This study attempted to test! 1) an alternative interpretation of Amsel frustration effect and, 2) the possibility of extending Bindra’s novelty theory. Sixty-eight children were trained to pull two successive levers. During training two groups, 100:50 and 100:100, were always rewarded at the first goal box (G1) whereas two other groups, 0:50 and 0:0, were never rewarded at G1. During testing groups 100:50 and 0:50 were given 50% reward at G1 while groups 100:100 and 0:0 were respectively always rewarded and never rewarded at G1. All subjects were always rewarded at G2 both during training anti testing. The data did not yield the typical frustration effect which rendered the alternative interpretation un-testable. The data offered supportive evidence for Bindra’s novelty theory. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Pain is a complex, ubiquitous phenomenon that can be debilitating and costly. Although it is well known that some individuals can easily tolerate pain while others are more intolerant to pain, little is known of the neurophysiological bases of these differences. Because differences in sensory information processing may underlie variability in tolerance to pain and because measures of sensory gating are used to explore differences in sensory information processing, sensory gating among college students (N = 14) who are tolerant or intolerant to pain was investigated. This investigation explored the hypothesis that those who were more tolerant to pain would evidence greater sensory gating. Pain tolerance was first determined using a cold pressor task. Sensory gating was then determined by the amount of attenuation of the amplitude of a second painful, electrical, somatosensory stimulus (S2) in relation to the amplitude of an identical first stimulus (S1) in a paired-stimulus evoked potential (EP ) paradigm. The results obtained showed the intolerant group exhibiting greater physiological reactivity than the tolerant group, indicating that the tolerant group attained greater sensory gating than the intolerant group. / Ph. D.

Polymeric materials with inherent stimulus response represent an ever-growing area of research. In particular, block copolymers demonstrate exciting properties owing to their enhanced mechanical strength and microphase separation. Incorporating functionality into block copolymers proves useful in enhancing their utility. Presently, synthesis and subsequent post-polymerization modification achieved this for a range of block copolymers. In particular, neutralization of acid-containing polymers readily imparted ionic functionality and yielded microphase-separated block copolymer domains, enhancing polymer thermomechanical properties and ion transport. An ABA triblock copolymer composed of mechanically reinforcing polystyrene outer blocks and ionic central poly(1-methylimidazolium acrylate) block acted as a host for ionic liquid that caused an evolution in bulk morphology, resulting in enhanced ionic conductivity. The resulting membrane also exhibited a strong electromechanical actuation response under applied potential. Adding ionic liquid doped with a corresponding lithium salt enabled evaluation of sulfonated block copolymers as components of ternary polymer electrolytes, relevant for battery applications. Modification of a sulfonic acid-containing pentablock copolymer presented photocurable functional groups to the ionic domains which enabled their UV irradiation-induced curing. This novel route of modifying ion-containing block copolymers resulted in enhanced thermomechanical properties and enabled healing of physical defects in the film, unprecedented for ion-containing block copolymers. Covalent networks represent a relevant area of research for a wide variety of applications such as coatings, adhesives, and scaffolds. Careful design of degradable crosslinkers enables stimulus response in these networks by eliminating covalent crosslinks and affording a soluble product. Extension of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-based network formation into three dimensions using microstereolithography resulted in novel acid-degradable 3D-printed parts. An additional study investigated mixtures of acrylamide-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as water-soluble resins for the direct formation of hydrogels from solution. Photorheology and photocalorimetry investigated the thermal and mechanical changes inherent in the curing process and evaluated the mixtures as a platform for microstereolithography. / Ph. D.

In his book Ritual House, Ralph Knowles states, "The houses we inhabit, the cities surrounding our houses, even the clothes we wear - all are shelters we erect against the elements. But they are also manifestations of ancient rituals, developed in response to nature's rhythms" (2006). Implicit within this quote is the importance of nature's rhythms in our lives, particularly those related to the movement of the sun. Many built environments have no connection to the exterior. Those who work in these spaces are disconnected from these natural rhythms and often experience detrimental physiological effects. However, technology has the potential to reintroduce aspects of natural rhythms into built environments. This research crossed disciplinary boundaries separating architecture, engineering, psychology, and building science during the design of an architectural intervention for an interior workspace known as the Sandbox, at Virginia Tech. The design proposal includes skylights that combine Photovoltaic-integrated glazing with LED lighting to create conditions that stimulate the occupants while connecting inside to out. To reestablish a connection to natural rhythms the BIPV energy monitoring is used during the day to record variations in solar radiation which at night are played back through intensity and color variations of LED lighting. The effect of the LED lighting was compared with the sunlight entering through the skylights using quantitative analysis methods and qualitative visual comparison tools including time lapse photos and videos. The research merges architectural design, lighting technology and BIPV to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for the reintroduction of natural rhythms into built environments. / Master of Science

When something is not attended to by a person, even when it is right before them, they won't perceive it. This is known as inattentional blindness (Mack & Rock, 1998). Sometimes information missed due to inattentional blindness is trivial but inattentional blindness can become a problem when it hinders people from responding to something appropriately when a response is needed. When a visual cue is missed there can be an impact on decision-making. Variations in color luminance may also be a factor in one's ability to attend to something. For example, if a person is attending to a number of objects that are one color shade (for instance, dark green), it may be possible that this person might not see an additional object appear in their field of view (FOV) if it is the same color and shade. Conversely, the opposite might be true that a person is more likely to attend to the additional object if it is the same dark green color, opposed to an object that is colored a lighter green. This research investigated whether some variations of luminance of the same color (for example, dark green to light green) can affect one's ability to attend an additional object entering one's FOV. A scenario was presented to tank gunners that required them to observe objects of one color (dark green) while an additional object was briefly presented to them colored either dark green or light green. In this between-subjects study, 48 participants observed four dark green and four light green enemy tanks moving about the battlefield. Each was given a task that involved monitoring the dark green tanks only. During their monitoring, an additional vehicle (M981A3 FIST-V) briefly entered and exited their FOV. The additional vehicle was presented to 24 participants colored dark green. For the other 24, it was presented colored light green. This research addressed whether there was an association between color luminance, FOV, or focused attention and detection of the FIST-V. The results did not indicate an association between FOV and detection of the FIST-V [÷2(1, N = 48) = 0.08, p = 1.0]. Nor was there an association between focused attention and detection of the FIST-V using the following self-reporting questionnaires for determining levels of focused attention: ETAS [÷2(1, N = 48) = 2.06, p = 0.20], the CFQ [÷2(1, N = 48) = 0.75, p = 0.56], and the DAPI [÷2(1, N = 47) = 1.39, p = 0.75]. In the same manner, there was also no association between field dependence and detection of the FIST-V [÷2(1, N = 43) = 0.34, p = 0.75]. There was, however, an association between color luminance and detection of the FIST-V [÷2(1, N = 48) = 36.80, p < 1.0e-8]. / Master of Science

No / Dynamic correction of monochromatic aberrations of the eye is known to affect the accommodation response to a step change in stimulus vergence. We used an adaptive optics system to determine how the temporal location of the correction affects the response. The system consists of a Shack-Hartmann sensor sampling at 20 Hz and a 37-actuator piezoelectric deformable mirror. An extra sensing channel allows for an independent measure of the accommodation level of the eye. The accommodation response of four subjects was measured during a +/- 0.5 D step change in stimulus vergence whilst aberrations were corrected at various time locations. We found that continued correction of aberrations after the step change decreased the gain for disaccommodation, but increased the gain for accommodation. These results could be explained based on the initial lag of accommodation to the stimulus and changes in the level of aberrations before and after the stimulus step change. Future considerations for investigations of the effect of monochromatic aberrations on the dynamic accommodation response are discussed.

La présente recherche étudie l'apprentissage et la généralisation dans une tâche de catégorisation de stimuli visuels multidimensionnels. Il s'agit de vérifier si les patrons de classification identifiés pour chaque participant et la reconnaissance des stimuli peuvent être expliqués par l'emploi de règles et la mémorisation d'exceptions. Une méthode formelle de minimisation booléenne a permis d'effectuer la synthèse des différents types de représentation des catégories selon le nombre de classifications correctes observé. Trois types de représentation obtenus correspondent à l'utilisation d'une règle unidimensionnelle, accompagnée d'aucune, d'une ou de deux exceptions apprises. L'analyse de la reconnaissance des stimuli, de l'apprentissage des exceptions et de la généralisation à de nouveau stimuli, suggèrent que l'apprentissage d'une exception peut reposer sur la formulation d'une nouvelle règle sans faire appel à un processus de mémorisation permettant l'identification d'un stimulus en particulier.

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the effects of combining negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement during teaching with the effects of using positive reinforcement alone. A behavior was trained under two stimulus conditions and procedures. One method involved presenting the cue ven and reinforcing successive approximations to the target behavior. The other method involved presenting the cue punir, physically prompting the target behavior by pulling the leash, and delivering a reinforcer. Three other behaviors were trained using the two cues contingent on their occurrence. The results suggest that stimuli associated with both a positive reinforcer and an aversive stimulus produce a different dynamic than a situation that uses positive reinforcement or punishment alone.

This research is about evaluating vision in the periphery. Peripheral vision is of fundamental importance in the performance of our everyday activities. The aim of this thesis is to develop methods suitable for the evaluation of peripheral vision and to assess how different visual functions vary across the visual field. The results have application both within the field of visual rehabilitation of people with central visual field loss (CFL)and as well as in myopia research. All methods for assessing peripheral vision were implemented with adaptive psychophysical algorithms based on Bayesian statistics. A routine for time-efficient evaluation of peripheral contrast sensitivity was implemented and verified for measurements out to 30° in the visual field. Peripheral vision was evaluated for different properties of the stimuli: sharpness, motion, orientation, and extent. Optical quality was controlled using adaptive optics and/or corrective spectacles specially adapted for the peripheral viewing angle. We found that many peripheral visual functions improved with optical correction, especially in people with CFL. We also found improvements in peripheral contrast sensitivity for low spatial frequencies when stimuli drifted at 5 to 10 Hz; this applies both for people with normal vision and those with CFL. In the periphery, it is easier to see lines that are oriented parallel with respect to the visual field meridian. We have shown that this directional bias is present for both resolution and detection tasks in the periphery, even when the asymmetric optical errors are minimized. For accurate evaluation of peripheral vision, we therefore recommend using gratings that are oriented oblique to the visual  field meridian. The directional bias may have implications in how peripheral image quality affects myopia progression. Another proof that peripheral vision can influence central visual function is the fact that, when the stimulus extent was increased beyond the fovea, the blur in the stimulus was less noticeable. / Denna forskning handlar om att utvärdera synen i periferin. Vår perifera syn är ovärderlig i det dagliga livet. Målsättningen med denna avhandling är dels att utveckla metoder speciellt lämpade för perifer synutvärdering och dels att mäta hur olika synfunktioner varierar över synfältet. Resultaten har tillämpning både inom synrehabilitering för personer med centraltsynfältsbortfall och inom närsynthetsforskning. Adaptiv psykofysisk metodologi baserad på Bayesiansk statistik användes vid all utvärdering av det perifera seendet. Vi implementerade en rutin för tidseffektiv mätning av perifer kontrastkänslighet och verifierade den ut till 30° i synfältet. Den perifera synen utvärderades för olika egenskaper hos objektet: skärpa, rörelse, riktning och utbredning. Skärpan kontrollerades med hjälp av adaptiv optik och/eller glasögonkorrektion speciellt anpassad för den perifera synvinkeln. Vi fann att många periferasynfunktioner förbättras av optisk korrektion, särskilt för personer med centralt synfältsbortfall. Vi hittade även förbättringar i periferkontrastkänslighet för låga ortsfrekvenser när objektet modulerades med hastigheter mellan 5 och 10 Hz, vilket gäller både normalseende och personer med centralt synfältsbortfall. I periferin är det lättare att se linjer som är orienterade parallellt med synfältsmeridianen. Vi har visat att denna riktningsbias gäller både för upplösning och detektion i periferin, även när de asymmetriska optiska felen minimeras. För bästa mätnoggrannhet rekommenderar vi därför att använda randmönster som ligger snett relativt synfältsmeridianen. Denna riktningsbias skulle även kunna påverka hur den perifera bildkvalitén inverkar på utvecklingen av närsynthet. Ytterligare ett bevis för att perifer syn kan påverka den centrala synfunktionen är att, när objektets utbredning ökades, uppfattade personen det som mindre suddigt. / <p>QC 20160826</p>

L’addiction aux drogues peut être considérée comme une maladie neurologique chronique avec des rechutes récurrentes en période d’abstinence qui constituent le problème majeur dans le traitement de l’addiction aux drogues. Grâce à un modèle animal de rechute, il a été montré qu’un rongeur pouvait réinstaller un comportement de recherche de drogue lorsqu’il était réexposé à la drogue elle-même, à des indices associés à la drogue, ou encore à un stress. Dans notre équipe, nous avons évalué la contribution relative des différentes propriétés de la cocaïne, de l’héroïne et de la nicotine (incitative, discriminative et renforçante) dans la réinstallation d’un comportement de recherche de nourriture. Afin de dissocier les propriétés discriminatives et renforçantes, les rats ont été entraînés à s’auto-administrer une récompense alimentaire. Nous avons alors trouvé que : 1) La cocaïne et la nicotine agissent comme des stimuli internes qui acquièrent un contrôle discriminatif sur le comportement, étant donné que la cocaïne et la nicotine, contrairement à l’héroïne, peuvent réinstaller un comportement éteint de recherche de nourriture lorsque ce comportement a été préalablement acquis sous les effets de la cocaïne et de la nicotine, respectivement. 2) La réinstallation induite par la cocaïne et la nicotine est indépendante de la valeur actuelle de la récompense, ce qui indique que la cocaïne et la nicotine contrôlent l’activation de comportements automatiques, habituels, liés à la drogue. Puis, afin d’identifier la façon dont les drogues d’abus entraînent la formation d’habitudes, nous avons également étudié les effets d’une sensibilisation à la cocaïne à différents moments d’un apprentissage instrumental pour une récompense alimentaire, après une dévaluation de la récompense. Nous avons alors trouvé que la sensibilisation à la cocaïne ne favorisait pas le développement de comportements de type habituel. Cette série d’expériences constitue une première étape dans la comparaison des processus automatiques produits par la cocaïne et la nicotine. Si l’activation de comportements de type habituel, automatique, peut être généralisée à d’autres drogues d’abus, nous pourrons considérer que la rechute vers la recherche et la prise de drogue est en partie sous le contrôle de processus automatiques, ce qui pourrait expliquer la forte probabilité de rechute, même après de longues périodes d’abstinence et malgré la connaissance des conséquences néfastes qui en découlent. / Drug addiction can be considered as a chronic brain disease with recurrent relapse during abstinence periods which remains the major problem for the treatment of drug addiction. Using an animal model of drug relapse, it has been shown that a rodent can reinstate a drug-seeking behavior when re-exposed to the drug itself, drug associated cues or stress. In our research group, we assessed the relative contribution of the different properties of cocaine, heroin and nicotine (incentive, discriminative and reinforcing) in food-seeking reinstatement, and in order to dissociate the discriminative from the reinforcing properties, rats were trained to self-administer a non-drug reward (food). We found that: 1) Cocaine and nicotine act as internal stimuli that acquires discriminative control over behavior, since cocaine and nicotine, but not heroin, can reinstate an extinguished food-seeking behavior when this behavior has been previously performed under the effects of cocaine and nicotine respectively. 2) Cocaine- and nicotine-induced reinstatement is independent of the current value of the outcome, which indicates that cocaine and nicotine control the activation of automatic, drug-related habitual behaviors. Then, in order to identify the way drugs of abuse lead to the formation of habits, we also examined the effects of cocaine sensitization at different stages of instrumental training for a food reward after outcome devaluation. We found that, globally, cocaine sensitization does not promote the development of habit-based behaviors. This series of experiments represent a first step in the comparison of automatic processes produced by cocaine and nicotine. If the activation of automatic, habit-based behaviors can be generalized to other drugs of abuse, we could consider that relapse to drug-seeking and drug-taking is partly under the control of automatic processes, which could explain the high probability of relapse, even after extended periods of abstinence and despite the knowledge of the adverse consequences.