A estabilidade econômica e o crescimento do mercado de capitais ocorridos no Brasil nas últimas duas décadas, fez com que alguns produtos de investimentos tivessem um crescimento no volume de operações e nos montantes transacionados. Um destes produtos com grande crescimento são os Fundos de Investimento Imobiliários (FIIs), produto que tem como foco o investimento, direto ou indireto, em ativos financeiros ligados a imóveis. No Brasil a criação deste produto foi muito influenciada pela necessidade de captação de recursos por parte do incorporador ou proprietário do ativo, se tornando também, ao se analisar pela perspectiva do investidor, uma opção de diversificação e uma possibilidade para o pequeno investidor investir em imóveis, com a perspectiva de recebimento de renda mensal sem tributação. Apesar de ser um investimento com características próprias, pesquisas internacionais mostram que a valorização das cotas dos FIIs sofre por vezes influência não só do resultado operacional dos fundos, mas também de fatores sistêmicos, entre eles a variação das bolsas de valores e a variação dos juros de mercado. Seguindo a linha de pesquisas internacionais, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar, através da aplicação de regressões por mínimos quadrados ordinários, a influência do mercado de ações, dos juros de mercado e de fatores específicos a um segmento, na rentabilidade dos FIIs, sendo utilizada como amostra os fundos com negociação de suas cotas na BM&FBovespa. Em uma primeira análise, carteiras foram criadas para que fosse possível analisar o grau de influência dos fatores bolsa de valores e juros de mercado na rentabilidade destas carteiras. Na análise final, especificamente para os FIIs que investem em Shopping Center, buscou-se estudar qual a influência de fatores específicos deste mercado, no caso a variação do preço do aluguel e das vendas do varejo, sobre a rentabilidade das cotas de uma carteira criada somente com FIIs que investem neste tipo de ativo. Os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem uma influência significante da variação da bolsa de valores na análise de uma carteira geral de FIIs, porém, quando são analisadas carteiras compostas por FIIs com características específicas, esta influência diminui. No que se refere aos juros de mercado, a sua influência só se mostra significativa quando na análise de uma carteira geral de FIIs e, especificamente, em um período específico da análise. Para a carteira criada com FIIs que investem em Shopping Center, as variáveis bolsa de valores, juros e variação do aluguel tiveram resultado significante, sendo este último o mais representativo. Os resultados apresentados nesta pesquisa estão em linha com os apresentados nas primeiras pesquisas internacionais, principalmente para o mercado norte-americano, quando utilizaram um pequeno período de análise em um mercado em expansão. Pesquisas futuras com um maior período de análise e com a inclusão de outras variáveis, serão importantes para identificar possíveis alterações na influência dos fatores sistêmicos na rentabilidade dos FIIs. / The economic stability and capital market growth in Brazil in the last two decades resulted, among other things, in an increase in the number of transactions and amounts for a few investment products. One of these increasingly growing products is Real Estate Investment Trust (REITs), a product focused on the direct or indirect investment in real estate market. In Brazil, although the creation of this product is more closely linked to the need to raise funds from the developer or owner of the asset, when analyzing the investor\'s perspective, this investment serves as an option of diversification and is also a chance for the small investor to invest in real estate, with the perspective of receiving a non-taxable monthly income. Despite being an investment with specific characteristics, international surveys shows that appreciation of REITs quotas are not only influenced by market-specific factors, but also by systemic factors, including variation of stock exchanges and interest rates. Following the line of international researches, this study aimed to analyze, through application of ordinary least square regressions, the influence of stock market, market interest and segment-specific factors on REITs profitability, using as sample REITs funds negotiated in BM&FBovespa. In an initial analysis, various portfolios were created to analyze the influence of the stock exchange and interest rates in their profitability. The final analysis, specifically for REITs investing in Shopping Center, studied the influence of market-specific factors, i.e., rental fee and retail sales variation, on the profitability of portfolio created only with REITs investing in this type of asset. Research results suggest a significant influence of the stock exchange return in an overall REIT portfolio analysis; however, when creating specific REIT portfolios, this influence decreases in many created portfolios. Regarding interest rates, a significant influence is only shown when analyzing an overall REIT portfolio and specifically in a period when interest rates increase and REITs profitability decrease. For the portfolio created with REITs investing in Shopping Center, the variables stock exchange, interest rate and rent variation had significant results, the latter being the most representative. The results presented in this study are aligned with those presented in the first international researches, mainly for the US market, when a small period of analysis was tested in an expanding market. Future researches, with a longer period of analysis and new variables, will be important to identify possible changes in the influence of systemic factors on the profitability of REITs.

Raros autores estudam as características das empresas e dos seus setores de atuação na explicação dos retornos das ações em períodos exclusivamente de crise. A escassez de trabalhos em períodos de crise pode ser considerada uma importante lacuna na literatura acadêmica, tendo em vista que as perdas são substanciais nestes períodos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar características das empresas e dos seus setores de atuação que expliquem a queda dos preços das ações das empresas listadas na Bovespa durante a crise financeira de 2008. O período de crise escolhido começa em 20 de maio de 2008 (pico do Ibovespa) e termina em 27 de outubro de 2008 (vale do Ibovespa), com queda de 60%. São estudadas 135 empresas não financeiras, com informações disponíveis e eliminados outliers. Utilizou-se neste trabalho uma técnica multinível, Modelos Hierárquicos Lineares, para endereçar claramente a interação entre os dois níveis envolvidos na análise: empresas (1º nível: objeto) e setores (2º nível: contexto). Dada a pouca utilização desta técnica em estudos em administração, sua aplicação também é um diferencial do trabalho. Os resultados indicam a pertinência da escolha por esta técnica, pois se identificou que a variabilidade total dos retornos tem origem (i) em características das empresas (1º nível), correspondendo a 76,9% da variabilidade total e (ii) em características dos setores (2º nível), correspondendo a 23,1% da variabilidade total. O modelo final explica 39,9% da variabilidade total. As características das empresas que têm influência significativa no retorno das ações são: livro / mercado (valor contábil do patrimônio líquido / valor de mercado do patrimônio líquido), tamanho e iliquidez. As características dos setores que têm influência significativa no retorno das ações das empresas são: beta desalavancado, crescimento histórico da receita e ter ou não a tarifa regulada. Por fim, identificou-se que a característica setorial beta desalavancado modera a influência da característica da empresa livro / mercado no retorno das ações das empresas. Em outras palavras, o coeficiente angular da variável livro / mercado é diferente para os diversos setores, sendo que o impacto da variável livro / mercado no retorno é menos acentuado para empresas de setores com alto beta desalavancado. / Few authors study the role of firms and industries\' characteristics in explaining stock\'s returns exclusively in periods of crisis. The scarcity of such studies can be considered an important gap in the academic literature, given the substantial losses that one can experience during such periods. The objective of this study is to identify firms and industries\' characteristics that explain the decline in prices of stocks of companies listed in Bovespa during the 2008 financial crisis. The crisis period chosen begins on May 20, 2008 (Ibovespa\'s peak) and ends on October 27, 2008 (Ibovespa\'s valley), representing a decline of 60%. 135 non-financial companies, with information available and after the exclusion of outliers were studied. A multilevel technique was adopted: Hierarchical Linear Models, to clearly address the interaction between the two levels involved in the analysis: firms (1st level: object) and industries (2nd level: context). Given the low utilization of this technique in studies in business administration, its adoption is also a differential of this study. The results indicate the relevance of the technique\'s choice. It was identified that (i) 76.9% of the total variability is due to firms\' characteristics and (ii) 23.1% of the total variability is due to industries\' characteristics. The final model explains 39.9% of the total variability. Firms\' characteristics that have significant influence on stock returns are: book / market (book value of equity / market value of equity), size and illiquidity. Industries\' characteristics that have significant influence on stock returns are: unlevered beta, historical sales growth and whether or not the industry has a regulated tariff. Finally, it was found that industries\' characteristic unlevered beta moderates the influence of the firms\' characteristic book / market in stock returns. In other words, slope coefficient for the firms\' characteristic book / market is different between industries, with the impact of the variable book / market on stock return being less pronounced for companies in sectors with high unlevered beta.

M.Com. (Financial Management) / This study was an investigation into the impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup soccer tournament on the stock market of the host country. The investigation looked at whether stock markets react efficiently or show a positive reaction to the hosting of the FIFA World Cup. Hosting the FIFA World Cup was assessed at two event dates: the announcement date where the host country’s winning bid is announced and the when the tournament starts. An event study research methodology was used to investigate the impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup on the stock exchange of the host country, by examining the movement of CARs across the two event windows. It was found that stock markets react differently to the announcement of the tournament and event start dates. The results of this study show that the stock market does not always regard the hosting of the FIFA World Cup as positive news, therefore resulting in either a positive or negative stock market reaction. Markets do however appear to be efficient and incorporated all information in stock prices. The test statistics showed a number of statistically insignificant results; hence the presented results do not support the hypotheses that the FIFA World Cup has a significant impact on the host country stock market during the announcement and hosting stages.

Abstract This dissertation investigates the success of technology M&As. The research question is approached through four separate empirical essays, each of which assesses a different but interrelated issue of value creation of technology M&As. The approach used throughout the dissertation is to consider the motives of improving acquirer’s R&D activity through the acquisition of a technology firm and stress the role of the interaction between acquirer’s and target’s resources. The first two essays investigate the valuation consequences of M&As, while the following two essays examine pricing implications of M&As. The results indicate that technology M&As are successful in enhancing the acquiring firm’s R&D activities to the extent that it manifests as an increase in the stock market valuation of acquirer’s R&D spending and its higher future profitability. The results also demonstrate that investors do not fully recognize these benefits at the announcement of M&A. Therefore investors benefit from technology M&As in the long run when these benefits begin to materialize. Furthermore, the results show that even when compared to other possible motives, enhancing acquirer’s R&D activities is an important and successful motive for M&As, emphasizing the absorptive capacity of the acquiring firm in generating synergies from the combination of two firms. Overall, the findings of the dissertation provide more evidence on the success of mergers and acquisitions motivated by technology improvement. The thesis emphasizes the interaction between acquirer’s and target’s resources in creating synergies from M&As, with a focus on technological resources. The evidence also has important implications for the literature on the stock market valuation of R&D expenditures as it indicates that technology M&As can be considered an R&D investment with significant impacts on this activity.

This empirical study is concerned with the extent to which news announcements affect the performance of common equity securities of oil and gas producing companies. The market effects of news announcements are considered to be of importance in resolving two issues. One concerns financial statement disclosure and the second concerns examination of prior oil and gas industry-related accounting research. This dissertation assumes capital market efficiency and addresses two research questions: do news announcements concerning activities of nonintegrated oil and gas producing companies affect the companies' common stock prices, and are announcements concerning nonintegrated oil and gas companies' financial, personnel, explorational, and developmental and operational activities used equally by investors in their decision-making?

In this study a structural model of the South African stock market, the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), was developed and estimated econometrically. The study has made three important contributions to the literature. Firstly, a structural model of the South African stock market has been developed, which quantifies the relationships between the stock market and macroeconomic variables while analyzing the impact of foreign markets and phenomena such as contagion, policy changes and structural economic changes on the JSE. This will improve the economic agents’ understanding of the functioning of the stock market and potentially assist in forecasting the stock market. Secondly, investors are generally assumed to be risk and/or loss averse. This study explains how this risk and/or loss aversion of investors can cause asymmetry in stock prices and the study evaluates different types of stock market asymmetry with advanced econometric techniques such as the threshold cointegration test of Siklos and Enders (2001) and a Markov switching regime model. The Markov switching regime model is used to model the South African business cycle and to construct an indicator for the state of the business cycle, which is in turn used to introduce cyclical asymmetry in the stock market model. The Markov switching regime model is in itself a substantial contribution to the literature since no Markov switching regime model has been estimated for the South African business cycle yet. Apart from being used to capture cyclical asymmetry in the stock market, the Markov switching regime business cycle model can also be used to identify turning points in the South African economy and to model economic growth. Finally, the forecasting performance of the stock market model developed in this study is compared to other stock market models. According to the results, this model is preferred to the other stock market models in terms of modelling and forecasting the level and direction of the JSE. This means that investors and policy markets can use this model to simulate the impact of changes in macroeconomic indicators on the future course of the stock market and use it to develop profitable trading rules. / Thesis (PhD (Econometrics))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Economics / unrestricted

The paper deals with stock market indices. It reveals the flaws inherent in traditional market capitalization weighted indices, that causes a return drag. At the same time it shows how you can get rid of these flaws by using fundamental indices, and gives proofs about their superiority. The practical part focuses on building fundamental indices of czech stocks traded on the Prague Stock Exchange, dealing with historical data. It empirically demonstrates their outperformance of a benchmark market capitalization weighted index.

This thesis is focused on testing the weak effectiveness of the US, Japanese, German and Czech market in the period 1995 - 2015. The first part contains a theoretical basis for the theory of efficient markets, the conditions, characteristics and models. Further test methods of weak market efficiency are presented and semistrong and strong effectiveness mentioned. The practical part deals with the introduction of tested stock exchange indices and by testing the weak effectiveness of these markets through tests of randomness, variance ratio test and serial correlation.

Durante os últimos anos, tem havido muitas mudanças na maneira como as instituições financeiras avaliam o risco. As regulações têm tido um papel muito importante no desenvolvimento das técnicas de medição do risco. Diante das diversidades de técnicas de estimação e análise de risco utilizadas pelas bolsas de valores e de futuros, nacionais e internacionais, bem como as Clearings de controle de risco, este estudo propôs uma análise comparativo de modelos de volatilidade para o cálculo do Value-at-Risk (VaR) aplicados aos principais índices de ações do mercado financeiro internacional. Utilizouse os modelos de volatilidade condicional da família ARCH levando em consideração a presença de longa dependência em seus retornos (memória longa) e assimetria na volatilidade. Em específico, utilizaram-se os modelos GARCH, EGARCH, APARCH, FIGARCH, FIEGARCH, FIAPARCH e HYGARCH estimados a parir de quatro diferentes distribuições, Normal, t-Student, G.E.D. e t-Student Assimétrica. Analisaramse os índices dos principais mercados de ações do mundo, sendo: Dow Jones, S&P 500, Nasdaq, Ibovespa, FTSE e Nikkei 225. Testou-se também a capacidade preditiva do modelo Riskmetrics desenvolvido pelo J.P. Morgan para o calculo do VaR, comparado com os modelos de volatilidade. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o pacote desenvolvido pelo J.P.Morgan não se aplica adequadamente à realidade do mercado acionário mundial, como ferramenta de gestão e controle do risco das oscilações dos preços das ações de empresas negociadas nas bolsas de Nova Iorque, Nasdaq, BM&FBOVESPA, bolsa de Londres e bolsa de Tóquio. Os modelos que consideram o efeito de memória longa na volatilidade condicional dos retornos dos índices, em especial o modelo FIAPARCH (1,d,1), foram os que obtiveram melhor ajuste e desempenho preditivo do risco de mercado (Value-at-Risk), conforme valores apresentados pelo teste de razão de falha proposto por Kupiec (1995). / In recent years, there have been many changes in how financial institutions assess risk. The regulations have had a very important role in the development of techniques for measuring risk. Considering the diversity of estimation techniques and risk analysis used by stock exchanges and futures, national and international, as well as clearing houses of risk control, this study proposed a comparative analysis of volatility models for calculating Value-at-Risk (VaR) to the major stock indexes of international finance. It used models of conditional volatility of the ARCH family taking into account the presence of long dependence on their returns (long memory) and asymmetry in volatility. Specifically, it used the models GARCH, EGARCH, APARCH, FIGARCH, FIEGARCH, FIAPARCH and HYGARCH estimated the birth of four different distributions, Normal, t-Student, GED and t-Student Asymmetric. It analyzed the contents of the major stock markets of the world, being: Dow Jones, S & P 500, NASDAQ, Bovespa index, FTSE and Nikkei 225. Was also tested the predictive ability of the RiskMetrics model developed by JP Morgan for the calculation of VaR, compared with the models of volatility. The results suggest that the package developed by JPMorgan does not apply adequately to the reality of global stock market as a tool to manage and control the risk of fluctuations in stock prices of companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange, Nasdaq, BM&FBOVESPA, London Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. Models that consider the effect of long memory in conditional volatility of returns of the indices, especially the model FIAPARCH (1, d, 1), were the ones showing better fit and predictive performance of market risk (Value-at-Risk) , according to figures provided by the ratio test proposed by Kupiec (1995).

The main aim of this dissertation is to identify the factors influencing the decision-making of enterprises on entering the capital market in selected CEE countries and formulate recommendations for further development of this form of financing. The key methodological tool is the collection of primary data by means of a questionnaire in which respondents (usually in the CFOs position) expressed their views on the issues related to internal and external factors affecting IPO activity. The results of the questionnaire survey show that the strongest motives for IPO implementation are the ability to raise capital to finance investment opportunities, improve publicity and image of the company, reduce debt, and be recognized by a relevant financial community as an important company. Among the barriers that most affect IPO implementation are the obligation to disclose company information that is key to a competitive advantage, asymmetry of information between external investors and the company, the interest in retaining decision-making control over the company, and the existence of alternative administratively less complex capital resources at the time of implementation of IPO. As per CFOs macroeconomic factors that have the greatest impact on IPO are favorable conditions in the stock market, favorable conditions in the sector in which the company operates, favorable GDP growth, and the use of banking loan at a relatively low interest rate. The results of the dissertation are the basis for the formulation of recommendations for potential IPO candidates.