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Thesis advisor: Amir H. Hoveyda / We have developed a broadly applicable strategy for the enantioselective and diastereodivergent synthesis of unprotected α-secondary amines, secondary and tertiary alcohols from nitriles. Through a bis-phosphine–Cu-catalyzed enantioselective multicomponent allyl addition to nitriles, we generate stable β,γ-unsaturated N–H ketimines with internal C=N to B(pin) chelation. We achieved stereodivergent amine synthesis through maintaining the C=N to B(pin) chelation or disruption of this internal chelation in the ketimine intermediate throughout the reduction. In the preparation of syn-homoallylic amines, a non-productive side catalytic cycle was introduced to selectively delay the function of a competitive catalyst, making several catalysts cooperate productively. The utility of this method is demonstrated through a diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of (+)-tangutorine in gram quantities. We have also developed the syntheses of enantiomerically enriched secondary and tertiary alcohols through diastereodivergent reduction and diastereoselective addition of a C-based nucleophile to β,γ-unsaturated ketones, prepared from hydrolysis of the aforementioned N–H ketimines. Tertiary alcohols containing two non-differentiable functional groups, are prepared with high stereoselectivity through our strategy. We demonstrated the utility of this approach by a concise preparation of a key intermediate in (+)-rubriflordilactone B synthesis. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Stereodivergent and enantiodivergent pathways for the Friedel–Crafts reactions were computationally studied with DFT methods. This study aims to explain recently observed solvent-dependent regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity when cinchona catalyst is used. Deprotonation reaction, Frontier Kohn-Sham orbitals, dual descriptors, Mulliken charges, and Hirshfeld atomic charge for reactant were calculated and analyzed. The most probable position of electrophilic attack and nucleophilic attack in-silico predicted aligns with experimental observations. The calculation of the transition states on the anionic and neutral model in a vacuum show preference for the electrophilic attack in the para position. In comparison to the anionic system, the presence of potassium cation improves ortho/para selectivity and increases the energy barrier. For the key enantioselective step, 12 transition states were calculated which covers 4 representative product such: (R)-ortho, (S)-ortho, (R)-para, and (S)-para. The computational study suggests, that the presence of the cesium cation is essential for the arrangement of the reactant and catalyst in the transition state, which leads to observed selectivity.

Les composés azotés ont un grand intérêt car cet élément se retrouve dans la plupart des produits naturels et pharmaceutiques, de sorte que le développement de méthodes efficaces pour leur préparation est hautement souhaitable. Tout d'abord, une méthode stéréodivergente et énantiosélective a été développée pour la synthèse totale des alcaloïdes de type chaetominine, y compris les structures proposées de la (-)-pseudofischerine, de l’(-)-aniquinazoline D et de l’(-)-isochaetominine, de l’(-)-isochaetominines A-C, de la (+)-14-epi-isochaetominine C, ainsi que les quatre stéréoisomères jusqu'ici inconnus de l'isochaetominine C. A la lumière de nos travaux de synthèse, les structures de la (-)-pseudofischerine naturelle et l’(-)-aniquinazoline D ont été révisées comme l’(-)-isochaetominine C, et la structure de l’(-)-isochaetominine naturelle a été révisée comme la (-)-11-epi-chaetominine. Ensuite, une réaction de cyclisation en cascade de radicaux azaphiles a été développée conduisant à une synthèse efficace d'hétéroaromatiques de type imidazo-accolés à partir de carbamates N-hétéroaryl-O-propargyliques facilement disponibles. La synthèse électrochimique organocatalysée est généralisable, tolère de nombreux groupes fonctionnels, et se déroule dans des conditions douces sans besoin de catalyse par les métaux de transition, ni d'oxydants. Enfin, deux approches à des analogues de l'unité CHOI ont été développées. Les étapes clés de la de synthèse sont basées sur la C-allylation et la N-allylation palladocatalysées, qui permettent la transformation d’un substrat bis-allylique cyclique en un hexahydroindole. En fonction de la stratégie appliquée, la position de la fonction alcène de l'hexahydroindole peut se retrouver sur des positions différentes du squelette. L’homologation d’un atome de carbone suivie d'une époxydation ou d'une syn-dihydroxylation des intermédiaires bicycliques résultants fournissent les analogues CHOI désirés. / Nitrogen-containing compounds have a great interest as this element is found in natural products and drugs, thus the development of efficient methods for their preparation is highly desirable. First, a stereodivergent and enantioselective method has been developed for the total syntheses of chaetominine-type alkaloids including the proposed structures of (-)-pseudofischerine, (-)-aniquinazoline D and (-)-isochaetominine, (-)-isochaetominines A–C, (+)-14-epi-isochaetominine C, as well as the four hitherto unknown stereoisomers of isochaetominine C. The structures of natural (-)-pseudofischerine and (-)-aniquinazoline D have been revised as (-)-isochaetominine C and the structure of the natural (-)-isochaetominine have been revised to (-)-11-epi-chaetominine based on our synthetic efforts. Next, an azaphilic radical cascade cyclization reaction has been developed leading to the efficient synthesis of imidazo-fused heteroaromatics from easily available N-heteroaryl-O-propargyl carbamates. The organocatalyzed electrochemical synthesis has a broad scope, tolerates many common functional groups, and proceeds under mild conditions without the need of transition-metal catalysis or chemical oxidant. Finally, two approaches toward analogs of the CHOI unit have been developed. The key steps of the synthetic route were based on Pd-catalyzed C-allylation and N-allylation, which converted a cyclic bis-allylic substrate into a hexahydroindole scaffold. Depending on the strategy applied, the position of alkene moiety of the resulting hexahydroindole can be obtained at different positions. One-carbon homologation followed by epoxidation or syn-dihydroxylation of the resulting bicyclic intermediates afforded the desired CHOI analogues.

La chimie des composés iodés hypervalents, ou organoiodanes, suscite un engouement croissant de la part de la communauté scientifique depuis maintenant près de 30 ans. Les efforts de recherche sont de nos jours orientés de manière prépondérante vers des applications en synthèse asymétrique, principalement au travers de l’utilisation d’architectures organoiodées chirales. À ce jour, seules les chiralités centrales et axiales sont exploitées dans l’élaboration de tels objets. L’emploi d’iodanes achiraux (i.e. en synthèse asymétrique) en présence d’additifs chiraux a par ailleurs été largement négligé par la communauté. La chiralité hélicoïdale est incarnée en chimie organique par les hélicènes. Ces composés polyaromatiques sont des objets fascinants de par leurs propriétés structurelles, électroniques et chiroptiques hors du commun. Ils sont le centre d’une attention considérable dans de nombreux domaines de recherches allant de la catalyse asymétrique à l’élaboration de diodes électroluminescentes organiques. Jamais la chiralité hélicoïdale n’a été exploitée en chimie de l’iode hypervalent. Ces travaux de thèse traitent en premier lieu de l’élaboration d’une méthodologie asymétrique de désaromatisation oxygénante de phénols faisant usage d’un iodane-3 achiral en présence d’un agent de transfert de phase issu des alcaloïdes du Quinquina. Dans une seconde partie de ces travaux est abordée la synthèse asymétrique d’un nouvel iodoarène hélicénique et ses premières applications dans des réactions de désaromatisation oxygénante de phénols. Cet ouvrage traite également dans un troisième chapitre d’une synthèse totale, collective et stéréodivergente de 12 alcaloïdes de Securinega. Il s’agit d’une classe métabolites secondaires retrouvés dans de multiples plantes des genres Securinega (Flueggea), Phyllanthus, Margaritaria et Breynia de la famille Phyllanthaceae. Depuis près d’un demi-siècle, la biogénèse de ces molécules naturelles demeure partiellement incomprise. La synthèse développée dans ce travail a pour vocation d’améliorer la compréhension du mécanisme biosynthétique à l’origine de ces substances. Il a ainsi été établi qu’une étape clé de condensation aldolique pourrait permettre d’expliquer la stéréodivergence observée dans la nature. / Hypervalent iodine chemistry has been arousing the interest of the scientific community for the last 30 years. Research efforts are now mainly directed towards applications in asymmetric synthesis, notably through the use of chiral organoiodine scaffolds. To this end, solely central and axial chiralities have been exploited to construct such objects. The use of achiral iodanes (i.e. hypervalent organoiodine compounds) in asymmetric synthesis has been largely neglected by the community. Helical chirality in organic synthesis is mainly found in polyaromatic compounds known as helicenes. These molecules exhibit fascinating structural, electronic and chiroptical properties. They are the center of considerable attention across many fields of research, spanning from asymmetric catalysis to organic light-emitting diodes. Helical chirality has never been exploited in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. In the first part of this doctoral work, a methodology for the asymmetric oxygenative dearomatization of phenols by an achiral 3-iodane in the presence of a Cinchona-alkaloid-based phase transfer agent was developed. The second part of this manuscript details the synthesis of a new helicenic organoiodine compound and its application to oxygenative phenol dearomatization reactions. In the last chapter of this doctoral dissertation is described the total, collective and stereodivergent synthesis of 12 Securinega alkaloids. These natural products are commonly found in plants belonging to the genera Securinega (Flueggea), Phyllanthus, Margaritaria and Breynia of the Phyllanthaceae family. Even after little less than half a century of research, the real biogenetic pathway used by nature to construct these molecules is still only partly understood. The chemical synthesis developed in this doctoral work provides a better understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism. It was established in the course of this work that a key aldol condensation step could shed light upon the stereodivergence observed in nature.

This thesis deals with the development and application of methods for asymmetric olefinations, in particular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reactions, in the synthesis of certain natural products. Relying on asymmetric HWE reactions to access key building blocks, two natu-ral products, pyranicin and pyragonicin, were synthesized from common late intermediates. The utility of the HWE reactions is highlighted through a desymmetrization of a meso-dialdehyde as well as a stereoconvergent reaction sequence employing the sequential use of a HWE parallel kinetic resolution fol-lowed by a Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution to convergently transform a race-mate to a single stereoisomer of the product. Methodological extensions of these syntheses include a divergent synthesis of 2,3,6-substituted tetrahydropyran derivatives and application of Zn-mediated asymmetric alkynylations to install key stereocenters. Synthetic studies directed towards a more complex target, mucocin, employing a triply convergent strategy, have also been performed. Expedient and reliable routes to three key fragments were developed, as well as methodology to access to all nine stereocenters. The fragment coupling to assemble the oligonuclear core still remains a challenge, however. Key features of the synthesis include the formation of two fragments from a common precursor derived from an asymmetric HWE desymmetrization, Zn-mediatedated asymmetric alkynylations, a stereoselective oxa-Michael cyclization dependent on a simultaneous protective group migration and a one-pot procedure for the synthesis of a TBS protected iodohydrin from a terminal epoxide. An investigation of the possibilities for developing a transition metal catalyzed asymmetric olefination using a chiral Re-complex is outlined. An enantioen-riched BINAP-Re complex was synthesized and characterized by X-ray. An efficient protocol for the olefination of functionalized aldehydes employing this catalyst was developed, but gave racemic products in two attempted kinetic resolutions of racemic substrates, most likely due to a reaction pathway proceeding via a non-metal associated phosphonium ylide. / QC 20100921