De höga halterna av totalfosfor i Bällstaån strider mot de mål och normer som är uppsatta av regeringen. Senast 2027 måste Bällstaåns totalfosforhalt minska kraftigt, från nuvarande otillfredsställande nivå (91 μg/L) till minimumnivån god ekologisk status (40 μg/L). Samtidigt ligger Bällstaån i ett expansivt område i Stockholms län vilket gör framtiden oviss. Syftet med projektet är att försöka undersöka vilka fosforkällor som påverkar Bällstaån och hur fosforn transporteras från källa till ån. Sammanställning av mätdata avseende totalfosfor har gjorts för provpunkter längs Bällstaån, för en serie med mätperioder, för att kunna bestämma vilka provpunkters totalfosforhalt som skiljer sig från omgivande provpunkter. Med hjälp av Excel har grafer framställts från mätvärdena för att kunna ge en tydlig bild. Endast provperioder med månatliga mätningar har använts och bara provpunkter med minst 3 sammanhängande provperioder, för att minimera felkällor. Provperiod för 2013 har använts som utgångspunkt, då det är den senaste provperioden med månatlig provtagning. Totalt har mätåren 2013, 2009 och 2004 används för alla punkter och för vissa punkter även 1999 och 1992. För att skapa ytterligare giltiga punkter skarvades närliggande provpunkter samman om en giltig provperiod kunde skapas. Detta gjordes eftersom antalet punkter varierat mellan provperioderna och vissa punkter ersatts. En litteraturstudie och granskning av markanvändningen i området har använts för att kunna förutse hur fosforn når ån och försöka förklara var fosforn kommer ifrån. Med hjälp av höjddata från Lantmäteriet togs kartor fram i ArcMap, främst med verktyget ArcHydro Tools. Dessa kartor visar avrinningsområden, delavrinningsområden och olika provpunkter. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visade att möjliga fosforkällor till Bällstaån med betydande miljöpåverkan är jordbruk, dagvatten och industrier. Markanvändningen inom avrinningsområdet klargjorde att majoriteten av ytan består av hårdbelagda ytor i en urban miljö. Hårdgjorda ytor är de ytor där det inte sker någon infiltration av vatten ner i marken och en urban miljö är en stadsmässig miljö. Sammanställningen av mätdata visade att för de tre provperioder 2004, 2009, 2013 så gavs 9 giltiga provpunkter, plus en sammanslagen punkt, den mellan Ankarstocksbron och Travbron. Av dessa 10 punkter visade Veddesta dike och Brädgårn höga halter totalfosfor i förhållande till omgivande punkter. Slutsats kring utsläppspunkterna var att dagvattenutloppen stod för den största fosfortillförseln. Troliga fosforkällor för Veddesta dike var trafikerade vägar i området, Veddesta industriområde och de hårdgjorda ytor där dagvattnet leds ut i Veddesta dike. För Brädgårn var troliga fosforkällor trafikerade vägar i området, Bromstens industriområde och de hårdgjorda ytor där dagvattnet leds ut i Brädgårn. / The high levels of phosphorus in the river Bällstaån are in contradiction to the environmental goals and norms set by the Swedish government. By 2027 the total phosphorus content in Bällstaån's has to decrease sharply, from the current “unsatisfactory” level (91 µg/L) to the minimum level “good” ecological status (40 µg/L). Simultaneously, Bällstaån is located in an expansive area in Stockholm making the future uncertain. The purpose of the project is trying to investigate which phosphorus sources affect Bällstaån and how the phosphorus is transported from source to river. A compilation of measurement data regarding total phosphorus has been made of sampling points along Bällstaån, for a series of measurement periods, in order to determine which sampling points phosphorus levels that differ from the surrounding sampling points. Graphs have been produced in Excel to visualize the measurement values. Only test periods with monthly measurements are used and only sample points with at least 3 consecutive sample periods are used, to reduce error sources. The 2013 sample period is used as a starting point, as it is the newest period with monthly samplings. The sample periods used are 2013, 2009 and 2004 for all sample points. For some sample points the additional sample periods, 1999 and 1992, were added. To create additional sample points two adjacent sample points are co-joined so a valid trial period can be created. This is due to the fact that a number of sample points varied between the sample periods and some points have been replaced. A literature study and review of land use in the area has been conducted to predict how the phosphorus reaches the river and where it comes from. Using elevation data from Swedish National Land Survey, I have been produced maps in ArcMap, primarily with the tool ArcHydro Tools. These maps show basins, sub-basins and sample points. The result of the literature study shows that possible phosphorus sources to Bällstaån with significant environmental impact are agriculture, stormwater and industries. The land use in the basin area showed that the majority of the surface consists of large zones of hard-coated surfaces. The compilation of measurement data shows that for the three sample periods 2004, 2009 and 2013 9 valid test points were selected with the addition of a merged point, the one between the Ankarstocksbron and Travbron. Of the 10 test points, Veddesta dike and Brädgårn revealed high levels of total phosphorus. The conclusion regarding emission points was that stormwater outlets accounted for the largest amount of phosphorus. Probable sources of phosphorus for Veddesta dike were found to be the roads with heavy traffic, Veddesta industrial area and the area in which stormwater network is covering hard-coated surfaces within Veddesta dike sub-basin. For Brädgårn, the probable phosphorus sources were the roads with heavy traffic, Bromsten industrial area and the hard-coated surfaces within the sub-basin covered by the stormwater network.

Increasing suburban development has impaired water resources in the Charles River Watershed. Growing populations in the suburban fringes of Boston, Massachusetts have had a significant impact on ecosystems in the region. According to the EPA, one of the primary pollutants in the Charles River is phosphorus (EPA, 2010b). Phosphorus pollution contributes to algal blooms in the Charles that are harmful to ecosystems and toxic to humans (EPA, 2010b). In order to prevent existing suburban residential areas from contributing additional phosphorus to the Charles River, stormwater best management practices (BMPs) were studied to determine which BMPs effectively contain phosphorus. Infiltration trenches, bio-retention areas, and dry swales were selected and tested in scenarios developed for a neighborhood on Hartford Road in Bellingham, Massachusetts. The scenarios were intended to test a prioritized implementation strategy based on phosphorus loading hotspots and flow accumulation patterns. This study is intended to provide designers and planners a process through which site design can more effectively fit into broader ecological systems, specifically hydrological systems. The methodology developed in this study provides the ability to identify land cover types that contribute to phosphorus loading while also allowing phosphors loading hotspots to be identified at a scale as fine as 16 x 16 meters. Recognizing land cover types that contribute to phosphorus loading and prioritizing BMP implementation according to phosphorus loading hotspots within those land cover types allows for both economic BMP implementation efficiency and pollutant removal efficiency.

Climate change has caused an increase in extreme rain events and flooding in certain regions across the globe. During rain events, water flows over impervious surfaces structures such as roads and sidewalks, picking up contaminants such as metals, fertilizers and other nutrients, and various organics that which may impact organisms in such as streams, river, and lakes. Previous work has found significant differences in survival of organisms that were exposed to contaminated stormwater runoff. This study investigated stormwater chemistry parameters at collection sites on the East Tennessee State University campus. Sites were selected based on the extent of human interaction and traffic in the areas. Additionally, acute toxicity of stormwater samples was investigated through 48-h bioassays with the cladoceran, Daphnia magna. In September and November 2022, water chemistry and toxicity analyses were conducted across multiple rain events and over a six-hour time course of an individual rain event. For each of the events and the time course, chlorophyll levels, specific conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured. No statistical difference between the water chemistry parameters between sampling sites or between rain events were observed. Additionally, no significant differences in 48-h survival of D. magna were detected between sampling locations or during the single event time course study. These data suggest that there were no pollutant surges at the collection sites and that D. manga survival was not affected by the contaminants.

The thesis address the field of stormwater management. With a changing climate, the field of stormwater management much like many other fields will need to incorporate sustainable development if overall sustainability is to be reached. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the current method for dealing with stormwater in Sweden, mainly in urban areas, and point to issues at hand and identified ways of addressing them. The concept of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is assessed. A comparison of results from several case studies from around the world show that there are several aspects of high importance for the viability of such technology. Among others price for municipal water, ability to lower costs due to smart planning ahead of installing, inclusion of environmental aspects and impacts on society such as reduced load on water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure, reduced pollution load and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly due to less water treated at wastewater treatment facilities). The main conclusion from comparing and compiling results were that the viability of RWH from an economic standpoint is questionable. Although if including all identified gains for the municipality including stormwater management benefits and indirect gains due to reduced load and taking all aspects of importance into consideration there is potential for such technology even in a country like Sweden with good water supply and infrastructure in place. This thesis is of importance since it brings RWH technology into the light as a potential sustainability measure in Sweden. It evaluates the important parameters for the technology to be viable as indicated by case studies and literature within the field. / Detta examensarbete behandlar hållbar dagvattenhantering och specifikt tekniken Rainwater harvesting. Nuvarande centrala system för att förse Stockholm med färskvatten samt hantera bildat dagvatten utvärderas i en litteraturstudie. Även identifierade metoder för att hantera dagvattnet i linje med hållbarhetsmål beskrivs. Tekniken Rainwater harvesting beskrivs, dess historia samt implementering i moderna sammanhang framställs. Flertalet fallstudier där tekniken beskrivs analyseras och jämförs. Detta examensarbete är av vikt eftersom det tar upp tekniken RWH i relation till Sverige som potentiellt lokalt system för att uppnå hållbarhet. Det utvärderar viktiga parametrar för att tekniken ska anses försvarbar vilka indikeras av flertalet fallstudier samt litteratur. Dagens system för hantering av dagvatten i Stockholm består till allra största grad av det centrala avloppssystemet bestående av kombinerat samt duplikat avloppsnät. Detta har likt många centrala infrastruktursystem nackdelen att det är kostsamt och besvärligt att uppdatera och stärka, men dessutom flertalet nackdelar relaterade till miljöpåverkan och hög belastning på reningsverk. Rainwater harvesting är en teknik med lång historia som i moderna samhällen implementeras i syfte att minska vattenanvändningen samt belastningen på centralt dagvattensystem. Blandade ekonomiska resultat har observerats, sannolikt på grund av varierande analysmetoder och varierande inkludering av viktiga parametrar i bedömningar. Miljönyttan är till viss del tydlig, dock i många fall ej medtagen i beräkningar och utvärderingar. Analys av fallstudier påvisar hög potential för tekniken vid smart implementering men att det även finns goda exempel på system som resulterat i mycket dåliga ekonomiska resultat. Flertalet viktiga aspekter att ta hänsyn till för att uppnå försvarbara resultat har identifierats och beskrivits. Huvudslutsatsen är att Rainwater harvesting i och med sin potential att nå eller jobba mot definierade mål för dagvattenhantering och hållbar utveckling bör has med i åtanke som potentiellt lokalt system i Sverige kommande år.

Algal blooms are a common occurrence in water bodies of all shapes and sizes throughout the United States and countries around the world. The State of Florida is no exception to this phenomenon. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, have proven to be of special concern due to its proliferation and potential to produce toxins that are harmful to humans, livestock and wildlife. A casual drive along the roads and in the neighborhoods of central Florida will confirm algal conditions in many areas. The potential for exposure to harmful and possibly fatal toxins associated with these algal blooms are becoming more evident as urban development progresses. Detailed studies have been previously performed for large lakes and rivers in the State of Florida, but no studies have been performed regarding stormwater ponds. Since stormwater ponds in residential neighborhoods are a common source for irrigation, research in this area is warranted due to the potential health effects associated with Cyanobacteria. This research was conducted to determine if Cyanobacteria does exist in stormwater ponds and to what extent. Cyanobacteria were found to be in stormwater ponds of various sizes, locations and watersheds in the central Florida area. Even though the algae and its associated toxins were encountered in the stormwater ponds evaluated for this study, the levels detected were much lower than the values discovered in previous studies performed in the larger lakes and rivers around the State.

Stormwater runoff from highways is a source of pollution to surface water bodies and groundwater. This project develops a bio-detention treatment and harvesting system that is incorporated into roadside swales. The bio-detention system uses Bold & Gold™, a type of biosorption activated media (BAM), to remove nutrients from simulated highway runoff and then store the water in underground vaults for infiltration, controlled discharge, and/or irrigation and other non-potable applications. In order to design a bio-detention system, media characteristics and media/water quality relationships are required. Media characteristics determined through testing include: specific gravity, permeability, infiltration, maximum dry density, moisture content of maximum dry density, and particle-size distribution. One of the goals of this experiment is to compare the nitrogen and phosphorous species concentrations in the effluent of BAM to sandy soil for simulated highway runoff. Field scale experiments are done on an elevated test bed that simulates a typical roadway with a swale. The swale portion of the test bed is split into halves using BAM and sandy soil. The simulated stormwater flows over a concrete section, which simulates a roadway, and then over either sod covered sandy soil or BAM. One, one and a half, and three inch storms are each simulated three times with a duration of 30 minutes each. During the simulated storm event, initial samples of the runoff (influent) are taken. The test bed is allowed to drain for two hours after the rainfall event and then samples of each of the net effluents are taken. In addition to the field scale water quality testing, column tests are also preformed on the sandy soil and Bold & Gold™ without sod present. Sod farms typically use fertilizer to increase production, thus it is reasonable to assume that the sod will leach nutrients into the soils on the iv test bed, especially during the initial test runs. The purpose of the column tests is to obtain a general idea of what percentage removals of total phosphorus and total nitrogen are obtained by the sandy soil and Bold & Gold™. It is shown that the Bold & Gold™ media effluent has significantly lower concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus compared to the effluent of the sandy soil based on an 80% confidence level. The Bold & Gold™ has a 41% lower average effluent concentration of total nitrogen than the sandy soil. The Bold & Gold™ media has a 78% lower average effluent concentration of total phosphorus than the sandy soil. Using both the column test data in combination with the field scale data, it is determined that the Bold & Gold™ BAM system has a total phosphorus removal efficiency of 71%. The removal efficiency is increased when stormwater harvesting is considered. A total phosphorus reduction of 94% is achieved in the bio-detention & harvesting swale system sample design problem

Stormwater runoff can be a great concern in the State of Florida due to the impact the quality of the runoff water can have on the natural water bodies. Stormwater runoff can carry pollutants and sediments which can cause both physical and biological risks in an aquatic ecosystem such as a lake, river, or pond. Polymers, namely the chitosan-based dual polymer system, can be used remove the sediment from this runoff to ensure the safety of the state’s water bodies. Three soils are used in this testing: AASTO soil classifications A-3(sandy soil) and A-2- 4 (silty-sand), and a soil with a fine-grained limerock component. An optimum dose of the chitosan-based dual polymer system is first determined using jar testing. The optimum dose is the dose that reduces the final turbidity to 29 NTUS or below and creates significant flocs. The under dose and over dose are calculated based on the optimum dose. Using these dosages, field scale tests are conducted using two different treatment methods: a semi-passive treatment method and a passive treatment method. Whole effluent toxicity and residual chitosan tests are then conducted on the effluent from the field scale treatment methods. The passive treatment method is the best field scale treatment method when using the silty-sand and the soil with a fine-grained limerock component. The semi-passive treatment method is the best field scale treatment method when using the sandy soil. The passive treatment method with the silty-sand achieves a final turbidity of 123.9 NTUS (88.45% removal). The passive treatment method with the soil with a fine-grained limerock component achieves a final turbidity of 132 NTUS (83.86% removal). The semi-passive treatment method with the sandy soil achieves a final turbidity of 31.43 NTUS (82.04% removal). There is only significant toxicity associated with the tests using iv the effluent from the passive treatment method with the soil with a fine-grained limerock component which only uses the cationic polymer

Used tires have the potential for becoming popular in pollution control media used in stormwater applications including pervious pavement sub bases, green roof growth media, and upflow filters. Using tire crumb to decrease nutrients can minimize impacts on ecology while reducing the human footprint left by used tires. However, if tire crumb is not examined for toxicity, the ecological balance could unknowingly be disrupted. This research tested the acute toxicity of tire crumb in aquatic systems by finding the Lethal Concentration for 50% kill (LC50). Using an extreme tire crumb load, P. promelas (fathead minnow) were exposed to leachates created with tire crumb and several different types of water including distilled water, tap water, and detention pond water. For distilled and tap water, the addition of tire crumb increased the survival of P. promelas. For detention pond water, the addition of tire crumb decreased the survival of P. promelas, though only enough to find an LC50 for detention pond water influenced immediately by stormwater runoff. An LC50 was found when 100 percent tire crumb filtrate is prepared with 25 grams of tire crumb per liter of detention pond water collected directly after a storm. The LC50 found is resultant of a tire crumb load significantly higher than what can be expected in the environment. Based on this research, tire crumb is considered non-threatening to aquatic fish and safe to use with detention pond water.

Stormwater runoff is a known pollutant source capable of causing surface water degradation, especially in highly populated areas such as Central Florida. Wet detention ponds manage this stormwater, but most of the ponds do not remove enough nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus, to meet TMDL regulations. This research provides a possible addition to a detention pond in Seminole County, Florida using a Chamber Upflow Filter and Skimmer (CUFS), which can increase the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen by the system. Water enters the system through the skimmer, which floats on the surface of the detention pond. It travels from the skimmer to the bottom of the chamber, where heavier particles settle out before entering the upflow filter. The upflow filter contains twenty-four inches of Black and GoldTM media to remove nitrogen and phosphorus under anoxic conditions. Water flows up through the filter and out of the system, and eventually travels to Lake Jesup, a eutrophic lake. A total of twenty-eight storm events and seven baseflows were sampled from the site in Seminole County, and ten storm events were sampled from a pilot study CUFS. The results of this research show significant reductions by the Seminole County CUFS in turbidity, orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids when the means were compared at a 95% confidence interval. Reductions also occurred for total nitrogen, but could not be proved by the mean comparison. The pilot scale application of the CUFS significantly reduced total nitrogen at a 95% confidence interval.

High nitrogen and phosphorus content in storm water runoff has affected groundwater, springs and surface water by impacting ecosystem integrity and human health. Nitrate may be toxic and can cause human health problem such as methemoglobinemia, liver damage and even cancers. Phosphorus may trigger the eutrophication issues in fresh water bodies, which could result in toxic algae and eventually endanger the source of drinking waters. Sorption media with mixes of some recycled materials, such as sawdust and tire crumb, combined with sand/silt and limestone, becomes appealing for nutrient removal in environmental management. This paper presented is a specific type of functionalized filtration media, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with reaction kinetics for nutrient removal using a suite of batch tests represented. Pollutants of concern include ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate and total dissolved phosphorus. Application potential in storm water management facilities, such as dry ponds, is emphasized in terms of life expectancy and reaction kinetics. As compared to the natural soil that is selected as the control case in the column test, our green sorption media mixture is proved relatively effective in terms of removing most of the target pollutants under various influent waste loads.