Ce mémoire porte sur la conception de la performance chez les jeunes universitaires en lien avec la consommation de médicaments sans prescription. Pour étudier ce phénomène, nous avons analysé le discours d'étudiants et d'étudiantes faisant usage de médicaments pour contrer le déficit d'attention, sans avis médical préalable. Ce type d'automédication est déjà bien présent aux États-Unis. D'une part, l'objectif de ce mémoire consiste à explorer la situation dans les universités québécoises. D'autre part, cette recherche propose une analyse qui aide à comprendre comment peuvent se construire les représentations sociales de performance entourant cette pratique chez les jeunes adultes. La base théorique de ce mémoire s'appuie sur le courant de l'interactionnisme symbolique ainsi que sur les théories de la représentation sociale. Douze entretiens semi-dirigés ont été effectués auprès d'étudiants et d'étudiantes faisant usage de Ritalin, d'Adderall XR ou de Concerta pour améliorer leur performance académique. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent la présence d'un grand paradoxe face à l'utilisation de ces médicaments. Bien que cette automédication soit encore stigmatisée, elle est grandement soutenue par l'acceptation sociale de la médicamentation effectuée quotidiennement par bons nombres d'individus. À travers le discours des étudiants, nous avons soulevé l'existence d'une pression de l'environnement social pouvant expliquer les pratiques. Au même moment, ils remettent en question l'obsession de la performance qu'ils perçoivent dans leur monde. D'un point de vue symbolique, cette contradiction est un agencement très puissant pouvant faire perdurer, voire évoluer la pratique. Enfin, le rôle des interactions entre pairs est un élément fort important dans la reproduction du message. En clôture de ce mémoire, nous posons des pistes de recherche en lien avec l'évolution d'une nouvelle culture chez la population étudiée. Nous questionnons également le rôle de la chercheuse par rapport à cette problématique pouvant potentiellement favoriser l'accélération de ce type de consommation. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : étudiants, médicament, performance, représentations sociales, paradoxe

abstract: There is a growing trend among community samples of young, adult women to initiate drug use for weight loss (Boys, Marsden, & Strang, 2001; Mendieta-Tan, Hulbert-Williams, & Nicholls, 2013). Research has suggested that consequential weight loss may maintain drug use (Cohen, et al., 2010; Ersche, Stochl, Woodward, & Fletcher, 2013; Sirles, 2002), which is compounded by women's perception that drugs are convenient and guarantee weight loss (Mendieta-Tan, et al., 2013). Stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy, are notable drugs of use among college students (Johnston, et al., 2014; Teter, McCabe, LaGrange, Cranford, & Boyd, 2006). With known appetitive and metabolic effects, stimulants may be particularly attractive to college women, who are at elevated risk for increased body dissatisfaction and experimenting with extreme weight loss techniques (Grunewald, 1985; National Eating Disorder Association, 2013). A preliminary epidemiological study of 130 college women between 16- and 24-years old (Mage = 18.76, SDage = 1.09) was conducted to begin to investigate this phenomenon. Results showed women who reported use for weight control (n = 19, 14.6 %) predominantly used stimulants (68.4%), and this subgroup was severely elevated on global and subscales of eating pathology compared with college norms. Moreover, the odds of stimulant use were doubled when women engaged in a compensatory behavior, such as excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, and laxative use. Although preliminary, these results suggest that a desire for weight control may be associated with stimulant use among college women. Women engaging in more extreme weight loss behaviors are at high risk for initiating and maintaining illicit stimulant use for weight-related reasons. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoBaldo.pdf: 9476624 bytes, checksum: 029e395b66e356c33d1392d6f0221d44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to evalue the effect of bio-stimulant Stimulate applicated or not in differents development stages of cotton plant cv Delta Opal, cultivated in a vegetation house and submitted or not to hydric stress. There were applicated 25, 60 and 100% of total volume of pores (VTP) filled out with water and Stimulate (registrated mark) applicated on the seed and on the flower botton stage and without biostimulant application 69 days after sowing. The hydric stress period of time was 15, 30 and 45 days after hydric stress application. The experimental delineation was wholly randomized in a 3x3x3 factorial scheme, with four repetitions of five plants each one. The cotton plant cv Delta Opal did not support hydric eack of 25% VTP on the flower botton beginning, being observed the minor heights, lap diameters, number of flowers, and endangering the formation of reproductive frames. The bio-stimulant dose and application form did not offer improvement on plants development when submitted to eack of water, but on plants submitted to water excess, a lap diameter increase occurred / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do bioestimulante Stimulate (marca registrada), aplicado ou não em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento do algodoeiro cv. Delta Opal, cultivado em casa de vegetação e submetido ou não ao estresse hídrico. Foram aplicados 25, 60 e 100% do volume total de poros (VTP) preenchidos com água.e o Stimulate® aplicado na semente, na semente e na fase de botão floral e sem a aplicação do bioestimulante, aos 69 dias após a semeadura. O período de duração do estresse hídrico foi de 15, 30 e 45 dias após a aplicação do estresse hídrico. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 3, com quatro repetições de cinco plantas cada. O algodoeiro cv Delta Opal não tolerou deficiência hídrica de 25% VTP iniciando na fase de botão floral, sendo observadas as menores alturas, diâmetros de colo, número de folhas, e comprometendo também a formação de estruturas reprodutivas. O bioestimulante na dose e na forma aplicada não proporcionou melhoras no desenvolvimento das plantas quando submetidas à falta de água, já em plantas submetidas ao excesso de água, houve aumento do diâmetro do colo das plantas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoBaldo.pdf: 9476624 bytes, checksum: 029e395b66e356c33d1392d6f0221d44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to evalue the effect of bio-stimulant Stimulate applicated or not in differents development stages of cotton plant cv Delta Opal, cultivated in a vegetation house and submitted or not to hydric stress. There were applicated 25, 60 and 100% of total volume of pores (VTP) filled out with water and Stimulate (registrated mark) applicated on the seed and on the flower botton stage and without biostimulant application 69 days after sowing. The hydric stress period of time was 15, 30 and 45 days after hydric stress application. The experimental delineation was wholly randomized in a 3x3x3 factorial scheme, with four repetitions of five plants each one. The cotton plant cv Delta Opal did not support hydric eack of 25% VTP on the flower botton beginning, being observed the minor heights, lap diameters, number of flowers, and endangering the formation of reproductive frames. The bio-stimulant dose and application form did not offer improvement on plants development when submitted to eack of water, but on plants submitted to water excess, a lap diameter increase occurred / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do bioestimulante Stimulate (marca registrada), aplicado ou não em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento do algodoeiro cv. Delta Opal, cultivado em casa de vegetação e submetido ou não ao estresse hídrico. Foram aplicados 25, 60 e 100% do volume total de poros (VTP) preenchidos com água.e o Stimulate® aplicado na semente, na semente e na fase de botão floral e sem a aplicação do bioestimulante, aos 69 dias após a semeadura. O período de duração do estresse hídrico foi de 15, 30 e 45 dias após a aplicação do estresse hídrico. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 3, com quatro repetições de cinco plantas cada. O algodoeiro cv Delta Opal não tolerou deficiência hídrica de 25% VTP iniciando na fase de botão floral, sendo observadas as menores alturas, diâmetros de colo, número de folhas, e comprometendo também a formação de estruturas reprodutivas. O bioestimulante na dose e na forma aplicada não proporcionou melhoras no desenvolvimento das plantas quando submetidas à falta de água, já em plantas submetidas ao excesso de água, houve aumento do diâmetro do colo das plantas

Current evidence suggests that non-medical prescription stimulant (NMPS) use is on the rise, particularly among college students. Identifying individuals at risk for regular and problematic use is a critical step towards the development of effective intervention efforts. A growing body of work has noted that individuals with elevated levels of social anxiety (SA) or social anxiety disorder are at an enhanced risk for developing substance use problems, including NMPS use disorder. Despite the relevance of SA and NMPS use among college students, no studies have attempted to examine subclinical SA or the relation between SA and NMPS use among college students specifically. Thus, the present study sought to extend this area by testing the relation of SA symptoms and NMPS use frequency among college students. A large online study of college students was conducted (N=1604) to identify 252 NMPS users (18-25 years; 68.3% female). A hierarchical linear regression was used to test the moderation of positive prescription stimulant expectancies on SA symptoms in predicting past year NMPS use frequency. A subsample of 15 participants was also brought into the lab to assess subjective (State Anxiety) and physiological (salivary cortisol) responding to a social stressor task. Overall, the current study did not provide evidence that SA, via retrospective self-report or real-time responding was related to past year NMPS use frequency. Additional research is needed to resolve the discrepancies between the present findings and prior work.

Excerpt:The prognosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHA) continues to "show heightened risk of multiple mental health and social difficulties as well as premature mortality in adult life" after nearly 50 years of primary pharmacological treatment. If the prognosis of ADHA is not changed by stimulants, then 2016 research that stimulants may cause cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial infarcation associated with subquent death in children younger than 17 years prescribed methylphenidate (MPH)^2 raises the question of whether stimulants should be used. Furthermore, a 2015 Cochran Review found 98.6% of ADHD randomized clinical trials could also have been considered high risk by using a stricter definition. ^3 Has medicalization and marketing of the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD become the basis of putting children at risk by using stimulants, especially in the United States?

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第20782号 / 生博第388号 / 新制||生||51(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 尚志, 教授 朝長 啓造, 教授 永尾 雅哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

In this study, the effects of individual and combinatorial electrolyte solution comprised of carbohydrate, salt, and a stimulant injected into broiler hatching eggs on subsequent late term embryogenesis and post hatch performance up to D 10 were evaluated in separate trials. The effects of solution concentration and volume on embryo body weight and yolk reserves were likewise considered, and limited posthatch growth, body weight, and yolk sac effects of a compound electrolyte solution were evaluated. The individual and combinatorial effects of injected solutions were examined in an effort to yield the maximum physiological growth effects on embryogenesis from the metabolic pathways in which these compounds are involved. Limited effects on embryo and post hatch mortality were found. However, both post hatch yolk reserves and liver weights were affected by in ovo injection. These effects could be key in increasing bird weight by processing day.

No description available.

À ce jour, malgré les traitements antirétroviraux efficaces permettant de contrôler la charge virale chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH-1, aucun vaccin ni traitement curatif n'est disponible. La recherche fondamentale est donc toujours de mise afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires permettant la persistance du virus. Les macrophages, l'une des cellules cibles du VIH-1, jouent un rôle important dans l'établissement de l'infection et la propagation du virus. Étant présentes dans les muqueuses, ces cellules sont parmi les premières à être exposées au VIH-1 lors de l'infection. En combinaison avec leur longue durée de vie et leur résistance à l'effet cytopathique du virus, les macrophages doivent être pris en considération dans le développement d'une stratégie de guérison. De plus, ces cellules font partie des réservoirs viraux, c'est-à-dire des cellules qui persistent chez la personne infectée malgré les thérapies antirétrovirales, et participent au rebond de la charge virale lors de l'arrêt des traitements. Les macrophages sont caractérisés par un faible taux d'infection in vitro. Afin d'identifier les facteurs de l'hôte associés à une susceptibilité ou une résistance à l'infection, nous avons fait une étude comparant le transcriptome de cellules infectées par le VIH-1 avec la population exposée ayant résisté à l'infection (population spectatrice), suivie d'un criblage d'ARN interférents envers une sélection de gènes modulés par le virus. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs facteurs de régulation du VIH-1, dont la protéine MDM2. MDM2 est une ubiquitine ligase impliquée dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN et régulant le niveau de plusieurs protéines, sa cible principale étant le facteur de transcription p53. Les deux études présentées dans cette thèse de doctorat cherchent à mieux comprendre le rôle des protéines MDM2 et p53 dans l'infection des macrophages humains par le VIH-1. Nous démontrons d'abord que l'ubiquitine ligase MDM2 favorise l'infection productive des macrophages via le contrôle de p53. En effet, la stabilisation du facteur de transcription p53 induit l'expression de la protéine p21, qui à son tour empêche la phosphorylation de la protéine SAMHD1. SAMHD1 est un facteur de restriction efficace chez le macrophage, interférant avec l'étape de transcription inverse du virus, et est inactivé suivant sa phosphorylation. Un niveau plus élevé de p53 dans la cellule entraîne donc en une plus forte restriction de l'infection par le VIH-1. Cette première étude a mis en lumière un rôle antiviral de p53 et l'importance de son contrôle par MDM2 pour le VIH-1. Notre seconde étude découle directement des résultats obtenus lors de la première. Le gène TP53 exprime plusieurs isoformes de p53, chacune connue pour moduler l'activité de p53 pleine longueur. Nous démontrons que ces isoformes peuvent aussi moduler le cycle viral de manière distincte. Par exemple, l'interférence par ARN de l'isoforme p53β cause un effet similaire à l'ARN interférent ciblant toutes les isoformes, mais cette hausse de l'infection est seulement observée au niveau de la production de virions et n'affecte pas le taux d'infection. Cet effet serait aussi indépendant de l'action de SAMHD1. L'inhibition de l'expression des isoformes Δ133p53, quant à elle, diminue la susceptibilité des macrophages au VIH-1 et dépend du sentier p53/SAMHD1. Dans cette étude, nous montrons aussi que la protéine virale Nef protège le virus de l'action de p53. Enfin, nous avons observé une modulation de l'expression des isoformes de p53 suivant l'infection par le VIH-1, certaines isoformes étant modulées spécifiquement chez les macrophages productivement infectés. Ensemble, ces études mettent en lumière un rôle dans l'immunité innée antivirale pour le facteur de transcription p53, plutôt connu pour ses propriétés antitumorales. La mise en évidence d'un nouveau facteur de régulation du VIH-1 spécifique au macrophage et impliqué dans les étapes menant à l'intégration du VIH-1 dans ces cellules permet une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires menant à la formation et à la persistance de réservoirs viraux. Ces études permettront d'envisager de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques pour prévenir leur formation et mener à l'éradication du virus. Nos résultats permettent aussi de mieux comprendre l'implication de p53 dans l'immunité ainsi que l'importance de son contrôle par MDM2 et pourront aussi être transposées dans d'autres sphères de la virologie. Inversement, les connaissances actuelles en oncologie sur le facteur de transcription p53 pourront être transposées pour développer de nouvelles thérapies et, éventuellement, une guérison de l'infection par le VIH-1. / To date, despite effective antiretroviral therapies for viral load control in people living with HIV-1, no vaccine or cure against the virus is available. Basic science research is then still necessary to better understand the molecular mechanisms allowing the viral persistence. Macrophages, one of the cells targeted by HIV-1, play an important role in the establishment and propagation of HIV-1 infection. Being present in the mucous membranes, macrophages are among the first cells exposed to the virus upon infection. In combination with their long lifespan and their resistance to HIV-1-mediated cytopathogenic effects, macrophages must be considered for the development of a functional cure. In addition, these cells are part of the viral reservoirs, which are cells that persist in the infected person despite antiretroviral therapy and are responsible for the return of the viremia when treatments are stopped. Macrophages are characterized by their low infection rate in vitro. To identify host factors associated with the susceptibility or resistance to infection, we did a transcriptomic study comparing the infected cells with the bystander population (i.e., cells exposed to HIV-1 but uninfected), followed by a siRNAs screening of genes modulated by HIV-1 infection. This study revealed several positive and negative HIV-1 regulatory factors. One of these regulators was MDM2. MDM2 is a ubiquitin ligase involved in the DNA damage response and regulating the turnover of various proteins, including p53. The main goal of the two studies presented in this Ph.D. thesis is to better understand the role of MDM2 and p53 in the infection of macrophages by HIV-1. We demonstrate that the MDM2 ubiquitin ligase favors HIV-1 replication through the control of p53. Indeed, p53 stabilization induces the expression of p21, which in turn inhibits the phosphorylation of SAMHD1. SAMHD1 is an important restriction factor in macrophages, interfering with HIV-1 reverse transcription, and is inactivated by phosphorylation. A higher level of p53 thus results in a stronger restriction against HIV-1 mediated by SAMHD1. This first study highlights an antiviral role of p53 and the importance of its control by MDM2 for HIV-1infection. Our second study stems from the results obtained in our first one. The TP53 gene expresses multiple isoforms of p53, each known to modulate the full-length p53 activity. We demonstrate that these isoforms can also modulate the HIV-1 replication cycle in a distinct manner. For example, RNA interference of the p53β isoform cause a similar effect than the siRNA targeting all the isoforms, but the increase is only seen on the viral production and not on the infection rate. This effect also seems to be SAMHD1-independent. Knockdown of Δ133p53 isoforms, on the other hand, decreases the susceptibility of macrophages towards HIV-1 in a p53/SAMHD1-dependant manner. In this study, we also show that the viral protein Nef protects the virus from the antiviral activity of p53. Finally, we observe a change in the p53 isoforms expression pattern upon exposure to HIV-1, certain isoforms being modulated specifically in the productively infected macrophages. Together, these studies highlight an antiviral role for the transcription factor p53, better known for its antitumor functions. The demonstration of a new regulatory factor of HIV-1infection specific to the macrophages and involved in the replication steps leading to the viral genome integration allows a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the formation and persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs. These studies will open the way to new therapeutic routes to prevent their formation and lead to the eradication of the virus. Our results also provide a better understanding of the involvement of p53 in immunity and the importance of its control by MDM2 and may also be transposed into other areas of virology. Conversely, current knowledge in oncology on the p53 transcription factor could be used in the development of new therapies and, possibly, a cure against HIV-1.