Purpose - The purpose of this thesis is to explore what performance indicators that exist within public procurement in defence sector context and how such performance indicators can be categorized.   Methodology - For the purpose of this thesis, an abductive approach was applied. This thesis is characterized as an exploratory multimethod qualitative research, which emphasize a single case study and a comprehensive research literature review. The empirical data was collected using semi-structured interviews, observations and documentary. The empirical data was analyzed using a data display and analysis, whereas a descriptive and content analysis was used for the research literature review.     Findings - Initially, a comparison between the conducted research literature review and the empirical study resulted in 117 performance indicators were abled to be identified. Furthermore, with support from the research literature review, the empirical study and the frame of reference, categorizations of performance indicators were possible. Through research literature review, the author were able to identify eight dimensions cost, quality, time, flexibility, sustainability, innovation, risk and compliance, all of which can be aligned to public procurement. Through the empirical study, seven elements were identified as categories. These elements include business strategy and development, operations management, category management, supplier management, customer management, procurement and expert and system support, all of which with aligned performance indicators.  Through the frame of reference, three decision-levels were used as categorization of performance indicators. The decision-levels could either be strategic, tactical or operational. Finally, a merger of decision-making levels and elements resulted in a conceptual model, visualizing how elements with aligning performance indicators within public procurement could be organized and structured.    Research limitations - At first, this thesis uses only one database for the research literature review, limiting the search result of publications concerning the research topic of this thesis. Secondly, single cases study within the defece sector, which limits the amount of information and may prevent transferability possibilities for other public procurement organizations.   Future research - From the result of this thesis, several potential research opportunities has been discovered. First, following-up and measure PIs in public procurement in order to justify the “real” compliance to rules and regulation. Another one is possible challenges with implementing PIs in public procurement organizations. Lastly, measuring process maturity in public organization would allow benchmarking possibilities among public organizations and defece sector procurement.

Background – Increase in global competition, technological changes and demanding customers have resulted in more knowledge-intensive, unstable, complicated and an uncertain environment. In order to overcome these demand uncertainties and tough circumstances, manufacturers are required to investigate methods to increase flexibility. To achieve the flexibility improvements, each component of supply chain such as suppliers, manufacturing plants, warehouses, and distributors must possess the potential to be flexible. Theory implies that the main link between company’s upstream supply chain namely suppliers and its own business unit are the sourcing strategy. Usually sourcing practitioners distinguish between sourcing strategies using portfolio models. They normally categorize purchased items based on the strategic importance of the item and characteristics of its supply market. It is a critical issue to explore how different sourcing strategies, for different categories of procured items, can influence sourcing flexibility. Purpose– The purpose has been diagnosed as to study how the prerequisites of Bombardier’s procurement procedures along with its associated strategies, can affect the flexibility that can be provided through sourcing namely sourcing flexibility. This study desires to investigate the concept of sourcing flexibility with considerations on category level. It can be beneficial to investigate how different strategies, related to different categories of procured component, can influence the level of sourcing flexibility specified to that category. This would lead us to two key questions: How can sourcing flexibility be defined in Bombardier and why is it required? How can sourcing strategies influence sourcing flexibility considering different categories of components? Methodology– To provide appropriate definitions for sourcing flexibility and strategic procurement, this study went through a comprehensive review on the relevant literatures. By a deep analysis, accompanied with several unstructured interviews on one of the undergoing projects in the company, the drivers for the sourcing flexibility have been diagnosed. The procured components have been categorized into four categories of strategic, bottleneck, leverage, and noncritical through 4 different structured quantitative questionnaires. 33 diverse individuals with purchasing and/or engineering background answered those questionnaires. The categorization criteria have been extracted out from two models suggested by Kraljic (1983) and Olsen & Ellram (1997). Four independent components, one from each category, were selected for further observations. Finally, the links between sourcing strategies and sourcing flexibilities were expansively analyzed through 9 semi structured interviews with company’s strategic purchasers and suppliers’ representatives. Conclusion– Sourcing flexibility can be defined from two perspectives. First one refers to the capability of the focal firm to change the structure of its upstream supply chain. Second aspect refers to the ability of company’s suppliers to provide it with flexibility in three dimensions of delivery, volume and product. Both two aspects along with related dimensions can be measured in three different conditions of required, actual and potential by using range, mobility and uniformity as measuring elements. The results showed that the first perspective has a direct relationship to the sourcing strategies that focal firm may apply for different categories of procured component. Furthermore, the availability of second perspective is highly dependent on the relationship between the focal company and its suppliers, where strategic procurement plays an indispensable role. Based on the results the required level of sourcing flexibility, related to each category, differs significantly with other categories. The findings also suggested that the levels of delivery, volume and product flexibility have a close connection to the diverse strategies and attributes of the four different categories. Additionally they are well dependent on the internal operational capabilities of the suppliers along with the established relationship between buyer and supplier. Originality/Value– Main portions of previous studies have explored the concepts of sourcing flexibility and strategic procurement separately. Although, there exists some narrow numbers that have analyzed the relationship between sourcing strategies and sourcing flexibility to some limited extent. This study tries to contribute to the existing literature by empirically exploring the principal reasons for companies necessitating to increase sourcing flexibility. It investigates how sourcing flexibility can be improved through strategic procurement. The main contribution is to consider sourcing flexibility from the category perspective. Latter is a subject that has been neglected in the previous literatures. It is extremely hard to find literature which has analyzed sourcing flexibility at the category level. This report analyses the level of sourcing flexibility specified to different categories of strategic, bottleneck, leverage, and noncritical components. It suggests some factors that may influence the selection of a specific sourcing flexibility strategy regarding different component categories. Finally, it may introduce some extra elements that can be influential on the level of sourcing flexibility dimensions. Some examples of those influential elements are bargaining power and establishment of a close relationship.

The global business context has created an increased need for procurement to become strategic. Strategic procurement revolves around integrating procurement with the rest of the company and ensuring that its goals are in line with the company’s objectives. Strategic procurement requires it to be included in strategic planning and implementation. It must have a long-term focus and work proactively. Even though much literature agrees that strategic procurement has gotten an elevated status recently, there is still a gap between the current and the desired involvement at several companies according to those working with procurement. To create a strategic procurement, a transformation is needed. In this thesis procurement transformation describes the evolution toward a more strategic procurement. This thesis aims to investigate procurement transformation by examining the process of implementing a strategic procurement and which internal conditions affect the implementation. To emphasize the purpose, the Master’s thesis aims to answer the following research questions:• RQ1: What can the implementation process of strategic procurement, i.e., procurement transformation, look like?• RQ2: How can internal conditions affect procurement transformation? To be able to answer the research questions, a rigorous literature study was carried through. The empirical data was collected through interviews with eleven respondents working as purchasing managers or similar at their respective companies. All eleven companies have a pronounced procurement function and operate in Sweden. The empirical findings are analysed to determine the degree of strategic procurement within the eleven case companies to be able to conclude what has been done to achieve strategic procurement and thus identify what a procurement transformation can look like. Further, it is analysed how the internal conditions business strategy, management control, change management, and organisational structure can affect the transformation. The findings from this Master’s thesis show that a transformation can be compiled into four stages and starts with the initiative and will to transform. The transformation continues with increasing involvement. This includes that procurement should be included in the strategic planning, ensuring a connection between business strategy and procurement strategy. The third stage, develop, indicates that procurement must continually develop its capabilities. The last stage, sustain, revolves around sustaining and developing in line with the changing environment. Moreover, this Master’s thesis shows that the connection between business strategy and procurement strategy is vital for procurement to become strategic. Management control will affect procurement’s possibilities to search for new opportunities, take risks, and improve its way of working. The management control will affect procurement’s possibility to become strategic. Change requires change management and if the resistance towards a change is too big, it will be hard to implement. Although it can not be said with certainty that the organisational structure affects strategic procurement it has been established that the procurement structure has an impact. The analysis shows that the three most successful procurement functions, out of the eleven cases, have a centralised structure, which leads to closer collaboration with management.

This diploma thesis is concerned with a problem of strategic supplier relationship management in the context of a correct understanding of the strategic procurement function. The main goal of the thesis is to analyze Strategic procurement department and all activities related do its function. Identify the main differences between strategic and operational function within the enterprise purchasing. Below this paper the purchasing strategy and strategic supllier relationship management of the corporate portfolio of suppliers are discussed in detail. To solve assigned topic Czech and foreign literature and internal materials of the analyzed company was used. To achieve the basic objective of the work I used descriptive, literature search, analysis and synthesis. In the application part there are three case studies that discuss specific issues. Based on the data, it is possible to confirm that strategic procurement and developed strategic supplier relationship management brings many advantages and it can be considered as a form of competitive advange.

L’externalisation peut s’avérer une épée à double tranchant : face aux opportunités qu’elle présente, les dangers qu’elle engendre, s’ils ne sont pas suffisamment maitrisés, peuvent aller jusqu’à menacer la pérennité de l’entreprise. L'externalisation des Achats à caractère stratégique est de son côté assez émergente et nécessite donc la mise en place d’une nouvelle méthode organisationnelle dans les pratiques de l’entreprise. Cette recherche démontre qu’un modèle de management mixte (vertical et horizontal) peut s’avérer efficace pour l’externalisation des Achats à caractère stratégique et s’intéresse ensuite à tous les Achats de l’entreprise en développant un modèle d’aide à la décision du faire ou faire-faire des Achats. La méthodologie suivie est qualitative se basant sur une étude de cas approfondie et des entretiens d’experts. / A great deal of attention has been paid to the performance of business networks in supply chain management, firms are collaborating more to develop long term business relationships. However, limited empirical evidence exists to validate a plural management model as a key success factor in a strategic supplier relationship. The purpose of this research is to enrich our understanding about how to manage an external provider relationship in case of outsourcing strategic procurement by providing empirical evidence. Then this research draws a decision making process for the Make-or-Buy of procurement activities which includes: Analysis of the current situation, Preparation for the Make-or-Buy choice, Scope of Make-or-Buy, Make-or-Buy analysis and Make-or-Buy choice. This research examines an in-depth qualitative case and contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence.

採購部門之功能角色從企業中被動及支援者，逐步轉變成為今日具有影響企業策略之決策者。面對激烈的市場競爭，企業轉型時需以策略採購思維著手，將企業與採購策略相互配合方能創造客戶價值，增加企業競爭力。 本研究採取個案研究方法，經由蒐集個案公司及產業相關資料，並與管理階層訪談，瞭解個案公司面臨之管理議題。個案公司為大陸東莞之台資企業，產品為專業五金製品製造。為配合環境變遷面臨轉型，將生產重心由業電腦機殼轉移至大型遊戲機台組裝。遊戲機組裝市場特性為少量多樣與客製化，與原產品工業電腦型態相異，造成過往供應商物料短缺與新供應商開發困難。爾後與個案公司採購部門及相關部門多次深度訪談及焦點訪談，採用PWIO（Process Wide Information Organism）分析方法，詳實描繪企業採購及付款循環流程，將流程拆解成為請購、供應商管理、採購、驗收及應付款項處理作業向下延展至十一項作業功能並展開實作表，再將各作業流程細分為內、外向聯絡管道及接觸點並具體詳實描述。 透過PWIO描述及分析採購作業流程，找出造成個案公司管理議題之採購流程缺失，包含隨機篩選新供應商、新承認供應商直接成為合格供應商、供應商管理策略與企業策略未結合、供應商評鑑缺乏客觀衡量標準、及供應商評鑑作業未與執行面配合。經由產業專家訪談、產業相關資訊之蒐集，及層級分析法(AHP)之應用，針對五項流程缺失給予改善建議方案，包含建立供應商初步媒合流程、配合企業策略設計新供應商評量表、建立新舊供應商分流管理制度、以企業策略著眼設計供應商評鑑表、及加強變革成效，促進新制度落實與執行五面向。以上建議方案可加強企業及採購策略之配合度，透過新舊供應商評鑑與管理篩選適當合作之供應商，將採購流程制度化，進而改善目前採購流程之問題。 / Strategic procurement is crucial to strengthen a company’s core competence in the competition among enterprises. Procurement function has evolved from being supporters to decision makers that can impact the company’s strategies. The main purpose of this research is to improve the procurement process which is related to the case company’s management issues. The case company is a metal case assembly manufacturer located in Dong-guan which has been specialized in Industrial computer products. To increase its share and profit, the company developed new business chances by entering the gaming market that requires high degree of customization and specialization. The switch had caused supplier cooperating and material shortage issues. By focus-group and in-depth interviews with its procurement team members, using PWIO (Process Wide Information Organism) as a description tool to record every single step of the procurement operation process, and finally analyzing all the steps, five crucial gaps are found. The five gaps include the lack of an organized process of new supplier selection, unfair new supplier management process, disconnection between supplier management and company’s strategy, non-objective methods for supplier evaluation, and not executing the evaluation results in practice. By interviews with experts in the industry, questionnaires for procurement members in the case company, and AHP, the research provides five solutions for to improve its procurement operation process. The five solutions include establishing new supplier searching scanning process, designing a new supplier evaluation sheet based on company strategy, practicing a dual management method for original and new suppliers, designing objective evaluation criteria for supplier management, and to strengthening the execution of the evaluation results. The five solutions can improve the procurement operation process, maximize procurement efficiency, and build up core competence while the case company enters the new gaming market.

Att anamma hållbarhet och ta strategiska beslut har blivit allt viktigare för textilföretag idag då kraven på socialt och miljömässigt ansvar har ökat. Genom den roll som inköpare besitter och sin delaktighet i inköpsprocessen har de möjligheter att påverka flera beslut i företag som kan kopplas till hållbarhet. Trots detta är inköparens roll i textilföretags hållbarhetsarbete ett område som saknas i tidigare forskning. För att skapa mer hållbara inköpsprocesser krävs således en djupare förståelse för inköparens roll i textilföretag. Denna studie syftar därmed till att undersöka inköparens roll för hållbara inköp i svenska textil- och modeföretag genom att studera hur de kan påverka hållbarhetsbeslut och vad som påverkar deras möjlighet att arbeta med hållbarhet i inköpsprocessen. Teori: Studiens teoretiska referensram bygger på Van Weeles inköpsprocessmodell, inköpsorganisationsstruktur, sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) strategier samt intressentteorin. Metod: En etnografiskt inspirerad forskningsmetod har använts då materialet samlats in genom deltagande observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt bestod materialinsamlingen av intervjuer med sju inköpare från fyra textil- och modeföretag, samt åtta veckor av observationer inom inköpsfunktionen på ett av modeföretagen. Alla intervjuer spelades in, transkriberades och reducerades för att därefter analyseras genom en tematisk analysmetod. Resultat: Studien visar att arbete med social och miljömässig hållbarhet är en pågående process inom inköp och viktigt i alla led i textil- och modeföretagen. Arbetet syns i att studien identifierar fem SSCM-verktyg som inköparna använder sig av. Däremot har både organisationen och intressenter inflytande över inköparens möjlighet att påverka beslut kring hållbarhet i inköpsprocessen. Detta innefattar inköparens frihet i organisationen att ta beslut, de mål och krav företaget har, kundens villighet att betala mer, konkurrenters strategier samt leverantörers krav och utbud. Vidare spelar även inköparens egna intresse och kunskap om hållbarhet en avgörande roll. Diskussion: Studien bidrar till forskningen genom de tre områdena: inköparens strategiska roll för implementering av hållbarhetsstrategier, inköparens möjlighet i organisationen att ta beslut samt begränsningar för inköpare att välja mer hållbara inköpsalternativ. Slutsats: Genom att ta eget ansvar kan inköparen påverka hållbarhet i samtliga delar av inköpsprocessen. Detta innefattar att aktivt tänka på hållbarhet i alla beslut de tar, vara proaktiva och använda sig av de fem identifierade SSCM-verktygen. Samtidigt behöver de parera de begränsningar som finns. För att underlätta inköparens arbete är det viktigt att textil- och modeföretagen utvecklar kompatibla mål, utbildar inköparna i hållbarhet samt förenklar de hållbara processerna. / Embracing sustainability and making strategic decisions have become increasingly important for textile companies today as the demands for social and environmental responsibility have increased. Through the role that purchasers hold and their involvement in the procurement process, they have the opportunity to influence several decisions within companies that are connected to sustainability. However, the purchaser's role in sustainability efforts within textile companies is an area that is lacking in previous research. To create more sustainable procurement processes, a deeper understanding of the purchaser's role in textile companies is therefore required. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the purchaser's role in procurement in Swedish textile and fashion companies by examining how they can influence sustainability decisions and what factors affect their ability to work on sustainability in the procurement process. Theory: The study's theoretical framework is based on Van Weele's procurement process model, procurement organisational structure, sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) strategies and the stakeholder theory. Method: An ethnographically inspired research method has been used, with data that was collected through participant observations and semi-structured interviews. In total, the data collection consisted of interviews with seven buyers from four textile and fashion companies, as well as eight weeks of observations within the purchasing function of one of the fashion companies. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and condensed, and analysed using a thematic analysis method. Results: The study shows that working on social and environmental sustainability is an ongoing process within procurement and is crucial at all levels in textile and fashion companies. The work is evident as the study identifies five SSCM-tools that purchasers utilise. However, both the organisation and stakeholders have influence over the purchaser's role in influencing sustainability decisions in the procurement process. This encompasses the purchaser's freedom within the organisation to make decisions, the goals and requirements set by the company, the customer's willingness to pay more, competitors' strategies, as well as supplier demands and offerings. Furthermore, the purchaser's own interest and knowledge about sustainability also play a decisive role. Discussion: The study contributes to the research through three areas: the purchaser's strategic role in the implementation of sustainability strategies, the purchaser's decision-making capability within the organisation, and the limitations on purchasers in selecting more sustainable procurement alternatives. Conclusion: By taking personal responsibility, the purchaser’s can influence sustainability in the purchasing process. This includes actively thinking about sustainability in all decisions they make, being proactive and using the five identified SSCM-tools. At the same time, they need to parry the limitations that exist. In order to facilitate the buyer's work, it is important that the textile companies develop compatible goals, educate the buyers in sustainability and simplify the sustainable processes.

This master thesis entitled “The study of Logistics procurement with a view to Purchase” is aimed at reducing costs in relation to obtaining, storing and maintaining material resources. The first part of this thesis introduces the company's production program and material standards. After which the relating processes are analyzed and by using theoretical approaches, measures to ensure savings are then proposed. The final part offers a summary of the benefits of the proposed solutions.