This thesis aims to identify the building integrated photovoltaic solutions available in the market with respect to general pros and cons of different systems and a technical description of there attachment system. Investigate and provide examples of various building integrated photovoltaic solutions in Sweden and describe the experiences and results of these projects. The methods used to obtain relevant information are interviews with individuals involved in significant projects and a thorough search of different solutions from solar suppliers. The conclusion is that solar energy is needed for a sustainable society. There are endless opportunities regarding BIPV, with many companies with different products and individual solutions. But so far it’s not so customary in Sweden. Solar installations have until today not been able to be economically viable without subsidies from the state. But with declining prices for solar modules and rising energy price, a solar installation becomes more economically viable.

I Sverige finns ett långsiktigt mål som innebär att all energi som används i landet ska komma från förnybara källor. För att uppfylla detta behöver solens energi tas tillvara. Det är vad företaget Solibro Research AB arbetar med genom sin forskning och tillverkning av tunnfilmssolceller. Att solcellspaneler lämpar sig för takinstallation är välkänt i Sverige, men få känner till att de även passar bra som fasadmaterial. Solibro har en önskan om att anpassa sina moduler till fasader, vilket hindrats av okunskapen om vilka lagar och regler som finns och hur modulerna monteras på väggen. Syftet med rapporten har därför varit att jämföra de system som finns för infästning av solcellsmoduler på fasader och att utreda vilka svenska lagkrav som måste tas hänsyn till vid dimensionering av anläggningen. Målet har varit att ge Solibro en rekommendation för lämpliga montagesystem och information kring gällande svenska regler för fasadmontage av solcellspaneler. Arbetet har byggt på intervjuer, studier av referensobjekt och en litteraturstudie över svenska standarder och byggregler. En utredning har även gjorts över vilka certifieringar som finns. Resultatet visar att kraven är på väg att bli tydligare och mer omfattande. I den nationella standard som fastställts i maj 2016 har de tidigare skilda kraven på solcellspaneler och byggnader kombinerats. Svenska certifieringar har ännu inte upprättats och därför rekommenderas den tyska TÜV-certifieringen. Vid jämförelse av infästningar har fönsterprofiler visat sig vara de enda vädertäta. Allmänt rekommenderas kassettsystem och för Solibro har specifik rekommendation getts beroende på modultyp. / A long term goal in Sweden is to achieve a 100 percent use of energy from renewable sources. Energy from the sun is a valuable source to obtain this, which is what the thin-film solar cell science company Solibro Research AB is aiming for. The benefits of rooftop photovoltaic installations are well known. However the advantages of integrating photovoltaic modules in façades are not as widely spread. Depending on requested function and expression, photovoltaics can be performed as building integrated or applied systems. Solibro’s desires to customize their modules for façade solutions have been held up by complicated rules and regulations. The purpose of this report has therefore been to describe regulatory Swedish standards. The aim has been to gain enough knowledge to present a recommendation to Solibro regarding appropriate façade mounting, approved by Swedish law. This thesis has been built on interviews, studies of reference objects, investigation of related regulations and available certifications. The newly released standard, SS-EN 50583 have combined regulations for buildings and photovoltaic modules. Among studied systems the window mounting system proves to be the only one suitable when weather protection is required. Otherwise the cassette system is recommended.

Abstract <br /> This thesis deals with the numerical investigation of the upper section of a building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal double-fa??ade. The upper section consists of an airflow window with a between-the-panes roller blind. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and validate a numerical model in order to optimize the design of the system. The lower section, which consists of building-integrated photovoltaics, has already been modelled at Concordia University. The results from the lower section will be used as inputs to the upper section. <br /><br /> The validation of the model was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the model was validated for forced convection between parallel plates using analytical data as benchmarks. In the second stage, a radiation analysis was performed for single, double and triple-glazed closed system with natural convection only. In the third and final validation stage, experimental data gathered from the Solar Lab at Concordia University was compared to the numerical model. The model included the effects of radiation for an open system with forced convection and a between-the-panes roller blind. For all three stages of validation, the results from the model were in excellent agreement with the benchmarking data. <br /><br /> Once the model was validated, a parametric analysis was used to determine the effects of varying key model parameters. The outlet temperature, the useful energy gain, and the net energy gain of the system were plotted as a function of inlet velocity. It was concluded that as the flow rate through the cavity was increased, the air temperature at the outlet approached that of the outdoor ambient air. By computing the heat generated from advection as well as the total losses from the system, including the heat lost from the indoor environment as well as the power consumed by the fan, the net useful heat gain of the system was calculated as a function of insolation level. Operating points (of the fan) for the upper section were therefore determined as functions of insolation level. A second order polynomial equation provided an excellent fit to the data and could therefore be used to determine the ideal operating point of the upper section for any insolation level.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2010

Abstract <br /> This thesis deals with the numerical investigation of the upper section of a building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal double-façade. The upper section consists of an airflow window with a between-the-panes roller blind. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and validate a numerical model in order to optimize the design of the system. The lower section, which consists of building-integrated photovoltaics, has already been modelled at Concordia University. The results from the lower section will be used as inputs to the upper section. <br /><br /> The validation of the model was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the model was validated for forced convection between parallel plates using analytical data as benchmarks. In the second stage, a radiation analysis was performed for single, double and triple-glazed closed system with natural convection only. In the third and final validation stage, experimental data gathered from the Solar Lab at Concordia University was compared to the numerical model. The model included the effects of radiation for an open system with forced convection and a between-the-panes roller blind. For all three stages of validation, the results from the model were in excellent agreement with the benchmarking data. <br /><br /> Once the model was validated, a parametric analysis was used to determine the effects of varying key model parameters. The outlet temperature, the useful energy gain, and the net energy gain of the system were plotted as a function of inlet velocity. It was concluded that as the flow rate through the cavity was increased, the air temperature at the outlet approached that of the outdoor ambient air. By computing the heat generated from advection as well as the total losses from the system, including the heat lost from the indoor environment as well as the power consumed by the fan, the net useful heat gain of the system was calculated as a function of insolation level. Operating points (of the fan) for the upper section were therefore determined as functions of insolation level. A second order polynomial equation provided an excellent fit to the data and could therefore be used to determine the ideal operating point of the upper section for any insolation level.

Syfte: De senaste åren har solcellsmarkande ökat stadigt. Trots detta stod de byggnadsintegrerade solcellerna endast för några få promille av den installerade effekten i Sverige under 2015. I takt med att marknaden ökar har priset för byggnadsintegrerade solceller sjunkit. Trots detta anses investeringskostnaden vara det största hindret för konsumenter. Är det möjligt att dessa solceller trots sin höga investeringskostnad och lägre effektivitet, kan vara lönsamma ur både ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv, och i så fall på vilket sätt?   Mål: Målet med studien är att undersöka placeringens betydelse av byggnadsintegrerade solceller på villor ur ett brukarperspektiv med hänsyn till miljö och ekonomi, och därmed ge förslag på åtgärder för en ökad marknad i Sverige. Metod: Denna rapport innehåller både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ studie. Den kvantitativa delen innehåller två stycken fallstudier. I dessa studier så undersöktes hur viktig taklutning och geografisk placering är för byggnadsintegrerade solcellers effektivitet. Båda fallstudierna gjordes i programmet Polysun.  Samtliga simuleringar utfördes på samma tomt och med två olika orienteringar. Den kvalitativa studien bestod av litteraturundersökning och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tre intervjuer utfördes som delades in i tre delar, en för varje frågeställning.    Resultat: Utifrån den kvantitativa studien kan det konstateras att av de två optimeringar som gjordes i fallstudierna, har optimering av taklutning inte haft någon avgörande roll för solcellens effekt. Däremot spelar husets placering en större roll för solcellens effektivitet. Trots optimering innebär byggnadsintegrerade solceller en hög investeringskostnad och lång pay-off tid. Resultatet från den kvalitativa studien var att med dagens byggnadsintegrerade solceller, är den största fördelen att de är estetiskt tilltalande. För att marknaden ska öka i Sverige krävs det att kunskapen om byggnadsintegrerade solceller ökar, både för utvecklare och konsumenter. Det krävs även att produkter standardiseras och på så sätt bidrar till att priserna på solcellerna sjunker. Konsekvenser. Av rapporten framgår att det kommer krävas mer än optimering av takvinkel och orientering av solcellerna för att investeringen ska vara ekonomiskt lönsam.  Detta betyder att de byggnadsintegrerade solcellerna behöver bli mer energieffektiva och kosta mindre för att bli mer lönsamma för brukare.  Begränsningar: Fallstudierna har begränsats till en tomt belägen i Sävsjö i Jönköpings län. Trots denna geografiska avgränsning anses resultatet vara generaliserbart för de aktuella husmodellerna i södra Sverige. Även intervjuerna begränsades till tre stycken. Nyckelord: Solceller, BIPV, hållbarhet, lönsamhet, utvecklingspotential, klimatmål, optimering, effektivitet. / Purpose: Over the last few years the solar cell market has steadily increased. Despite this, building integrated solar cells only stands for a few per mille of the installed megawatts in Sweden during 2015. As the market grows the price for building integrated solar cells has decreased. Even with this price drop the high investment cost is regarded as the biggest issue for consumers. Is it possible that these solar cells, despite their high initial cost and lower efficiency, can be profitable in both an economical an environmental perspective?  Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of the building integrated solar cells placement on a villa from a consumer perspective with special regards to environment and economy, and make suggestions needed for an increased market in Sweden Method: This report contains both a qualitative and a quantitative study. The method in the quantitative part consists of two case studies. In the case studies, the importance of the inclination and orientation of the building integrated solar cells was investigated.  The simulations in the case studies were made in the online software Polysun. The simulations for both case studies were performed on the same site, in Sävsjö, and with two different placements. For the qualitative study, the methods used were a litterateur review/document analysis and semi structured interviews. The questions in the interviews were divided into three parts, one for each research question.     Findings: From the quantitative study, it can be concluded that out of the two different optimizations done in the case studies, the redundant roof inclination plays a less significant role for the solar cells efficiency. The orientation of the building however plays a bigger part for its efficiency.  Despite the optimizations of building integrated solar cells, it still comes with a high investment cost and extensive pay-off time.  The findings of the qualitative study were that, today the most to gain by building integrated solar cells is purely esthetically. For the market to change and increase knowledge of building integrated solar cells must be improved for both developers and consumers. Products need to be standardized hence contributing to lowering the price. Implications: It can be observed that it will take more than optimization of the roof inclination and geographic placement of the solar cells for the investment to be profitable. This means that the solar cells need to be more energy efficient and cost less than they do today for it to be economically profitable for the users.   Limitations: The case studies have been limited to a site in Sävsjö in the county of Jönköping. Despite this geographical limitation, the result of this study is considered to be applicable to detached family houses in southern Sweden. Keywords: solar cells, BIPV, sustainability, profitability, potential for development, climate goals, optimizations, efficiency.

Sweden has a climate target to get a total renewable electricity production by 2040, in order to succeed with the goal, the proportion of solar energy needs to increase. Increased environmental awareness and increased profitability of solar cells have led to an increase. A new way of attaching solar cells to buildings is by integrating them into building materials. A solution that optimizes material, makes the installation easier and creates better design. Today, there is concern that the temperature of the solar cells may become very high as their cooling decreases. The consequences of an increased temperature in the solar cells is that the efficiency of the electricity production decreases. The purpose of this study is therefore to increase understanding of the influence of modular temperature on electricity production. The aim of the study was to find out how much electricity production [kWh/m2, year] varies in solar cells depending on whether they are applied to buildings or if they are integrated into building materials for solar cells placed in Nordic climate. In order to do this, a calculation model was built in Simulink Matlab to calculate how the modular temperature varied during the varying weather conditions that occur during a year in Gothenburg. Air flow in the gap is created by self-convection. Some periods blew the wind into the gap in the ceiling and then the wind was also assumed to contribute with an air flow. In order to describe the self-conception, a theoretical relationship was established, to describe how the wind influenced the airflow of the roof, a connection from an experimental study was used. With the help of the calculated calculation model, it was possible to determine how much electricity production varied during integrated or applied assembly in Gothenburg. The result found was an increase of 4% for ceiling-mounted and 2% respectively for wall-mounted solar cells with applied mounting compared to integrated installation. The model was also tested for a warmer and a colder climate, Rome and Luleå. The conclusion was that building-applied solar cells can increase electricity production by up to 4% for solar cells on roofs and up to 2% for solar cells placed on the wall in Nordic climate compared to fully integrated solar cells, an air gap is therefore more effective for solar cells placed on roofs than on the wall. It was found that in warmer climates, as in Rome, the corresponding increase in electricity production was about double that for both roof and wall, an air gap is therefore more efficient in a warmer climate.

In his book Ritual House, Ralph Knowles states, "The houses we inhabit, the cities surrounding our houses, even the clothes we wear - all are shelters we erect against the elements. But they are also manifestations of ancient rituals, developed in response to nature's rhythms" (2006). Implicit within this quote is the importance of nature's rhythms in our lives, particularly those related to the movement of the sun. Many built environments have no connection to the exterior. Those who work in these spaces are disconnected from these natural rhythms and often experience detrimental physiological effects. However, technology has the potential to reintroduce aspects of natural rhythms into built environments. This research crossed disciplinary boundaries separating architecture, engineering, psychology, and building science during the design of an architectural intervention for an interior workspace known as the Sandbox, at Virginia Tech. The design proposal includes skylights that combine Photovoltaic-integrated glazing with LED lighting to create conditions that stimulate the occupants while connecting inside to out. To reestablish a connection to natural rhythms the BIPV energy monitoring is used during the day to record variations in solar radiation which at night are played back through intensity and color variations of LED lighting. The effect of the LED lighting was compared with the sunlight entering through the skylights using quantitative analysis methods and qualitative visual comparison tools including time lapse photos and videos. The research merges architectural design, lighting technology and BIPV to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for the reintroduction of natural rhythms into built environments. / Master of Science

Durch die Lebenszyklusanalyse von Bauwerkintegrierten Photovoltaik(BIPV)-Fassaden werden deren ökologische Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Fassadenlösungen aufgezeigt. Die frühzeitige Analyse zu Beginn des Planungsprozesses ermöglicht es, die individuellen Potentiale von Baukörpern zu ermitteln und ermöglicht sichere Planungsentscheidungen durch Kennwerten. In dem Beitrag erfolgen Lebenszyklusanalysen an einem Fallbeispiel mit unterschiedlichen Betrachtungsebenen und methodischen Ansätzen. Es wird geprüft, welche Ansätze die Entscheidungsfindung von Architekt:innen und Planer:innen im Entwurfsprozess am besten unterstützen. Außerdem werden anwendungsbezogenen Erkenntnisse und Randbedingungen bei der Bilanzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen über den gesamten Lebenszyklus von BIPV-Fassaden identifiziert. / Life cycle analysis of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) façades demonstrates their ecological advantages over conventional façade solutions. The early analysis at the beginning of the planning process makes it possible to determine the individual potential of building structures and enables reliable planning decisions based on characteristic values. In this article, life cycle analyses are carried out using a case study with different perspectives and methodological approaches. It is examined which approaches best support the decision-making of architects and planners in the design process. In addition, practical findings and boundary conditions for balancing greenhouse gas emissions over the entire life cycle of BIPV façades are identified.

As edificações comerciais, públicas e residenciais foram responsáveis em 2014 por 50% do consumo de eletricidade no país. Considerando os últimos dez anos, enquanto o consumo médio dos diferentes setores da economia cresceu 3,5% ao ano, o consumo do setor comercial cresceu 5,4%. Os edifícios de escritórios corporativos representam grandes consumidores de energia, chegando a valores superiores aos 200 kWh/m2.ano. A geração distribuída é uma solução que vem sendo estudada no país, primeiramente pela aprovação da Resolução Técnica 482:2012 da ANEEL, que regulamenta a geração de eletricidade na baixa tensão e depois pela aprovação da Portaria 381:2015 que dispõe sobre a geração de eletricidade na média tensão. Apesar do crescimento da geração por fontes fotovoltaicas no mundo, no Brasil essa geração ainda é mínima frente às fontes hídricas e térmicas. Nos edifícios de escritórios corporativos a instalação de painéis fotovoltaicos na cobertura é bastante limitada, devido à disputa de espaço com outros serviços, como as áreas técnicas e heliponto. Nesse contexto, as fachadas aparecem como oportunidade para geração de eletricidade, através da tecnologia fotovoltaica integrada na arquitetura (BIPV). Nesse estudo foi avaliada a viabilidade técnica e financeira da geração integrada à arquitetura dos edifícios de escritórios corporativos da cidade de São Paulo a partir do uso de vidros fotovoltaicos. Os resultados indicam que existe um potencial de redução de 15% no consumo de eletricidade anual, considerando tanto a geração de eletricidade, quanto a redução do consumo do sistema de ar condicionado, que tem sua carga térmica reduzida com o uso dos vidros fotovoltaicos. A tecnologia já é viável financeiramente no mercado brasileiro quando associada ao vidro refletivo, apresentando um tempo de retorno simples de 2,9 anos, uma TIR de 34,2% e um VPL de 1.779.257,53, para um edifício em torre com 28.010 m2 de área condicionada e 21 andares. / Commercial, public and residential buildings accounted in 2014 for 50% of electricity consumption in Brazil. Considering the last ten years, while the average consumption of the different sectors of the economy increased by 3.5% per year, the consumption of the commercial sector grew 5.4%. Corporate buildings are major energy consumers, reaching values in the range of 200 kWh/m2.year. Distributed generation is a solution that has been studied in the country, primarily with the approval of the Technical Resolution 482:2012, which regulates the generation of electricity at low voltage and then with the approval of the General Ordinance 381:2015 which regulates the generation of electricity at medium voltage. Despite the growth in generation from photovoltaic sources in the world, in Brazil this generation is still minimal when compared to other sources, like hydro and thermal plants. In commercial buildings, the space to install photovoltaic panels on the roof is quite limited. In this context the facades appear as an opportunity to generate electricity through photovoltaic technology integrated in the architecture (BIPV). In this study we evaluated the technical and financial feasibility of the integrated generation to the architecture of corporate buildings in the city of Sao Paulo. The results indicate a 15% reduction potential in annual electricity consumption, considering both the electricity generation and the reduction of the consumption by the air conditioning system, which has a reduced thermal load when photovoltaic glass is used. The BIPV technology is already feasible in the Brazilian market when coupled with reflective glass, showing a simple payback of 2.9 years, an IRR of 34.2% and a NPV of 1,779,257.53, for a building with 28,010 m2 and 21 floors.