The aim of this study is to examine the dividend policy behavior of firms listed at Stockholm Stock Exchange from 2005-2011. We examine the behavior from a Market Cap (firm size) and industry classification (group characteristics) perspective due to the structure of Stockholm Stock Exchange, by using non-parametric methods and Lintner`s model. The conclusions are as follows: (i) Market Cap listing and industry classification matters for the propensity to pay dividends and we observe that firms in Mid Cap and Small Cap were more likely to pay dividends in 2011 than in 2005. (ii) Neither Market Cap listing nor industry classification affects the firms’ payout ratio. (iii) Market Cap listing affects the firms´ level of paid DPS (dividend per share) but not significantly when we compared firms in Large Cap to firms in Mid Cap. Industry classification affects the firms´ level of paid DPS. (iv) Current EPS (earnings per share) and past DPS are important factors for deciding current DPS when firms were classified into Market Caps, but not for all firms when they were classified into industries. (v) Firms follow regular but unstable dividend policies despite Market Cap listing. Firms in the Health Care industry follow irregular and unstable dividend policies while the firms in the other industries follow regular but unstable dividend policies.

<p>Problem: An efficient market fully reflects all available information about a company in its share price. Furthermore any new information presented about a company will lead to an instant adaptation in the share price. Henceforth an investor can not reach abnormal returns on an efficient market. The Stockholm stock exchange is afairly large stock exchange with a turnover of SEK 14000 millions per day. Prior studies conducted regarding the efficiency of the Stockholm stock exchange have stated that the stock exchange was efficient on a semistrong level. However these studies were conducted with a time frame of several weeks and therefore the authors distinguished a need for a study aiming at short term efficiency. Furthermore this thesis aims to investigate the effects of the presentation of positive annual and interim reports. A positive report is defined as a report that leads to an increase in share price the day it is presented and consequently includes all events on the day of the presentation, e.g. the press conference. The thesis was written from an investors’ perspective, who is about to buy shares.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to describe and analyze the Stockholm stock exchange market’s efficiency. This was done during the days surrounding the presentation of annual and interim reports rendering an increase in share price. Furthermore the possibilities of making abnormal returns by buying shares during this period were investigated.</p><p>Method: To investigate the efficiency of the Stockholm stock exchange an event study was carried out. Data regarding the performance of the shares of the fifteen most traded com-panies on the Stockholm stock exchange were collected from the OMX groups’ homepage. The chosen companies together represented more than fifty percent of the turnover of the OMXS 30 index. The index was used as a benchmark for measuring the efficiency. The share price movement was analyzed with a quantitative approach through a statistical T-test with the assistance of the SPSS 13.0.</p><p>Result: The authors claim that the Stockholm stock exchange is not efficient on a semistrong level the day after the presentation of a positive report, as the shares displayed a negative abnormal deviation from the OMXS 30 index. The deviation was statistically verified. However the authors state that no abnormal returns can be reached by buying shares during this period since the deviation was negative. The period as a whole and the other tested days came out as efficient on a semi-strong level.</p>

<p>The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the differences between family and non-family businesses that are listed on the stock exchange, more specifically which factors that is being used in the valuation process and why family businesses as a rule seem to be undervalued. We also look at if family ownership is a factor in this process.</p><p>By conducting interviews with analysts and journalists working with valuation we hope to be able to not only find out what factors differ but also why family busi-nesses are undervalued.</p><p>Our conclusion is that while the two forms of ownership has several negative factors that differ between them that are more common among family businesses, such as conservative dividend policy, this is not connected to the family business as a form but is rather an individual factor differing from company to company. Family ownership as such was however not in any way a factor in the valuation since the valuations instead looks at the individual company and does not generalize.</p>

Bakgrund: När forskare inom den kognitiva psykologin, Amos Tversky och DanielKahneman, på 60-talet sammanliknade deras modeller ombeslutsfattande under risk och osäkerhet med ekonomiska modeller omrationellt beteende föddes en ny gren inom den moderna finansteorin.Anomalier på finansmarknaden har därefter försökts förklaras medteorier inom behavioural finance. En av dessa anomalier är den omöverreaktion och gjordes känd av De Bondt och Thaler 1985. Den sägeratt investerare överreagerar på ny information, vilket leder till attaktiepriser överstiger sina fundamentala värden. En kraftig uppgång avaktiekursen följs således av en nedgång och vice versa. Syfte: Syftet är att utreda om det råder överreaktion på Stockholmsbörsenssamtliga samlade aktier på kort sikt under tidsperioden 2003-2014, samtundersöka de bakomliggande orsakerna till resultatet. Metod: För varje vecka under åren 2003-2014 har de 5 aktierna med högst (lägst)avkastning på Stockholmsbörsen placerats i en vinnar- (förlorar)portfölj.Portföljerna har sedan följts upp under 10 veckor. En signifikant skillnad(ACARvinnare - ACARförlorare &gt; 0) ger stöd åt överreaktionshypotesen. Slutsats: Resultaten visar att vinnar- och förlorarportföljerna uppvisar en överreaktionseffekt den första uppföljningsveckan, men att denna effektförsvinner när portföljerna värdeviktas, vilket tyder på ensmåbolagseffekt och inte en överreaktionseffekt. / Background: In the 1960’s, when psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahnemancompared their cognitive models of decision-making under risk anduncertainty with economic models of rational behavior a new field withinmodern financial economics was born. Theories within behaviouralfinance have since tried to explain financial anomalies that pointedtowards inefficient markets. One such anomaly is the overreactionhypothesis and was first proposed by De Bondt &amp; Thaler in 1985. Itstates that investors overreact to new information and that security priceswill therefore “overshoot” their fundamental values. An extreme rise ordrop in price is followed by a reversal in the opposite direction. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether an overreaction effectcan be observed on the entirety of the Stockholm stock exchange andwhat causes it. Completion: For each week in the years 2003-2014 the 5 stocks with the highest(lowest) return on the Stockholm stock exchange have been placed inwinner (loser) portfolios to be evaluated the succeeding 10 weeks. A significant difference between abnormal returns (ACARlosers - ACARwinners&gt;0) is seen as support for the overreaction hypothesis. Conclusion: The results show that the winner and loser portfolios show proof of anoverreaction effect the first week in the evaluation period. This effect,however, disappears completely when the portfolios are value-weighted,indicating signs of a small-firms effect rather than an overreaction effect.

In order for companies to be competetive on the market, there’s a need of capital. If a company is in a need of capital to make major investments and isn’t able to prioritize internal funding, the priority will be external financing with safe securities; loans. How companies should prioritize the allocation between equity and debt, which together form value, leads us to the subject of capital structure. The purpose of the study is to examine what possible relationship; P/E-ratio, tangible assets, size, profitability and inflation have on leverage, for listed companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange between the years 2008-2012. The study use a quantitative method of a collection of annual report data. The conclution shows that P/E ratio, tangible assets and inflation have no relationship with leverage. Size showed the strongest positive relationship and profitability of the strongest negative relationship. The authors conclude that the trade-off theory, both contradict and support the results of the study and the authors find support for the Pecking order theory.

Mycket av forskningen inom den finansiella ekonomin bygger på den effektiva marknadshypotesen som antar att information är korrekt prissatt och att det enda sättet för investerare att systematiskt nå överavkastning är att exponera sig för mer risk. I och med detta blir det relevant att studera om det finns andra sätt för att uppnå detta. En föreslagen metod för att uppnå detta är via De Bondt &amp; Thalers (1985) contrarianstrategi, att köpa översålda respektive blanka överköpta aktier. Det råder dock fortfarande meningsskiljaktighet bland forskare om huruvida dess förekomst är rådande eller ej. Vidare är ett annat outforskat område om dess effekt skiljer sig åt beroende på konjunktur. Syftet med studien är således att undersöka om det existerar överreaktioner på OMXS30 vid stora endagsförändringar på aktiekurser samt om dessa eventuella överreaktioner skiljer sig beroende på rådande konjunkturfas. Data från 1996 till 2017 har använts med en formeringsperiod på 20 dagar och en utvärderingsperiod på 50 dagar.Resultatet mynnade ut i en överreaktionseffekt för de identifierade förlorareventen samt en motsvarande underreaktion för vinnareventen. Konjunkturen visade sig ha en betydande påverkan då överavkastningen var betydligt högre för båda urvalen under perioder av lågkonjunktur. / The efficient market hypothesis is one of the central aspects in financial research which assumes that assets are correctly priced from all available information and that the only way to achieve abnormal return is for investors to expose themselves to more risk. This gives an incentive to investigate whether there are other ways to achieve this. One method could be through De Bondt and Thalers (1985) contrarian strategy, which means that investors buy oversold stocks. The other way around goes for overbought stocks, in which investors consequently short them. There is however a variation in the research whether this method is proven valid or not. Another unexplored subject is regarding its validity in different business cycles. The purpose of this study is to explore if overreactions exists at the Swedish stock index OMXS30. This will be based on substantial daily price movements and whether these potential overreactions differ through the business cycle. Data on all companies included in the index from 1996 to 2017 was analyzed through an event study with an estimation window of 20 days and 50 days post event window.The main findings of this study show that loser stocks did overreact but that winner stocks in an opposite way underreacted. This means that both samples had a positive abnormal return. This abnormal return was substantially higher during recessions than expansions, which indicates that the business cycle has an important role when studying overreactions.

Den allmänna synen antyder att det föreligger ett negativt samband mellan utdelningsandel och framtida vinsttillväxt, där en hög utdelningsandel antas begränsa investeringsmöjligheter och således också vinsttillväxten. Senare tidens forskning har med stöd i empiri funnit att det i ett flertalet industrialiserade länder råder ett positivt samband mellan utdelningsandel och framtida vinsttillväxt både på företags- och marknadsnivå.Den här studien avser att undersöka om det föreligger ett positivt samband mellan utdelningsandel och framtida vinsttillväxt för svenska företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen mellan år 1995 – 2011. Urvalet består av företag som är eller varit noterade på Stockholmsbörsen i minst fem år mellan dessa år.Studiens resultat visar att det skett en ökning av både utdelningsandelen och företagens vinster under de senaste decennierna. Resultatet bekräftar även senare tidens forskning att det råder ett positivt samband mellan utdelningsandel och framtida vinsttillväxt men också att det finns andra faktorer som påverkar vinsttillväxten. Studiens slutsats är att företag med en hög utdelningsandel tenderar att uppvisa en högre framtida vinsttillväxt. / The general view suggests that there is a negative correlation between dividend payout ratio and future earnings growth, where a high dividend payout ratio is assumed to limit investment opportunities and thus also limit earnings growth. In recent years, research has found that in a majority of industrialized countries there is a positive correlation between dividend payout ratio and future earnings growth, both at company and market level.This study aims to examine whether there is a positive correlation between dividend payout ratio and future earnings growth for Swedish companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange between 1995 and 2011. The sample consists of companies that have or have been listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange for at least five years between these years.The results of the study indicate that there has been an increase in both the dividend payout ratio and corporate profits in recent decades. The results also reaffirm recent research in that there is a positive correlation between dividend payout ratio and future earnings growth, but also that there are other factors that affect earnings growth. The study concludes that companies with a high dividend payout ratio tend to show higher future earnings growth.

The aim of the study is to investigate how the share prices of food and fashion companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange OMX have changed from when Covid-19 started until end of April 2020, by studying how stock price, volatility and expected return have affected the development of the stock. Using the financial theories of CAPM model and volatility, we investigate how the stock market has developed during the pre-Covid-19 period in comparison to the period when Covid19 is ongoing. Our results show that the volatility increased a lot after the virus burst out and that the expected return changed to higher and more frequent fluctuations. We also compare the two industries showing that the food industry changed less during the post-Covid-19 compared to the fashion industry.

Abstract The relationship between dividend buying and stock volatility is the subject of our research. It focuses on all the listed companies on the Swedish stock market, with a particular emphasis on dividend buying and the impact of stock volatility on the underlying stocks of the indices in our sample. As a result of the problem being discussed, the following research question was posed: What is the relationship between dividend buying and stock volatility? From this question, we investigate the impact of dividend buying on the 'dividend – stock volatility' and contribute to this body of knowledge. We want to see if the average stock volatility between the announcement day and the record date indicates dividend buying compared to the average monthly/weekly volatility during the fiscal year. We applied a theoretical framework that is based mostly on financial and behavioral theories in addressing dividends, stock returns, stock volatility, dividend buying, and the relationship between them. Based on the theories we built up two hypotheses and followed deduction approach and quantitative research strategy for our research paper. The data source for this research study is the Thompson Reuters Eikon Database. Applying the screener function, we obtained all the dividend paying Swedish Public Companies for 5 years. In total they were 226. We carried out a multivariate multiple regression using 5-year historical securities price data from the Swedish stock market. Our variables were Beta and Standard Deviation of prices as dependent variables and dividend yields as the independent variable. We also checked the respective companies' debt-equity ratio and market caps. After controlling the variables market cap and debt-equity ratio, the results were significant for 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017 but insignificant for 2014. However, there was a significant negative correlation between dividend yield and beta in all years. This yields an inconclusive result that necessitates further research. As a result, we conclude that dividend buying (dividend yield), and stock volatility have a negative relationship when considering both standard deviation and beta as indicators of volatility. This study's findings partially support evidence from Baskin's (1989) research study, which found a significant positive relationship between stock price volatility and dividend yield. Furthermore, the findings of the study back up Allen and Rachim's (1996) results, which revealed that stock price volatility and dividend yield are unrelated. According to the findings of this research study, the dividend yield has the greatest impact on stock price volatility, as measured by standard deviation, i.e., the unsystematic risk among predictor variables.

The aim of this study is to examine how profit warnings affect company valuation on companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and what factors contribute to the valuation effects. Using an event study approach, we compute the cumulative abnormal returns following profit warnings between 2016 and 2022. Our findings show that companies issuing profit warnings experience substantial abnormal returns at the time of the announcement but that there are no cumulative abnormal returns the days after the issuance of profit warnings. Company-specific characteristics and properties of profit warnings do not explain the abnormal returns. However, the state of the business cycle does. The study provides insight into what factors mediate the market participants’ reaction to profit warnings. Also, it considers how current market contingencies impact abnormal returns the days after profit warnings are released. A key limitation is that the study does not consider the financial information disclosed in the profit warnings in any quantitative detail. The results of the study are partly inconsistent with previous studies on profit warnings regarding the effects of company-specific characteristics, properties of profit warnings, and abnormal returns after the issuance of profit warnings.