This dissertation explores the livelihood activities of Durban's African migrant street traders. The study also seeks to gain insight into the challenges that confront them as well as the perceptions that local street traders have of them. The researcher argues that migrant street traders make a contribution towards the economic development of the city. Migrant street traders are attracted to Durban because of the economic opportunities that the city offers as well as the fact that it has a lower crime rate than cities such as Johannesburg. The concept of livelihood strategy was used to develop the theoretical framework that guides the research. The study makes use of the qualitative research method. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with migrant and local street traders, who were a mixture of male and female. Of the fifteen interviewees, ten were migrant traders (five females and five males) and five were local street traders (three females and two males). The research was conducted in the Central Business District (CBD) in the vicinity of the Workshop Shopping Centre. The findings of the study suggest that migrants make an economic contribution (albeit not a substantial one) to the development of the city. Some of the local street traders recognise this contribution while others do not. Migrant street traders encounter difficulties in accessing the finance and capital necessary to start their entrepreneurial businesses. The other major problems experienced by the migrant traders in the city are to do with crime, the metropolitan police, local government officials, securing of a suitable accommodation, and accessing trading sites, education and healthcare. The research concludes by recommending that the business-training sessions that are arranged by the municipality of local street traders be open to migrant street traders as well. Local communities should also be educated about the positive role of the migrants in the city. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Full text also available online. Scroll down for electronic link. / Submitted to the African Centre for Food Security. Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Esta dissertação parte das tensões envolvidas no processo de remoção do mercado de rua do centro de Porto Alegre/RS e sua realocação para um shopping popular. O “camelódromo”, como ficou conhecido o edifício que abriga mais de 800 lojas – de aproximadamente 4m² –, foi realizado em tempo recorde graças a uma Parceria Público Privada (PPP), a primeira do gênero em Porto Alegre e uma das pioneiras no Brasil. A dissertação privilegia a abordagem etnográfica, baseada numa inserção de campo de mais de três anos, o que permitiu captar o processo em perspectiva diacrônica. A observação participante – acrescida de outras técnicas, como entrevistas em profundidade e surveys – teve como ponto de partida um dos principais grupos de camelôs envolvidos na transição. Este grupo, inicialmente otimista em relação à transição, foi preterido na disputa pelos melhores espaços no camelódromo e reagiu com uma série de mobilizações. Foram acionadas diversas instituições políticas, tais como a Câmara Municipal, o Ministério Público, a Prefeitura, e o Orçamento Participativo, entre outras. Esta estratégia mostrou-se ineficiente e culminou com o despejo de vários lojistas inadimplentes – entre eles o principal líder do grupo –, e a dissipação da mobilização coletiva. No entanto, as tensões não cessaram, pois a transição das ruas para o camelódromo foi acompanhada de perto pela empresa, que exigiu uma mudança na sensibilidade comercial, a partir de uma política de pedagogização visando forjar um novo perfil de comerciante, indispensável ao sucesso econômico do empreendimento. Novas modalidades de conflitos emergiram dessa estratégia, pois nem todos os camelôs se reconverteram no protótipo de lojista idealizado pela PPP. As tensões em torno desse processo criaram um cenário propício para uma investigação que se preocupa em reconstituir etnograficamente os nexos entre a economia e a política, o objetivo e o subjetivo, o micro e o macro, a cidade e os cidadãos, a diversidade de agentes e de agências que caracterizam uma dada configuração social e cultural. / This dissertation starts with the tensions involved in the removal of the street market in downtown Porto Alegre/RS and its relocation to a popular mall. The “camelódromo”, as the building – which houses more than 800 stands of roughly four square meters – became known, was accomplished in record time thanks to a Public-Private Partnership (PPP), the first of its kind in Porto Alegre and one of the first in Brazil. The dissertation relies on the ethnographic approach, based on a field insertion of more than three years, which allowed capturing the process in a diachronic perspective. The participant observation – plus other techniques such as interviews and surveys – had as its starting point a major group of vendors involved in the transition. This group, initially optimistic about the transition, was passed over in the race for the best spaces in the camelódromo, and reacted with a series of mobilizations. Several political institutions were called upon, such as the City Council, the Prosecutor, the City Hall, and the Participatory Budget, among others. This strategy proved itself ineffective, and resulted in the eviction of several defaulting tenants – including the main leader of the group – and the dissipation of the collective mobilization. However, the tensions didn’t cease, as the transition from the streets to the camelódromo was closely monitored by the company, which required a change in the commercial sensitivity, based on a pedagogization policy aimed to forge a new trader profile, essential to the economic success of the enterprise. New modalities of conflict arose from this strategy, because not all vendors reconverted themselves into the prototype designed by the PPP. The tensions around this process created a favorable environment for a research that tries to retrace ethnographically the connections between economics and politics, the objective and the subjective, the micro and the macro, the city and the citizens, the diversity of agents and agencies that characterize a given social and cultural setting.

Esta dissertação parte das tensões envolvidas no processo de remoção do mercado de rua do centro de Porto Alegre/RS e sua realocação para um shopping popular. O “camelódromo”, como ficou conhecido o edifício que abriga mais de 800 lojas – de aproximadamente 4m² –, foi realizado em tempo recorde graças a uma Parceria Público Privada (PPP), a primeira do gênero em Porto Alegre e uma das pioneiras no Brasil. A dissertação privilegia a abordagem etnográfica, baseada numa inserção de campo de mais de três anos, o que permitiu captar o processo em perspectiva diacrônica. A observação participante – acrescida de outras técnicas, como entrevistas em profundidade e surveys – teve como ponto de partida um dos principais grupos de camelôs envolvidos na transição. Este grupo, inicialmente otimista em relação à transição, foi preterido na disputa pelos melhores espaços no camelódromo e reagiu com uma série de mobilizações. Foram acionadas diversas instituições políticas, tais como a Câmara Municipal, o Ministério Público, a Prefeitura, e o Orçamento Participativo, entre outras. Esta estratégia mostrou-se ineficiente e culminou com o despejo de vários lojistas inadimplentes – entre eles o principal líder do grupo –, e a dissipação da mobilização coletiva. No entanto, as tensões não cessaram, pois a transição das ruas para o camelódromo foi acompanhada de perto pela empresa, que exigiu uma mudança na sensibilidade comercial, a partir de uma política de pedagogização visando forjar um novo perfil de comerciante, indispensável ao sucesso econômico do empreendimento. Novas modalidades de conflitos emergiram dessa estratégia, pois nem todos os camelôs se reconverteram no protótipo de lojista idealizado pela PPP. As tensões em torno desse processo criaram um cenário propício para uma investigação que se preocupa em reconstituir etnograficamente os nexos entre a economia e a política, o objetivo e o subjetivo, o micro e o macro, a cidade e os cidadãos, a diversidade de agentes e de agências que caracterizam uma dada configuração social e cultural. / This dissertation starts with the tensions involved in the removal of the street market in downtown Porto Alegre/RS and its relocation to a popular mall. The “camelódromo”, as the building – which houses more than 800 stands of roughly four square meters – became known, was accomplished in record time thanks to a Public-Private Partnership (PPP), the first of its kind in Porto Alegre and one of the first in Brazil. The dissertation relies on the ethnographic approach, based on a field insertion of more than three years, which allowed capturing the process in a diachronic perspective. The participant observation – plus other techniques such as interviews and surveys – had as its starting point a major group of vendors involved in the transition. This group, initially optimistic about the transition, was passed over in the race for the best spaces in the camelódromo, and reacted with a series of mobilizations. Several political institutions were called upon, such as the City Council, the Prosecutor, the City Hall, and the Participatory Budget, among others. This strategy proved itself ineffective, and resulted in the eviction of several defaulting tenants – including the main leader of the group – and the dissipation of the collective mobilization. However, the tensions didn’t cease, as the transition from the streets to the camelódromo was closely monitored by the company, which required a change in the commercial sensitivity, based on a pedagogization policy aimed to forge a new trader profile, essential to the economic success of the enterprise. New modalities of conflict arose from this strategy, because not all vendors reconverted themselves into the prototype designed by the PPP. The tensions around this process created a favorable environment for a research that tries to retrace ethnographically the connections between economics and politics, the objective and the subjective, the micro and the macro, the city and the citizens, the diversity of agents and agencies that characterize a given social and cultural setting.

Esta dissertação parte das tensões envolvidas no processo de remoção do mercado de rua do centro de Porto Alegre/RS e sua realocação para um shopping popular. O “camelódromo”, como ficou conhecido o edifício que abriga mais de 800 lojas – de aproximadamente 4m² –, foi realizado em tempo recorde graças a uma Parceria Público Privada (PPP), a primeira do gênero em Porto Alegre e uma das pioneiras no Brasil. A dissertação privilegia a abordagem etnográfica, baseada numa inserção de campo de mais de três anos, o que permitiu captar o processo em perspectiva diacrônica. A observação participante – acrescida de outras técnicas, como entrevistas em profundidade e surveys – teve como ponto de partida um dos principais grupos de camelôs envolvidos na transição. Este grupo, inicialmente otimista em relação à transição, foi preterido na disputa pelos melhores espaços no camelódromo e reagiu com uma série de mobilizações. Foram acionadas diversas instituições políticas, tais como a Câmara Municipal, o Ministério Público, a Prefeitura, e o Orçamento Participativo, entre outras. Esta estratégia mostrou-se ineficiente e culminou com o despejo de vários lojistas inadimplentes – entre eles o principal líder do grupo –, e a dissipação da mobilização coletiva. No entanto, as tensões não cessaram, pois a transição das ruas para o camelódromo foi acompanhada de perto pela empresa, que exigiu uma mudança na sensibilidade comercial, a partir de uma política de pedagogização visando forjar um novo perfil de comerciante, indispensável ao sucesso econômico do empreendimento. Novas modalidades de conflitos emergiram dessa estratégia, pois nem todos os camelôs se reconverteram no protótipo de lojista idealizado pela PPP. As tensões em torno desse processo criaram um cenário propício para uma investigação que se preocupa em reconstituir etnograficamente os nexos entre a economia e a política, o objetivo e o subjetivo, o micro e o macro, a cidade e os cidadãos, a diversidade de agentes e de agências que caracterizam uma dada configuração social e cultural. / This dissertation starts with the tensions involved in the removal of the street market in downtown Porto Alegre/RS and its relocation to a popular mall. The “camelódromo”, as the building – which houses more than 800 stands of roughly four square meters – became known, was accomplished in record time thanks to a Public-Private Partnership (PPP), the first of its kind in Porto Alegre and one of the first in Brazil. The dissertation relies on the ethnographic approach, based on a field insertion of more than three years, which allowed capturing the process in a diachronic perspective. The participant observation – plus other techniques such as interviews and surveys – had as its starting point a major group of vendors involved in the transition. This group, initially optimistic about the transition, was passed over in the race for the best spaces in the camelódromo, and reacted with a series of mobilizations. Several political institutions were called upon, such as the City Council, the Prosecutor, the City Hall, and the Participatory Budget, among others. This strategy proved itself ineffective, and resulted in the eviction of several defaulting tenants – including the main leader of the group – and the dissipation of the collective mobilization. However, the tensions didn’t cease, as the transition from the streets to the camelódromo was closely monitored by the company, which required a change in the commercial sensitivity, based on a pedagogization policy aimed to forge a new trader profile, essential to the economic success of the enterprise. New modalities of conflict arose from this strategy, because not all vendors reconverted themselves into the prototype designed by the PPP. The tensions around this process created a favorable environment for a research that tries to retrace ethnographically the connections between economics and politics, the objective and the subjective, the micro and the macro, the city and the citizens, the diversity of agents and agencies that characterize a given social and cultural setting.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Valéria Aparecida de Castro Morais - 2014.pdf: 1572885 bytes, checksum: 9728032587048d2ab60c1fe0b9cef54e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The world experience in the newest contemporary capitalist production model, the vaunted productive capital restructuring, which began in Brazil in the 1990. A characterized model by processes of flexibility in the production process and the acquisition of workforce. In this context, outsourcing is considered by many researchers, the leader of the precariousness of work and that is present in public and private companies. Added to outsourcing processes, we have employment contracts part time, temporary services, subcontracts, it also occurs a growth in unemployment and the out of rules of the working class. In this context, rights and guarantees conquered by the employee through historical struggles are being lost. Thus it broadens the informality, where many workers have sought livelyhoods. Informal, several times workers are marginalized and desprovided of any labor rights. From the perspective of understanding the informality, the survey's purpose is to understand the dynamics of the informal work done by street vendors of Lagoa da Prata (MG) and then check to what extent the precariousness is present in this activity. The methodological procedures used in the research were: literature searches and readings of theses and dissertations; field research guided by observations, records in field diaries, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews directed to street vendors and old residents of Lagoa da Prata (MG). The theoretical study was given up based on Marx (1983), Alves (2005, 2007), Thomaz Júnior (2009), Antunes (1992, 1997, 1999, 2002), Milton Santos (1979, 1985, 1996), among others. The results of the data collected from interviews in the fieldwork are exposed in the second and third sections of this research. In the third chapter it is shown that the informal work done by vendors of Lagoa da Prata (MG) is permeated by insecurity in labor relations and that informality appears as employment option for many workers, and has its has worked, including playback capital. Among others, the research shows that production held in Lagoa da Prata intendes to supply the informal trade is driven by the work done by street vendors and raffles placers. With the analyzes woven in this research is expected to contribute to the understanding of the changes to the working world, especially for those who make up the informal labor market. / O mundo vivencia o mais novo modelo produtivo capitalista, a propalada reestruturação produtiva do capital, iniciada no Brasil na década de 1990. Um modelo caracterizado pela flexibilidade no processo produtivo e aquisição de força de trabalho. Nesse contexto, ocorre a terceirização, considerada por muitos pesquisadores, o carro chefe da precarização do trabalho e que está presente em empresas públicas e privadas. Somados aos processos de terceirização, tem-se os contratos de trabalho part time, serviços temporários, subcontratações, além da ampliação do desemprego e a desregulamentação da classe trabalhadora. Nesta conjuntura, direitos e garantias conquistadas pelo trabalhador por meio de lutas históricas estão sendo perdidos. Assim, uma vez que muitos trabalhadores têm buscado meios de sobrevivência, amplia-se a informalidade, na qual encontram-se marginalizados e despossuídos de quaisquer direitos trabalhistas. Na perspectiva da compreensão da informalidade, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo entender a dinâmica do trabalho informal realizado pelos vendedores ambulantes de Lagoa da Prata (MG) e, em seguida, verificar em que medida a precarização está presente nessa atividade. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram: pesquisas bibliográficas e leituras de teses e dissertações; pesquisas de campo pautadas em observações, registros em diário de campo, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas direcionadas aos vendedores ambulantes e antigos moradores de Lagoa da Prata (MG). O aprofundamento teórico deu-se com amparo em Marx (1983), Alves (2005; 2007), Thomaz Júnior (2009), Antunes (1992; 1997; 1999; 2002), Milton Santos (1979; 1985; 1996), dentre outros. Os resultados dos dados e entrevistas coletadas em trabalho de campo foram expostos na segunda e terceira seção da presente pesquisa. No terceiro capítulo fica evidenciado que o trabalho informal realizado pelos vendedores de Lagoa da Prata (MG) é permeado pela precarização nas relações de trabalho e a informalidade comparece como opção de emprego para muitos trabalhadores, tendo sua funcionalidade prioritariamente para a reprodução do capital. Entre outros aspectos, a pesquisa apontou que a produção realizada nas fábricas de Lagoa da Prata e destinada ao abastecimento do comércio informal é impulsionada pelo trabalho feito por vendedores ambulantes e colocadores de rifas. Com as análises tecidas nesta pesquisa espera-se contribuir para o entendimento das alterações apresentadas no mundo do trabalho, principalmente, para aqueles que compõem o mercado de trabalho informal.

This thesis seeks to understand and analyze the livelihood strategies of urban women traders at Magaba in Harare (Zimbabwe) in the context of the contemporary economic and political crisis. The crisis emerged in the 1990s with the introduction of a structural adjustment programme and deepened further with the fast track land reform programme initiated by the Zimbabwean government in the year 2000. The crisis has involved a down-sizing of the Zimbabwean economy and a massive rise in the rate of unemployment in the formal economy. Consequently urban life became increasingly unbearable for poor blacks and informal economic activities blossomed and started to make a significant contribution to household income and livelihoods. The role of women in the informal economy was particularly pronounced. Theoretically, the thesis is underpinned by the sustainable livelihoods framework. In examining the vulnerability context of the Magaba women traders and the institutional interventions which complicate the lives and livelihoods of these traders, I identify and unpack their diverse livelihood activities and strategies and the resources (or assets) they deploy in constructing urban livelihoods. Though their livelihood portfolios complement any earnings from formal employment by household members and though they contribute to their household’s sustenance, there are a number of daily challenges which they face in their trading activities and which they seek to counteract through a range of often ingenious coping mechanisms. The thesis is important for a number of reasons. It fills an important empirical gap in the study of Magaba market specifically, it brings to the fore the gendered character of the informal trading activities in urban Zimbabwe, and it deploys the livelihoods framework in a manner which is sensitive to both structure and agency.

As one of the most impoverished provinces in South Africa with a high unemployment rate the Eastern Cape (Stats SA, 2011) was more suited for a study of this nature. In executing the research aims and objectives the study will be limited to focus specifically on one of the provinces cities, the Nelson Mandela Bay. The investigation will be focused on women street vendors mainly trading with fruits and vegetables, as well as other perishables. This industry was chosen because according to the Labour Force Survey (2000), there was an estimated 500,000 street traders operating in South Africa and more than 70 percent of them were found to be dealing in the trade of food items (Motala, 2002). The focus on women was driven by mainly by the fact that they constitute a majority of the street traders that are involed in the sale perishables/food items (Skinner, 2008).

Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness / MSCAEC

MSCAGR (Agricultural Economics) / Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness / study aimed to determine factors that influenced the price of tomatoes sold by hawkers on the roadside market. The study also aimed at determining whether any socio-economic characteristics of hawkers who sold tomatoes had significant impact on the price paid my consumers. The study was conducted in the Thulamela local municipality under Vhembe District of Limpopo, South Africa. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select participants for this study. A sample size of 198 hawkers were drawn randomly. Structured questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interview. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, multiple linear hedonic regression and stepwise linear regression were used to analyse collected data. With regards socio-economic characteristics, only age was found to have significant impact on the market price received by hawkers. Smooth appearance, rough appearance, round shape, oval shape, and red and yellow colour tomatoes had a significant impact on the average market price. It is therefore recommended that attribute such appearances, colour, shapes and sizes of tomatoes should be considered when selling tomatoes at both retail and farm level. This will result in more purchase of tomatoes that will eventually contribute to increase in household income and reduction in poverty.