Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre os parâmetros para validação de metodologia para teste de esterilidade. As qualificações das instalações e dos operadores são consideradas etapas integrantes na validação analítica, cuja finalidade abrange minimizar a ocorrência de resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos. Foram comparadas as eficiências de três métodos de teste de esterilidade empregando inoculação direta, inoculação indireta nos moldes convencionais e inoculação indireta em sistema fechado quanto à detecção do crescimento de diferentes tipos de microrganismos normalmente encontrados como contaminantes em produtos farmacêuticos Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Staphylococcus aureus. Cada um deles foi inoculado em amostras constituídas de frascos plásticos de 10 mL de solução fisiológica em três diferentes níveis de contaminação: 5, 10 e 50 UFC/10 mL. Utilizou-se nos testes diferentes tipos de meios de cultura meio de caseína de soja, meio de tioglicolato, meio Sabouraud e meio Clausen bem como distintas temperaturas de incubação 12, 22, 32 e 42 ºC durante um período de incubação de 28 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que as metodologias aplicadas apresentam diferenças significativas na eficiência de detecção de contaminantes, mesmo quando atendidas condições de equivalência quanto ao número de amostras e volume unitário submetidos ao teste. Verificou-se que as condições preconizadas nos compêndios farmacopeicos quanto aos tipos de meio de cultura, meio de caseína de soja e meio de tioglicolato, as temperaturas de incubação, 22 e 32 ºC, bem como o período de incubação de 14 dias, apresentaram os melhores resultados na detecção de contaminantes microbiológicos. / This paper aims the study of parameters used for validation of methods for sterility tests. Installation and operators qualification are considered a step for analytical validation, in order to reduce the occurrence of false-positive and false-negative results. The efficiency of three methods for sterility tests with direct, conventional indirect and closed system indirect inoculation (Steritest®) was submitted to a comparative study concerning their capacity of growth detection of different types of microorganisms that are most frequently found as contaminants of pharmaceutical products Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus Aureus. Each of them was inoculated in samples of plastic bottles of phisiological solution (10 mL) in three different levels of contamination: 5, 10 and 50 CFU/10 mL. Different types of culture media were used soybean casein, thioglycollate, Sabouraud and Clausen as well as different temperatures of incubation 12, 22, 32 and 42 ºC during an incubation period of 28 days. The results showed significant differences between the methodologies applied in what concerns the detection of contaminantion, even an equivalent number of samples and content of each unit submited to test. The best results for microbial contaminants detection were obtained as described in pharmacopeias in what concerns the types of culture medium, soybean casein media and thioglycollate media, the temperatures of incubation, 22 and 32 ºC, and the incubation period of 14 days.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2017-07-03T15:43:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Maria Carcassoli Kato.pdf: 4725024 bytes, checksum: 367c62d09703597de8aa6007f8e768a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T15:43:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Maria Carcassoli Kato.pdf: 4725024 bytes, checksum: 367c62d09703597de8aa6007f8e768a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-07-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study systemizes the results of a research done at Pérola Byington Hospital, comparing a group of 30 women with primary sterility and another group of fertile women, in order to verify whether the female principle, femininity, as described by Analytical Psychology, had its manifestation and development blocked in the group with primary sterility; our hypothesis being the idea that sterility is present in women whose female principle has not been adequately introjected in the personality. The data were collected and organized according to the following criteria: Instrument 1 - "Research on Female Sterility", elaborated by the researcher: Self-Perception, Quality of Relationship with the Mother and with another Mother Figure, with the Father and with another Father Figure, Interactions with Female and Male Figures; which provided information on the subjects' appreciation for themselves and how their relatonship throughout life are characterized. Instrument 2 - "Personality Factorial Inventory" (Pasquali, Azevedo e Ghesti, 1997): Basic Needs, higher score factors for females, higher score factors for males, and factors com on to both sexes; which provided information about the current personality characteristics. The theoretical ground is based on and refers to Carl Gustav Jung's Analytical Psychology. It deals with the female principle focussing on its internal manifestation and development, relative to the initial phasis of psychological development and possible fixations, as well as its external expression. The analysis of the results of this research have not allowed us to identify a significant difference between women with primary sterility and the fertile ones, as far as introjection of the female principle, feminity, in their personality is concerned / Este estudo sistematiza os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada dentro do Hospital Pérola Byington, com um grupo de 30 mulheres com esterilidade primária e outro grupo de 30 mulheres férteis, entre os quais foram feitas comparações, com o objetivo de verificar se o princípio feminino, feminilidade, conforme descrito pela Psicologia Analítica, teve sua manifestação e desenvolvimento bloqueados, em mulheres com esterilidade primária; tendo como hipótese a noção de que a esterilidade se manifesta em mulheres cujo princípio feminino não tenha sido adequadamente introjetado na personalidade. Os dados foram coletados e organizados segundo os seguintes critérios: Instrumento 1 - "Pesquisa sobre Esterilidade Feminina", elaborado pela pesquisadora: Auto-Percepção, Qualidade de Relacionamento com Mãe e com outra Figura Materna, com Pai e com outra Figura Paterna, Interações com Figuras do Sexo Feminino, com Figuras do Sexo Masculino; que informaram sobre a apreciação que as pessoas têm de si mesmas, e como se caracterizam seus relacionamentos ao longo de suas vidas. Instrumento 2 - "Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade" (Pasquali, Azevedo e Ghesti, 1997): Necessidades Básicas, fatores com escores mais elevados para pessoas do Sexo Feminino, fatores com escores mais elevados para pessoas do Sexo Masculino, e fatores comuns a ambos os sexos; que informaram sobre características atuais de personalidade. A fundamentação teórica, está embasada no referencial da Psicologia Analítica de Carl Gustav Jung. Trata do princípio feminino enfocando sua manifestação e desenvolvimento internos, relacionados às fases iniciais de desenvolvimento psicológico e suas possíveis fixações; e, sua expressão externa. A análise dos resultados desta pesquisa, não permitiu identificar diferença significativa entre mulheres com esterilidade primária e mulheres férteis, no que se refere a introjeção do princípio feminino, feminilidade, na personalidade

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre os parâmetros para validação de metodologia para teste de esterilidade. As qualificações das instalações e dos operadores são consideradas etapas integrantes na validação analítica, cuja finalidade abrange minimizar a ocorrência de resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos. Foram comparadas as eficiências de três métodos de teste de esterilidade empregando inoculação direta, inoculação indireta nos moldes convencionais e inoculação indireta em sistema fechado quanto à detecção do crescimento de diferentes tipos de microrganismos normalmente encontrados como contaminantes em produtos farmacêuticos Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Staphylococcus aureus. Cada um deles foi inoculado em amostras constituídas de frascos plásticos de 10 mL de solução fisiológica em três diferentes níveis de contaminação: 5, 10 e 50 UFC/10 mL. Utilizou-se nos testes diferentes tipos de meios de cultura meio de caseína de soja, meio de tioglicolato, meio Sabouraud e meio Clausen bem como distintas temperaturas de incubação 12, 22, 32 e 42 ºC durante um período de incubação de 28 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que as metodologias aplicadas apresentam diferenças significativas na eficiência de detecção de contaminantes, mesmo quando atendidas condições de equivalência quanto ao número de amostras e volume unitário submetidos ao teste. Verificou-se que as condições preconizadas nos compêndios farmacopeicos quanto aos tipos de meio de cultura, meio de caseína de soja e meio de tioglicolato, as temperaturas de incubação, 22 e 32 ºC, bem como o período de incubação de 14 dias, apresentaram os melhores resultados na detecção de contaminantes microbiológicos. / This paper aims the study of parameters used for validation of methods for sterility tests. Installation and operators qualification are considered a step for analytical validation, in order to reduce the occurrence of false-positive and false-negative results. The efficiency of three methods for sterility tests with direct, conventional indirect and closed system indirect inoculation (Steritest®) was submitted to a comparative study concerning their capacity of growth detection of different types of microorganisms that are most frequently found as contaminants of pharmaceutical products Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus Aureus. Each of them was inoculated in samples of plastic bottles of phisiological solution (10 mL) in three different levels of contamination: 5, 10 and 50 CFU/10 mL. Different types of culture media were used soybean casein, thioglycollate, Sabouraud and Clausen as well as different temperatures of incubation 12, 22, 32 and 42 ºC during an incubation period of 28 days. The results showed significant differences between the methodologies applied in what concerns the detection of contaminantion, even an equivalent number of samples and content of each unit submited to test. The best results for microbial contaminants detection were obtained as described in pharmacopeias in what concerns the types of culture medium, soybean casein media and thioglycollate media, the temperatures of incubation, 22 and 32 ºC, and the incubation period of 14 days.

De acordo com compêndios farmacêuticos, o teste de esterilidade, requer período de incubação de 14 dias para obtenção de resultado analítico, período em que produto farmacêutico é mantido em quarentena, o que demanda custos elevados. Os métodos alternativos com aplicação na avaliação da esterilidade são particularmente interessantes, quando possibilitam a redução do período de incubação do teste, o período de quarentena e, em consequência, os custos envolvidos, além de reduzir o tempo para preparação do material requerido, para execução do ensaio e para a capacitação técnica. O presente estudo avaliou o desempenho do método microbiológico rápido BacT/Alert 3D (Biomerieux®) aplicado ao teste de esterilidade em comparação ao teste de esterilidade por método indireto descrito nas farmacopeias (brasileira, americana, européia e japonesa). O Bact/Alert 3D se baseia na detecção do crescimento microbiano, que é feita por meio de detecção de alteração da cor de um sensor sensível à liberação de dióxido de carbono produzido por metabolismo microbiano. Os testes utilizaram três diferentes soluções parenterais de grande volume: solução salina 0,9%, concentrado polieletrolítico para diálise e solução de metronidazol. Micro-organismos desafio: Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 19404, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 e Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404. Cargas de contaminação: 20, 2 e 0,2 UFC/membrana. Temperatura de incubação: 32,5 ± 0,5 °C. As amostras foram avaliadas por 14 dias. Amostras dos três produtos foram artificialmente contaminadas com BioBalls® SingleShot dos micro-organismos desafio de diferentes cargas de contaminação foram submetidas ao teste de esterilidade farmacopeico, com inoculação por método indireto. Após 18h de incubação, foram retiradas alíquotas de cada um dos meios de cultura, que foram inoculadas nos frascos de meio de cultura do BacT/Alert 3D. Bact/Alert 3D demonstrou equivalência ao método farmacopeico (p > 0,05) e tempo de detecção inferior. / Nowadays, the harmonized sterility test method described on pharmacopoeias requires an incubation period of 14 days. During this period the product stays on quarantine waiting the result for release, which demands warehousing and inventory costs. The application of Rapid microbiologial methods for sterility testing is particulary interesting considering the benefits of incubation time reduction, quarantine period reduction, time reduction for material preparation, reduction of time for test execution and technical training.This work evaluated comparetivelly the performance of Bact/Alert 3D system as a rapid microbiologial method applied to sterility testing and sterility testing according to described on Brazilian pharmacopeia and harmonized pharmacopeias (American pharmacopeia, European pharmacopeia and Japanese pharmacopeia). The Bact/Alert 3D is based on microrganisms gowth and has as principle the detection of pad color change which is sensible to carbon dioxide release by microorganism metabolism. To perform the evaluation it was considered Buffer saline solution, Metronidazol solution and Polieletrolitic dialysis concentrate solution. Challenge Microrganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacilus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739 ), Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 19404), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 16404). Inoculum load: 20CFU/sample; 2 CFU/sample; 0,2CFU/sample. Incubation temperature: 32,5 ± 0,5 °C. The samples were evaluated during 14 days. Aseptic samples of the three products were intentionally contaminated with BioBalls® SingleShot of challenge microorganisms, according to inoculum concentration desired, and were tested by indirect inoculation. After 18h aliquotes of were taken from inoculated culture media and inoculated into BacT/Alert 3D culture media bottles. Bact/Alert showed equivalence to compendial method (p > 0,05) and showed results faster than compendial method.

The Prdm9 gene (PR domain containing 9, Meisetz, Hybrid sterility 1) encodes enzyme that trimethylates histone 3 on lysines 4 and 36. These methylation marks determine the positions of DNA double-strand breaks that are repaired by meiotic homologous recombination. In this study, we assayed genetic interactions of Prdm9 with two genes important for spermatogenesis - Mili (Piwil2) involved in piRNA biogenesis and Mybl1 encoding transcription factor that regulates many genes important for prophase I, including piRNA precursors. We crossed laboratory mice carrying mutation in Prdm9 with heterozygotes for mutation in Mybl1 or Mili, and created compound heterozygotes and, in case of Mybl1, also double homozygotes. We assessed body weight and male fertility parameters (weight of testes, sperm count, malformed sperm, percentage of tubules containing spermatocytes and of abnormal nuclei of pachytene spermatocytes) of these mice and compared them to controls. We also investigated the effect of Mybl1 and Mili mutations on fecundity of F1 intersubspecific hybrids. Our results revealed possible interactions of Prdm9 and Mybl1 in the laboratory mouse. Decreased gene dosage of Mybl1 reduced fertility of intersubspecific F1 hybrids. Interaction between Prdm9 and Mili in both laboratory mouse and F1 hybrids remain...

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Genetic engineering is important to enhance crop characteristics and certain traits. Genetically engineered crop cultivation brings environmental and ecological concerns with the potential of unwanted transgene escape and introgression. Transgene escape has been considered as a major environmental and regulatory concern. This concern could be alleviated by appropriate biocontainment strategies. Therefore, it is important to develop efficient and reliable biocontainment strategies. Removing transgenes from pollen has been known to be the most environmentally friendly biocontainment strategy. A transgene excision vector containing a codon optimized serine resolvase CinH recombinase (CinH) and its recognition sites RS2 were constructed and transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi). In this system, the pollen-specific LAT52 promoter from tomato was employed to control the expression of CinH recombinase. Loss of expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene under the control of the LAT59 promoter from tomato was used as an indicator of transgene excision. Efficiency of transgene excision from pollen was determined by flow cytometry (FCM)-based pollen screening. While a transgenic event in the absence of CinH recombinase contained about 70% of GFP-synthesizing pollen, three single-copy transgene events contained less than 1% of GFP-synthesizing pollen based on 30,000 pollen grains analyzed per event. This suggests that CinH-RS2 recombination system could be effectively utilized for transgene biocontainment. A novel approach for selective male sterility in pollen was developed and evaluated as a biocontainment strategy. Overexpression of the EcoRI restriction endonuclease caused pollen ablation and/or infertility in tobacco, but exhibited normal phenotypes when compared to non-transgenic tobacco. Three EcoRI contained 0% GFP positive pollen, while GFP control plants contained 64% GFP positive pollen based on 9,000 pollen grains analyzed by flow cytometry-based transgenic pollen screening method. However, seven EcoRI events appeared to have 100% efficiency on selective male sterility based on the test-crosses. The results suggested that this selective male sterility could be used as a highly efficient and reliable biocontainment strategy for genetically engineered crop cultivation.

Genetic variation exists in <i>Raphanus</i> that could be of use to <i>Brassica</i> breeders. Of particular interest is the Ogura system of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) which has been worked on extensively in a <i>Brassica napus</i> background. Problems have been experienced in <i>B. napus</i>restorer lines due to the inheritance of a large segment of <i>Raphanus</i> chromosome containing the fertility restoring locus. This restorer introgression is located on the <i>Brassica</i> C genome making it only of use for <i>B. napus</i> and not for <i>B. rapa</i> or <i>B. juncea</i>. This thesis describes the development of the materials necessary for the introgression into the <i>Brassica</i> A genome of a defined segment of <i>Raphanus</i> chromosome containing a restorer locus. Defined genetic stocks of <i>Raphanus</i> were developed that contained specific loci controlling restoration of Ogura CMS. This material was used to develop populations segregating for specific restorer loci. Extensive RFLP maps of three <i>Raphanus</i> populations were developed and aligned, resulting in a robust consensus map of the entire <i>Raphanus</i> genome. Three restorer loci were accurately mapped on three separate linkage groups. The segment of <i>Raphanus</i> that is implicated in the restoration of Ogura CMS in a <i>B. napus</i> restorer line developed by INRA was identified and it did not correspond to any of the regions containing the three mapped restorer loci, suggesting the presence of more restorer loci in <i>Raphanus</i>. Comparative mapping between the <i>Raphanus</i> genome map and previously generated <i>Brassica</i> A genome RFLP maps demonstrated large regions of collinearity between segments of chromosomes of the two species. Preliminary examination of the two genome maps suggest they contain essentially the same overall genetic content but with large segments of the genomes rearranged with respect to each other. Likely sites of <i>Raphanus</i> restorer introgression into the <i>Brassica</i> A genome were predicted. Trigenomic tetraploids were developed in which pairing and recombination between homoeologous segments of <i>Raphanus</i> and <i>Brassica</i> A chromosomes should result. Progeny of these individuals will allow an assessment of the pattern and extent of recombination that occurs between the chromosomes of the <i>Raphanus</i> and <i>Brassica</i> A genomes and should lead to the development of 'B. napus' lines carrying Ogura CMS restorer alleles from <i>Raphanus</i>.

<p>Speciation has occurred countless times throughout history, and yet the genetic mechanisms that lead to speciation are still missing pieces. Here, we describe the genetics of two processes that can act alone or together to cause speciation: hybrid sterility and meiotic drive. We use the <italic>Drosophila pseudoobscura/D, persimilis</italic> species as a model system to study these processes. We expanded on a prior study and saw little variation in strength of previously known hybrid sterility alleles between distinct strains of <italic>D. persimilis</italic> and the Bogota subspecies of <italic>D. pseudoobscura</italic>. Introgression of an autosomal, noninverted hybrid sterility allele from the USA subspecies of <italic>D. pseudoobscura</italic> into <italic>D. persimilis</italic> demonstrated that the <italic>D. pseudoobscura</italic> copy of a <italic>D. persimilis</italic> hybrid sterility factor also causes hybrid male sterility in a <italic>D. pseudoobscura bogotana</italic> background. This allelism suggests that the introgressed allele is ancestral, but was lost in the Bogota lineage, or that gene flow between <italic>D. pseudoobscura</italic> USA and <italic>D. persimilis</italic> moved the sterility-conferring allele from <italic>D. persimilis</italic> into <italic>D. pseudoobscura</italic>. To further understand the genetic basis of speciation, we asked if meiotic drive in <italic>D. persimilis</italic> is associated with hybrid sterility seen in <italic>D. persimilis/D. pseudoobscura</italic> hybrids. QTL mapping of both traits along the right arm of the X chromosome, where both drive and hybrid sterility loci are found, suggest that some of the causal loci overlap and may be allelic.</p> / Dissertation