The utilization of composed caged-layer waste (CCLW) in diets for pregnant ewes fed cereal straw was evaluated. Five sheep were assigned to five diets containing, 0, 5.72, 11.37, 23.80, and 32.69% CCLW in a 5x5 Latin square design. Water intake, feed intake and feces output were measured. Feed and feces were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter, hemicellulose and minerals. Thus, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance could be calculated. Forty dry, pregnant ewes in the last third of generation were assigned to four dietary treatments contained 0, 11.25, 22.08 and 31.26% CCLW in a complete randomized design. The response measured were ewe weight change, lamb birth weight and wool growth. A ewe surgically fitted with a ruminal cannula was assisted to each treatment. These ewes were adapted to diets for a 7-day period and then ruminal sumples were collected at 0, 3, 9 and 12 hours post-feeding. Connulated ewes were rotated through each treatment pen in a 4x4 Latin square design. Collected samples were analyzed for ph, volatile fatty acids, ammonia and total protozoa. Dry matter and organic matter apparent digestibility decreased as the level of CCLW increased (P<0.08). Other measurements (crude protein, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and total ash apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance) did not differ between treatments (P<0.05). A biological trend indicated an improvement in structural carbohydrate digestibility as the level of CCLW increased. Ruminal propionic acid concentrations increased as the level of CCLW increased. Ruminal propionic acid concentrations increased as the level of CCLW increased (P<0.05). Ruminal ph and ammonia concentration tended to increase as the level of CCLW increased. These measurements indicated a better ruminal environment for fiber hydrolysis. Daily body weight gain, lamb birth weight and wool growth of ewes did not differ between treatments (P<0.05). The results show that CCLW is a satisfactory source of supplemental nitrogen for gestating ewes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13101号 / 論農博第2847号 / 新制||農||1051(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5033(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 准教授 熊谷 元 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

South American camelids are a source of fiber and meat for the inhabitants of the Andean region of Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. When camelids are well fed they efficiently convert the Andean flora into meat with high protein content. Vicuñas have a great capacity to produce wool to be used as a high quality fiber. However, the yield of vicuña meat production is generally low. There have been several studies concerning nutritional forage sources for camelids, resulting in improved nutrition, decreased morbidity and mortality, and intensified production systems. Soft straw is a source of tough forage with low protein content. Soft straw is rich in insoluble carbohydrates that are difficult to digest. However, camelids are able to easily digest these carbohydrates. For this reason, this study compared the digestibility of soft straw with alfalfa in vicuñas.

Den ökande efterfrågan på energi och den förväntade nedgången i råoljeproduktion har lett till ett enormt sökande efter nya energikällor.Cellväggen i växter består till stor del av lignocellulosa som i sin tur innehåller cellulosa och hemicellulosa. Dessa polysackarider är av stor betydelse för sökandet efter förnyelsebar energi.Cellväggen måste förbehandlas innan den kan brytas ner till enkla sockerarter. Efter nedbrytning kan monosackariderna användas till produktion av etanol eller biogas genom väl etablerade fermenteringstekniker. Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra och utvärdera några metoder som används vid degradering av lignocellulosa. Tre behandlingar har jämfört för att se vilken som ger mest avkastning i form av monosackarider. Vetehalm användes som substrat och hydrolyseras med hjälp av tre kommersiella enzymblandningar. Proverna förbehandlades före den enzymatiska reaktionen med antingen mikrovågor eller ångexplosion.Resultaten visade att en behandling med mikrovågsbestrålning eller ångexplosion kombinerad med enzymhydrolys gav högst avkastning. De slutsatser som kan dras är att en mekanisk förbehandling ökar utbytet drastiskt men är otillräcklig i sig. Ytterligare enzymatisk behandling är nödvändig att erhålla större mängder enkla sockerarter från lignocellulosa. / The increasing energy demand and the anticipated decline in crude oil production has led to an immense search for new energy sources. Plant cell walls contain lignocellulose that conserve great amounts of energy. These polysaccharides are of high importance for the search of renewable energy sources. Pretreatment of the cell wall is necessary in order to hydrolyse it to its component sugars. Once degraded to monomeric sugars it can be fermented to either ethanol or biogas through established fermentation technologies.The aim of this thesis was to compare and evaluate some of the methods used for sacchrification of lignocellulose. Three treatments where compared to determine which is highest yielding. These are enzymatic hydrolysis, microwave irradiation and steam explosion.Wheat straw was used as substrate and hydrolysed by three commercial enzyme mixtures. Samples were pretreated before the enzymatic reaction with either microwave or steam explosion. Results showed that a treatment of either microwave irradiation or steam explosion combined with enzyme hydrolysis gives the highest yield in monomeric sugars. The conclusions that can be drawn are that mechanical pretreatment increases yield drastically but is insufficient in its self. Further enzymatic treatment of wheat straw is necessary to obtain high amounts of simple sugars.

Rice straw is a global and proliferate agricultural waste whose production grossly outstrips viable uses. Current disposal methods are not sustainable, and more convenient methods – such as incineration – exude poor environmental stewardship. Although the direct use of straw bales in building construction presents a practical and sustainable alternative, engineering challenges associated with using it prevent its wide adoption. The Stak Block – a composite formed from compressed rice straw and a heat-cured adhesive – may overcome challenges associated with straw bale building. However, the times and temperatures needed to cure the binder with straw are not well understood. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to study straw cubes (in lieu of the full-scale Stak Block) to discern a time-temperature relationship. A finite element (FE) model of the Stak Block was created to simulate the heating process. The results of this study indicated that the adhesive may actually cure at temperatures less than 100°C. This data influenced the times and temperatures that binder-treated straw cubes were baked at for the first of several iterations. A chemical dye was used to discern if cubes had cured or not. In addition, mechanical testing was used to inspect cubes for curing and to support the results obtained from using a chemical dye. Results from cubes inspected with the chemical dye method were then used to develop an inverse relationship between time and temperature needed to cure the cubes – with the lowest observed cure temperature to be 65°C for 2 hours and the fastest cure time of 30 minutes at 150 and 125°C. Following the iterative experiments, an FE model of the cube was created and fitted to the results of the iterative experiments. Values for thermal conductivity (k = 0.1 W/m-K)and specific heat (Cp = 2000 J/kg-K) used to fit the FE cube model were applied appropriately to the Stak Block FE model in order to estimate curing times at different temperatures.

<p> Measurements of soil temperature and soil moisture values beneath and in close proximity to circular mulches of hay and straw were made. The experiments were conducted to determine whether sub-surface effects vary with mulch diameter, and to acquire information concerning the seasonal changes in such effects produced by a mulch of most favourable diameter. The modification of soil climate increased with a greater mulch size. A circular mulch with a diameter of 60 cms or less was considered to be of no practical value for winter protection of roots. The mulch with a 240 cms. diameter, provided some winter protection, preventing freezing of the soil, and, in summer caused considerable modification of the sub-surface climate. In the summer, soil temperatures were lowered by values of up to 5°C and 2.5°C at 5 and 100 cms. depth respectively. After a two-month period of dry weather, moisture values at 0-10 cms. depth beneath the mulch were 20% by volume, whereas, outside the mulch they were 5%. These differences decreased with increasing depth but were over 10% at 100 ems. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

This dissertation addresses the surging global demand for sustainable energy alternatives and biobased products, driven by population growth and the imperative to shift away from finite fossil fuels amidst climate change. The research centers on the catalytic upgrading of rice straw bio-oil, employing bimetallic magnetic nano-catalysts on rice straw-derived biochar to align with the imperative for environmentally conscious energy solutions. In the initial phase, the study systematically explores upgrading processes using varied alcohols, specifically ethanol, and butanol, under mild conditions to enhance bio-oil quality. The detailed evaluation of catalyst composition reveals a notable reduction in oxygen content, coupled with a significant increase in energy density and calorific value. The upgraded bio-oil not only exhibits heightened stability but also undergoes a substantial shift towards a more desirable hydrocarbon-rich composition. The second part of the research optimizes upgrading process parameters catalyst concentration, reaction holding time, and reaction temperature using Response Surface Methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design. This optimization refines the catalytic upgrading process, enhancing its efficiency and reliability. Beyond catalytic efficacy, the study considers the magnetic recovery of catalysts for potential reuse, emphasizing sustainability on a broader scale. Set against the backdrop of global energy challenges, this research significantly contributes to advancing the understanding of bimetallic magnetic nano-catalysts. The dissertation unfolds in two parts, with the first segment focusing on Catalytic Upgrading of Rice Straw Bio-Oil via Esterification in Supercritical Ethanol Over Bimetallic Catalyst (CuO-Fe3O4/AcB), involving the variation of Cu and Fe metals on Rice Straw Biochar without hydrogen gas. The exploration continues with the Upgrading of Rice Straw Bio-Oil in Butanol and hydrogen gas Over a Sustainable Magnetic Bimetallic Nano-Catalyst (ZrO2-Fe3O4/AcB). The integrated analytical approach, utilizing XRD, SEM, FT-IR for synthesized catalysts, alongside GC-MS and the Bomb Calorimeter for bio-oil samples, establishes a nuanced understanding crucial for optimizing catalytic performance in sustainable biofuel production.

[ES] La Constitución del Ecuador establece que el acceso a una vivienda digna es un derecho fundamental. Sin embargo, muchos ciudadanos viven en situaciones de riesgo, ya que las edificaciones que habitan no tienen características físicas y/o estructurales adecuadas. Esto se acentúa en la zona rural, en donde la necesidad de casas que cumplan estándares de calidad es en promedio 71, 2% más que las ciudades. En la mayoría de construcciones que se realizan en Ecuador, se usan materiales convencionales como el hormigón, bloques y ladrillos. Por lo que, cubrir la totalidad del déficit de vivienda (665 612 unidades) requiere una gran inversión económica; además, del alto costo ambiental que representaría; ya que, los materiales mencionados tienen consumos energéticos altos desde su producción hasta su puesta en obra. Es evidente entonces que la dotación de vivienda debe hacerse con materiales sustentables y accesibles a la mayoría de la población. Una alternativa es la paja, que es natural, renovable, sumidero de CO2 y biodegradable. En Ecuador se obtienen anualmente 28 754,492 toneladas de paja de trigo y cebada. Con este desecho de la cosecha, se podrían hacer fardos, con los cuales construir casas. Sin embargo, en el país existe muy poco conocimiento de este material y el sistema constructivo que se requiere para edificar de forma técnica y segura. La presente investigación aborda la caracterización física y mecánica de los fardos producidos localmente para determinar su posibilidad de su uso como material de construcción. Además, se realizaron ensayos pseudo-dinámicos a muros portantes realizados con fardos y recubiertos con dos alternativas de mortero. Con los resultados obtenidos, se realizó la modelación estructural de una vivienda tipo, determinando que el desplazamiento lateral relativo de la misma, cumple los estándares de la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción para edificaciones sismo resistentes. También se realizó un análisis económico, determinando que el costo de la vivienda tipo es inferior al valor establecido para casas de interés social en el país. Lo que determina su accesibilidad al segmento poblacional más pobre. Además, se elaboró un manual, que detalla el procedimiento constructivo de la casa tipo, de forma clara y sencilla para hacerlo de fácil entendimiento. / [CA] La Constitució de l'Equador estableix que l'accés a un habitatge digne és un dret fonamental. No obstant això, molts ciutadans viuen en situacions de risc, ja que les edificacions que habiten no tenen característiques físiques i/o estructurals adequades. Això s'accentua en la zona rural, on la necessitat de cases que complisquen estàndards de qualitat és en mitjana 71,2% més que les ciutats. En la majoria de construccions que es realitzen a l'Equador, s'usen materials convencionals com el formigó, blocs i rajoles. Pel que, cobrir la totalitat del dèficit d'habitatge (665 612 unitats) requereix una gran inversió econòmica; a més, de l'alt cost ambiental que representaria; ja que, els materials esmentats tenen consums energètics alts des de la seua producció fins a la seua posada en obra. És evident llavors que la dotació d'habitatge ha de fer-se amb materials sustentables i accessibles a la majoria de la població. Una alternativa és la palla, que és natural, renovable, embornal de CO2 i biodegradable. A l'Equador s'obtenen anualment 28 754,492 tones de palla de blat i ordi. Amb aquesta deixalla de la collita, es podrien fer fardells, amb els quals construir cases. No obstinate això, al país existed molt poc coneixement d'aquest material I el sistema construction que es required per an edificar de manera tècnica I Segura. La present investigació aborda la caracterització física i mecànica dels fardells produïts localment per a determinar la seua possibilitat del seu ús com a material de construcció. A més, es van realitzar assajos pseudo-dinàmics a murs portants realitzats amb fardells i recoberts amb dues alternatives de morter. Amb els resultats obtinguts, es va realitzar el modelatge estructural d'un habitatge tipus, determinant que el desplaçament lateral relatiu d'aquesta, compleix els estàndards de la Norma Equatoriana de la Construcció per a edificacions sisme resistents. També es va realitzar una anàlisi econòmica, determinant que el cost de l'habitatge tipus és inferior al valor establit per a cases d'interés social al país. El que determina la seua accessibilitat al segment poblacional més pobre. A més, es va elaborar un manual, que detalla el procediment constructiu de la casa tipus, de manera clara i senzilla per a fer-ho de fàcil enteniment. / [EN] The Constitution of Ecuador establishes that access to decent housing is a fundamental right. However, many citizens live in risky situations since their buildings do not have adequate physical and structural characteristics. This is accentuated in rural areas, where the need for houses that meet quality standards is, on average, 71.2% higher than in the cities. In most constructions in Ecuador, conventional materials such as concrete, blocks, and bricks are used. Therefore, covering the entire housing deficit (665 612 units) requires a significant economic investment, in addition to the high environmental cost, since the materials have high energy consumption from production to installation. It is evident then that housing must be built with sustainable materials accessible to most of the population. One alternative is straw, which is natural, renewable, a CO2, and biodegradable. In Ecuador, 28 754.492 tons of wheat and barley straw are obtained annually. With this waste from the harvest, bales could be made with which to build houses. However, there needs to be more knowledge of this material and the construction system required to build technically and safely in the country. The present research addresses the physical and mechanical characterization of locally produced bales to determine the possibility of their use as a construction material. In addition, pseudo-dynamic tests were carried out on load-bearing walls made with bales. An economic analysis was also carried out, determining that the cost of the house type is lower than the value established for houses of social interest in the country. This determines its accessibility to the poorest segment of the population. In addition, a manual was prepared detailing the construction procedure of the house type clearly and straightforwardly to make it easy to understand. / Viera Arroba, LP. (2023). Factibilidad constructiva de viviendas con muros portantes de fardos de paja energéticamente eficientes y sismo resistentes en la zona andina del Ecuador [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196654

Agricultural activities produce a large quantity of waste each year in the Mekong Delta. For example, appropriately 26.86 million tons of rice straw, 5.37 million tons of rice husks, 1.33 million tons of bagasse and 0.59 million tons of corn straw were produced in 2016. Despite such a huge quantity of agricultural waste, the waste has been rarely used effectively. Around 54.1 - 98.0% of rice straw is normally burnt on the field; only 20 - 50% of rice husk is used for pellet or energy purposes; a few sugar-cane factories apply bagasse feeding to steam cookers, and a small quantity of corn straw is used as livestock feeding. If this biomass source is used for electricity generation, in theory, for the period of 2006 - 2020, it is estimated that this source can potentially generate 1203 million MWh/year from rice straw, 236 million MWh/year from rice husk, 45 million MWh/year from bagasse, and 40 million MWh/year from corn straw. Electricity generation of biomass source will not only solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by agricultural waste but also meet increasing energy demands for socio-economic development in this region. / Hàng năm lượng chất thải phát sinh từ một số loại hình canh tác nông nghiệp chính ở ĐBSCL rất lớn. Chỉ tính riêng năm 2016 ghi nhận thải ra khoảng 26,86 triệu tấn rơm rạ; 5,37 triệu tấn vỏ trấu; 1,33 triệu tấn bã mía và 0,59 triệu tấn thân cây bắp. Lượng chất thải phát sinh lớn nhưng các biện pháp sử dụng những nguồn sinh khối này chưa đa dạng, rơm rạ phần lớn được người dân đốt trực tiếp ngay trên đồng ruộng chiếm 54,1 - 98,0% lượng rơm rạ thải ra; chỉ có khoảng 20 - 50% lượng vỏ trấu được sử dụng; bã mía chỉ được một số nhà máy sử dụng để đốt cho lò hơi; một lượng nhỏ thân cây bắp được người dân sử dụng cho chăn nuôi. Nếu có thể tận dụng các nguồn sinh khối này để sản xuất điện thì tiềm năng lý thuyết ước tính từ năm 2005 đến 2020 của rơm rạ là 1203 triệu MWh/năm; vỏ trấu là 236 triệu MWh/năm; bã mía là 45 triệu MWh/năm; và thân cây bắp là 40 triệu MWh/năm. Sản xuất điện từ các nguồn sinh khối này không chỉ giải quyết lượng phế phẩm nông nghiệp phát sinh, giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường mà còn có thể tạo ra nguồn điện cung cấp cho nhu cầu phát triển của vùng.