation du flux du perméat et la diminution du colmatage ont été remarqués. / This thesis work concerns the study and the evaluation of the extraction and the separation of valuable compounds from rapeseed residues. The impact of different treatments (grinding, pulsed electric fields, high voltage electrical discharges and ultrasound) on the enhancement of the extraction of polyphenols and proteins from rapeseed stems was compared. These treatments can damage cell membranes and 1 or cell walls mechanically, electrically or acoustically, thus facilitating the release of intracellular compounds to the surroundings. The extraction kinetics, yield of total polyphenols and proteins and energy consumption were mainly studied. In addition, influences of plant maturity on the efficiency of studied treatments for the extraction of polyphenols and proteins have been studied. The methods tested for the separation of extractives (polyphenols and proteins) include coagulation, membrane filtration and the combination of these two methods in order to reduce the consumption of organic solvents and the retention ofpolyphenols during separation. The separation of extractives was evaluated by means of analysis of purity and relative removal. Finally, positive effects of electrical treatment on the extractive separation step such as the increase ofpermeate flux and the decrease of membrane fouling have been observed.

Euclea undulata Thunb. var myrtina is a widely distributed shrub in South Africa. The roots are used by traditional healers for the treatment of diabetes. Research indicates that roots contain epicatechin, lupeol as well α-amyrin-3O-β-(5-hydroxy) ferulic acid. It was found that α-amyrin-3O-β-(5-hydroxy) ferulic acid inhibits α-glucosidase while epicatechin lowers glucose levels in the blood. Existing literature also indicates the presence of the naphthoquinone 7-methyl-juglone in the roots, although it was not detected in all cases. Due to its cytotoxic nature, 7-methyl-juglone poses a potential threat when E. undulata is used as medicinal treatment. In order to assist the effective and safe use of this plant as a treatment for diabetes, this project aims to determine whether the presence of these metabolites is seasonal. It further aims to contribute to more sustainable harvesting methods by investigating stems and leaves in addition to the roots for the presence of these metabolites. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

The growth of ornamental plant market in Brazil is remarkable nowadays with strong participation of Northeast region, particularly in Alagoas State on the commercialization of tropical flowers. Taking into account this economic aspect, it is of great importance for the productive chain of ornamental species the study of aspects of post harvest activities. Alpinia purpurata (Viell) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) which occupies the second place in economic importance amongst tropical flowers. It is the main flower for growing and harvesting. The main objective of this research programme is to study the different aspects of Alpinia post-harvesting: (1) time of harvesting and cut of the basis of the stems, and (2) the use of solutions of pulsing ; and/or maintenance of the floral stem by using: (2.1.) biocide compounds and pH of the solution; (2.2) carbohydrates and carbohydrates plus biocides; (2.3) anti-ethylene compounds and antiethylene compounds plus carbohydrates; (2.4) elements as calcium and silicon; and (2.5) senescence retarding growth regulators. It was evaluated the influence of these factors in the water relations, quality and longevity of the stems. Six experiments were carried out in the laboratory (CECA) of the Federal University of Alagoas. In the first experiment, the stems were harvested in three different times and they were cut periodically on their basis. In the second experiment different biocide substances were tested (8- hydroxyquinoline sulphate, aluminum sulphate, salicilic acid and sodium hipocloride) associated to pH variation of the maintenance solution. In the third experiment the stems received sucrose solutions pulsing from 2 to 20% for 12, 24 and 48 hours, following by maintenance in distilled water or in solution of 8- hidroxikinolin (HQS). The fourth experiment comprised three times of exposition (30, 60 and 120 min) with STS 1mM following by the presence or absence of pulsing in sucrose 20% for 12 hours. In the fifth experiment it was evaluated the effect of the addition of Ca (calcium sulphate 50 and 100mM), Si (sodium silicate 1,25 and 2,50 mM) and Ca+Si in maintenance solution. In the sixth experiment the stems were submitted to gibberellins, solutions (GA3), 10, 30 and 60 μm and cytokinin (benzyladenine 6-BA), 10, 20 and 100μm in 24 hours pulsing under continuous light. In all experiments the fresh biomass and the quality (scale of values) of the stems were determined daily or every two days until the end of the experiment. The amount of water was also determined for the floral bracts and dry biomass. The experiments were analised by completely randomized design and the data submitted to the variance analysis, test of averages and , when necessary, to the regression analysis. It was observed that the stems harvested at the end of the afternoon had shown greater commercial value; however, the regular cuts of the basis of the stems reduced their longevity. The use of HQS provided greater durability and humidity of the stems. On the other hand the other biocides did not improve the quality when compared to the control. The reduction of the pH by using citric acid did not interfere with the studied parameters. The use of sucrose in pulsing was only effective when the stems had been kept in distilled water. In this case the concentration sucrose of 20% for 12 hours showed better results. Silver thiosulphate when in pulsing for 30 minutes produced an increase of water contents and for 60 minutes or plus, or when addition of sucrose, caused dehydration of the stems. The only use of calcium sulphate or in association with sodium silicate in maintenance solution caused high improvement of the quality of the stems in comparison to the control and sodium silicate treatment. The use of cytokinin and gibberellins even considering it improved the water contents of the stems did not affect the commercial durability of them. / É notável o crescimento do mercado de plantas ornamentais no Brasil. Com participação efetiva da região Nordeste, destacando-se as exportações de flores tropicais, onde o Estado de Alagoas vem se firmando, com Alpinia purpurata (Viell) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) como a principal flor de corte, e que ocupa o segundo lugar em importância econômica dentre as flores tropicais. Levando-se em conta esse aspecto econômico, verifica-se ser de grande importância para a cadeia produtiva desses cultivos, o estudo de aspectos relativos à da pós-colheita. Assim sendo, a presente pesquisa, objetivou estudar diferentes aspectos do manejo pós-colheita dessas flores, testando: (1) hora de colheita e corte da base das hastes, e (2) o uso de soluções de pulsing ; e/ou manutenção das hastes florais - neste caso ainda associado (2.1) a substâncias biocidas com o pH na solução sob controle; (2.2) a carboidratos e carboidratos mais biocidas; (2.3) a substâncias anti-etileno e substâncias anti-etileno mais carboidratos; (2.4) a elementos como cálcio e silício; e (2.5) a fitorreguladores retardantes da senescência. Avaliou-se a influência destes fatores nas relações hídricas, qualidade e longevidade das hastes cortadas, através de seis experimentos em laboratório no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (CECA/UFAL). No primeiro experimento, as hastes foram colhidas em três diferentes horários, recebendo durante o período pós-colheita cortes periódicos na base da haste. No segundo experimento, foram testadas substâncias biocidas (Sulfato de 8- hidroxiquinolina, Sulfato de alumínio, Ácido salicílico, Hipoclorito de sódio) associadas à redução ou não do pH. No terceiro experimento as hastes receberam tratamento de pulsing com soluções de sacarose entre 2 e 20%, por períodos de 12, 24 e 48 h, seguidas de manutenção em água destilada ou em solução de 8-hidroxiquinolina (HQS) comparando-se com duas testemunhas (água destilada ou solução de HQS). No quarto experimento, foram testados três tempos de exposição (30, 60 e 120 minutos) a STS 1mM, seguido ou não de pulsing em sacarose a 20%, por 12 horas. No quinto experimento, foram verificados os efeitos da adição de Ca (sulfato de cálcio a 50 e 100mM), Si ( silicato de sódio a 1,25 e 2,50 mM) e Ca+Si em solução de manutenção. No sexto experimento, as hastes foram submetidas a soluções de SILVA, A.T.C. 2006 Manejo pós-colheita de alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum (zingiberaceae)... xv giberelina (GA3), a 10, 30 e 60 μM e citocinina (benziladenina 6-BA), a 10, 20 e 100 μM em pulsing por 24 horas, sob luz contínua. Em todos os experimentos, a massa fresca e a qualidade (com base em notas) das hastes foram determinadas diariamente, ou a cada 2 dias; no final de cada experimento foram também determinados o conteúdo relativo de água das brácteas florais e a massa seca das hastes. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância, teste de médias e, quando necessário, à análise de regressão. As hastes cortadas ao final da tarde tiveram maior durabilidade comercial, porém o corte periódico da base das hastes reduziu sua longevidade. O uso de HQS proporcionou maior durabilidade e hidratação das hastes, sendo que os demais biocidas testados não melhoraram a qualidade. A redução do pH, pelo uso do ácido cítrico, não influenciou nas variáveis estudadas. O uso de sacarose em pulsing só foi efetivo quando as hastes foram mantidas em água destilada, sendo melhor o resultado para a concentração de 20% por 12 horas. O tiossulfato de prata em pulsing por 30 minutos, promoveu um aumento de hidratação, mas desidratou as hastes a 60 minutos ou mais ou quando adicionado à sacarose. O uso de sulfato de cálcio em solução de manutenção e quando associado ao silicato de sódio promoveu elevada melhoria de qualidade das hastes. O uso de citocininas e giberelinas embora tenha melhorado as relações hídricas das hastes não afetou a durabilidade comercial das mesmas.

Raps (Brassica napus L.) ist heute die drittwichtigste Ölfrucht weltweit. Einer der Hauptgründe für die große Anbaubedeutung liegt in der Züchtung von Sorten mit niedrigem Gehalt an Glucosinolaten (GSL) im Samen, welche die Koppelnutzung des Öls und des Rapskuchens in der Tierfütterung möglich machte. GSL sind schwefelhaltige, sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe und ein Charakteristikum der Familie der Kreuzblütler, zu der Raps zählt. Die Funktion der GSL in der Pflanze wird zusammen mit dem sie abbauenden Enzym Myrosinase als konstitutiver Abwehrmechanismus gegenüber unspezifischen Fraßfeinden gesehen, dem sogenannten Glucosinolat-Myrosinase System. Raps wird aber auch von Schädlingen befallen, die speziell nur Kreuzblütler als Wirtspflanzen akzeptieren. Bei einigen spezialisierten Schädlingsarten der Kreuzblütler konnte gezeigt werden, dass GSL oder ihre Abbauprodukte einen Einfluss auf das Verhalten bei der Wirtspflanzenwahl, bei der Eiablage oder beim Fraß haben können. Es besteht also die Möglichkeit, dass über GSL in der Grünmasse eine quantitative Resistenz gegenüber Schadinsekten vermittelt wird und die genetische Variation von GSL im Rapsgenpool eine natürliche Resistenzquelle darstellt. Jedoch ist die Vererbung der GSL in Blatt und Stängel im Gegensatz zu den GSL im Samen wenig untersucht. Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit bestand daher einerseits in der Evaluierung von GSL-Gehalten und -mustern als potentielle Resistenzfaktoren gegenüber den spezialisierten Rapsschädlingen „Großer Rapsstängelrüssler“ (Ceutorhynchus napi) und „Gefleckter Kohltriebrüssler“ (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus) und andererseits in einer genetischen Analyse der GSL-Gehalte in Blatt und Stängel. Dazu wurden dreijährige Feldversuche an vier Standorten durchgeführt, in denen 28 genetisch sehr unterschiedliche Genotypen, darunter 15 Rapsresynthesen und 13 ältere und neuere Zuchtsorten hinsichtlich der Variation von GSL-Gehalten und –Zusammensetzungen in Grünmasse und Samen und deren Anfälligkeit gegenüber den beiden Rapsstängelschädlingen evaluiert wurden. Die Daten des Schädlingsbefalls wurden in der Abteilung Agrarentomologie erhoben und entstammen der parallel durchgeführten Dissertation von Schäfer-Kösterke (2015). Um die Selektionsmöglichkeiten auf unterschiedliche GSL-Gehalte in Samen und Grünmasse zu eruieren, wurde die Vererbung von GSL in einem weiteren Experiment mit Hilfe einer DH-Population untersucht. Die Hauptfrage dieser QTL-Kartierung war, inwieweit am GSL-Stoffwechsel beteiligte Genomregionen sich zwischen Stängeln, Blättern und Samen unterscheiden. In der Auswertung der Versuchsserie zur Variation der GSL konnte für die elf identifizierte GSL eine große genetische Variation mit hohen Heritabilitäten festgestellt werden. Als großer Einflussfaktor auf die GSL-Gehalte der Genotypen erwies sich das Entwicklungsstadium der Pflanzen: Die über 28 Genotypen gemittelten GSL-Gesamtgehalte in der Grünmasse nahmen vom ersten Probenahmetermin von 18 µmol im Schossen zum zweiten auf 4 µmol bei Blühbeginn ab. Weiterhin hatten Samen im Mittel der Genotypen um 47 µmol höhere GSL-Gehalte als die Grünmasse, und Stängel um ca. 3 µmol höhere Gehalte als Blätter. Auch die mittlere GSL-Zusammensetzung der Genotypen unterschied sich deutlich zwischen Samen und Grünmasse, jedoch nicht zwischen den zwei Probenahmeterminen. Zusätzlich hatten Standort und Jahr einen Einfluss, wobei in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 die Standorteffekte größer als die der Jahre waren. Zwischen den Pflanzenteilen Blatt und Stängel bestand eine hohe Korrelation von 0,96 für den GSL-Gesamtgehalt. Zwischen Samen und Grünmasse war die Beziehung für die GSL-Gesamtgehalte mit 0,60 weniger deutlich und für die Gruppe der indolischen GSL mit 0,14 nicht mehr vorhanden. Die komplexe zeitliche und räumliche Verteilung der GSL innerhalb der Pflanze wird im Zusammenhang mit der Bedeutung von Transportprozessen diskutiert. Bei der Untersuchung der Beziehung zwischen dem Befall durch Stängelschädlinge und GSL stellte sich heraus, dass der natürliche Schädlingsdruck im Freiland mit durchschnittlich 2,6 Rapsstängelrüsslerlarven pro Pflanze und 2,8 Kohltriebrüsslerlarven pro Pflanze sehr niedrig war. Daher konnte eine Differenzierung der Genotypen im Rapsstängelrüsslerbefall nur an einem Standort in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 statistisch abgesichert werden. Für den Kohltriebrüsslerbefall gab es an keinem Standort statistisch absicherbare, genotypische Unterschiede. In den beiden ausgewerteten Umwelten zeigten sich keine signifikanten Beziehungen zwischen GSL-Gesamtgehalt, Alkenyl-GSL, Indol-GSL oder den elf einzelnen GSL und dem Befall mit Rapsstängelrüsslerlarven pro Pflanze. Hauptkomponentenanalysen und Vergleiche zwischen unter-schiedlich stark befallenen Gruppen von Genotypen ließen ebenfalls nicht auf lineare Zusammenhänge zwischen GSL-Gehalten oder -Zusammensetzungen und der Wirtspflanzenpräferenz des Rapsstängelrüsslers oder auch des Stängelfraßes der Larven schließen. Allerdings fiel die Resynthese S30 in beiden ausgewerteten Umwelten durch eine niedrige Anzahl an Rapsstängelrüssler-larven und einen niedrigen Anteil Minierfraß auf. GSL-Zusammensetzung und GSL-Gesamtgehalt von S30 zeigten jedoch keine Besonderheiten. Für die Kartierung von am GSL-Stoffwechsel beteiligten Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) wurden GSL in Blatt, Stängel und Samen von 120 DH-Linien der DH-Population ‚L16 x Express‘ untersucht. Die beiden Populationseltern L16 und Express unterscheiden sich nicht nur durch unterschiedliche GSL-Gesamtgehalte im Samen (L16 59,0 µmol vs. Express 26,4 µmol) und in der Grünmasse (L16 1,1 µmol vs. Express 6,2 µmol), sondern auch in der relativen Zusammensetzung von Alkenyl- und Indol-GSL (L16 31 % Indol-GSL vs. Express 10 % Indol-GSL). Die über zwei Orte gemittelten GSL-Gehalte der Population waren zum Knospenstadium in der Grünmasse mit 5,4 µmol in Stängeln und 3,7 µmol in Blättern sehr niedrig, zur Reife in den Samen mit 48,6 µmol jedoch hoch. Die Heritabilitäten der Merkmale mit signifikanter genotypischer Variation lagen im Stängel zwischen 0,64 und 0,86, im Blatt zwischen 0,55 und 0,89 und im Samen zwischen 0,70 und 0,98. Die Korrelationen der GSL-Gesamtgehalte zwischen Blatt und Stängel lag bei 0,95, diejenige zwischen Stängel (Blatt) und Samen bei 0,52 (0,53). Die erstellte Kopplungskarte enthielt 4003 SNP-Marker, deren 19 Kopplungsgruppen 2050 centiMorgan abdeckten. Der mittlere Abstand zwischen zwei Markern lag bei 2 cM. Es wurden insgesamt 115 QTL gefunden von denen 49 QTL für die GSL-Gehalte im Samen, 35 QTL für die Gehalte im Stängel und 31 QTL für die Gehalte im Blatt verantwortlich waren. Für aliphatische GSL zeigten sich drei Hauptregionen auf den Kopplungsgruppen A03, C02 und C09. Während auf A03 und C09 QTL aus allen Pflanzenteilen lokalisiert wurden, regulierten die QTL auf C02 spezifisch die Gehalte im Samen. Für Indol GSL-Gehalte von Blatt und Stängel existierten zwei Hauptregionen auf den Kopplungs-gruppen A02 und C07, welche von denen im Samen (auf A03, C02 und C05) getrennt lokalisiert waren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass 1) die Akkumulation von aliphatischen und indolischen GSL durch gentrennte Genomregionen gesteuert wurde, 2) GSL-Gehalte in Blatt und Stängel durch identische Genomregionen kontrolliert wurden und 3) die GSL-Akkumulation im Samen teils von den gleichen Regionen des Genoms wie in Blatt und Stängel, teils aber auch durch für Samen spezifische Genomregionen reguliert wurde.