É extremamente comum que o solo de uma determinada região não tenha os parâmetros geotécnicos favoráveis a implementação de projetos de pavimentação e fundações. Com o passar do tempo, o homem ocupou praticamente todos os locais onde as características do solo são favoráveis à construção civil, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, restando os locais que desafiam os projetistas a fazerem obras de baixo custo e qualidade técnica. Com intuito de solucionar este problema, vários trabalhos estão sendo desenvolvidos através da técnica de melhoramento ou estabilização de solos com agentes cimentantes. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar uma nova abordagem para a obtenção de parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento de uma areia artificialmente cimentada. Para aplicação desta abordagem, utilizou-se resultados de compressão simples e diametral, sendo estes comparados com os resultados obtidos a partir de ensaios de compressão triaxial consolidados e drenados com as mesmas características dos ensaios de compressão não confinada. Com o intuito de enriquecer o conhecimento sobre o assunto, também foram aplicados outros modelos de previsão de resistência ao cisalhamento, tais como, o critério de ruptura de Griffith (1921) e o modelo experimental de Mitchell (1981). Para isto, o solo utilizado foi uma areia de granulometria fina com adição de Cimento Portland CPV-ARI, com três diferentes porcentagens de cimento em relação a massa de solo seco (3, 5,1 e 8,6) e, para tempos de cura de 03, 07, 28 e 90 dias. Baseados nos resultados obtidos através deste trabalho, concluiu-se que: quanto ao comportamento tensão-deformação, os ensaios apresentaram pico de resistência bem definido com comportamento de material rígido e queda acentuada da resistência após a ruptura; quanto a utilização da nova abordagem proposta, os parâmetros de resistência do modelo quando comparados com os resultados obtidos pelos ensaios triaxiais foram satisfatórios, deste modo validando esta metodologia. O emprego da teoria de Griffith e do modelo de Mitchell, não apresentaram resultados com a mesma qualidade obtida pela nova abordagem proposta. / It is extremely common that the soil of a particular region does not have the favorable geotechnical parameters for implementing paving and foundations projects. With the passage of time men has occupied virtually all locations where soil characteristics are favorable for constructions, especially in large urban centers, leaving the places that challenge engineers to design works of low cost and technical quality. In order to solve this problem, several studies are being developed through soil improvement and stabilization technique with cementing agents. Thus, the present study aimed to validate a new approach to obtain shear strength parameters of an artificially cemented sand. To apply this approach, results of unconfined compression tests were used, which were compared to the results obtained from consolidated and drained triaxial compression tests, with the same characteristics of the unconfined compressive tests. In order to enrich the knowledge on this subject, other models were applied to predict parameters of resistance, such as the Griffith (1921) failure criterion and the experimental model of Mitchell (1981). The soil used was a fine grained sand with addition of Portland cement CPV-ARI, with 3.00, 5.06 and 8.60 percentage of cement in relation to the mass of dry soil at curing times of 03, 07, 28 and 90 days. Based on the results obtained through this work, it was concluded that the use of the new approach proposed is valid because the strength parameters of the model when compared with the results obtained by the triaxial tests were satisfactory. The use of the Griffith theory and Mitchell model did not obtain results with the same quality obtained by the new approach proposed. Regarding the stress-strain behavior, the triaxial tests showed peak strength with well-defined behavior of rigid material and sharp drop in resistance after the rupture.

É extremamente comum que o solo de uma determinada região não tenha os parâmetros geotécnicos favoráveis a implementação de projetos de pavimentação e fundações. Com o passar do tempo, o homem ocupou praticamente todos os locais onde as características do solo são favoráveis à construção civil, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, restando os locais que desafiam os projetistas a fazerem obras de baixo custo e qualidade técnica. Com intuito de solucionar este problema, vários trabalhos estão sendo desenvolvidos através da técnica de melhoramento ou estabilização de solos com agentes cimentantes. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar uma nova abordagem para a obtenção de parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento de uma areia artificialmente cimentada. Para aplicação desta abordagem, utilizou-se resultados de compressão simples e diametral, sendo estes comparados com os resultados obtidos a partir de ensaios de compressão triaxial consolidados e drenados com as mesmas características dos ensaios de compressão não confinada. Com o intuito de enriquecer o conhecimento sobre o assunto, também foram aplicados outros modelos de previsão de resistência ao cisalhamento, tais como, o critério de ruptura de Griffith (1921) e o modelo experimental de Mitchell (1981). Para isto, o solo utilizado foi uma areia de granulometria fina com adição de Cimento Portland CPV-ARI, com três diferentes porcentagens de cimento em relação a massa de solo seco (3, 5,1 e 8,6) e, para tempos de cura de 03, 07, 28 e 90 dias. Baseados nos resultados obtidos através deste trabalho, concluiu-se que: quanto ao comportamento tensão-deformação, os ensaios apresentaram pico de resistência bem definido com comportamento de material rígido e queda acentuada da resistência após a ruptura; quanto a utilização da nova abordagem proposta, os parâmetros de resistência do modelo quando comparados com os resultados obtidos pelos ensaios triaxiais foram satisfatórios, deste modo validando esta metodologia. O emprego da teoria de Griffith e do modelo de Mitchell, não apresentaram resultados com a mesma qualidade obtida pela nova abordagem proposta. / It is extremely common that the soil of a particular region does not have the favorable geotechnical parameters for implementing paving and foundations projects. With the passage of time men has occupied virtually all locations where soil characteristics are favorable for constructions, especially in large urban centers, leaving the places that challenge engineers to design works of low cost and technical quality. In order to solve this problem, several studies are being developed through soil improvement and stabilization technique with cementing agents. Thus, the present study aimed to validate a new approach to obtain shear strength parameters of an artificially cemented sand. To apply this approach, results of unconfined compression tests were used, which were compared to the results obtained from consolidated and drained triaxial compression tests, with the same characteristics of the unconfined compressive tests. In order to enrich the knowledge on this subject, other models were applied to predict parameters of resistance, such as the Griffith (1921) failure criterion and the experimental model of Mitchell (1981). The soil used was a fine grained sand with addition of Portland cement CPV-ARI, with 3.00, 5.06 and 8.60 percentage of cement in relation to the mass of dry soil at curing times of 03, 07, 28 and 90 days. Based on the results obtained through this work, it was concluded that the use of the new approach proposed is valid because the strength parameters of the model when compared with the results obtained by the triaxial tests were satisfactory. The use of the Griffith theory and Mitchell model did not obtain results with the same quality obtained by the new approach proposed. Regarding the stress-strain behavior, the triaxial tests showed peak strength with well-defined behavior of rigid material and sharp drop in resistance after the rupture.

É extremamente comum que o solo de uma determinada região não tenha os parâmetros geotécnicos favoráveis a implementação de projetos de pavimentação e fundações. Com o passar do tempo, o homem ocupou praticamente todos os locais onde as características do solo são favoráveis à construção civil, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, restando os locais que desafiam os projetistas a fazerem obras de baixo custo e qualidade técnica. Com intuito de solucionar este problema, vários trabalhos estão sendo desenvolvidos através da técnica de melhoramento ou estabilização de solos com agentes cimentantes. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar uma nova abordagem para a obtenção de parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento de uma areia artificialmente cimentada. Para aplicação desta abordagem, utilizou-se resultados de compressão simples e diametral, sendo estes comparados com os resultados obtidos a partir de ensaios de compressão triaxial consolidados e drenados com as mesmas características dos ensaios de compressão não confinada. Com o intuito de enriquecer o conhecimento sobre o assunto, também foram aplicados outros modelos de previsão de resistência ao cisalhamento, tais como, o critério de ruptura de Griffith (1921) e o modelo experimental de Mitchell (1981). Para isto, o solo utilizado foi uma areia de granulometria fina com adição de Cimento Portland CPV-ARI, com três diferentes porcentagens de cimento em relação a massa de solo seco (3, 5,1 e 8,6) e, para tempos de cura de 03, 07, 28 e 90 dias. Baseados nos resultados obtidos através deste trabalho, concluiu-se que: quanto ao comportamento tensão-deformação, os ensaios apresentaram pico de resistência bem definido com comportamento de material rígido e queda acentuada da resistência após a ruptura; quanto a utilização da nova abordagem proposta, os parâmetros de resistência do modelo quando comparados com os resultados obtidos pelos ensaios triaxiais foram satisfatórios, deste modo validando esta metodologia. O emprego da teoria de Griffith e do modelo de Mitchell, não apresentaram resultados com a mesma qualidade obtida pela nova abordagem proposta. / It is extremely common that the soil of a particular region does not have the favorable geotechnical parameters for implementing paving and foundations projects. With the passage of time men has occupied virtually all locations where soil characteristics are favorable for constructions, especially in large urban centers, leaving the places that challenge engineers to design works of low cost and technical quality. In order to solve this problem, several studies are being developed through soil improvement and stabilization technique with cementing agents. Thus, the present study aimed to validate a new approach to obtain shear strength parameters of an artificially cemented sand. To apply this approach, results of unconfined compression tests were used, which were compared to the results obtained from consolidated and drained triaxial compression tests, with the same characteristics of the unconfined compressive tests. In order to enrich the knowledge on this subject, other models were applied to predict parameters of resistance, such as the Griffith (1921) failure criterion and the experimental model of Mitchell (1981). The soil used was a fine grained sand with addition of Portland cement CPV-ARI, with 3.00, 5.06 and 8.60 percentage of cement in relation to the mass of dry soil at curing times of 03, 07, 28 and 90 days. Based on the results obtained through this work, it was concluded that the use of the new approach proposed is valid because the strength parameters of the model when compared with the results obtained by the triaxial tests were satisfactory. The use of the Griffith theory and Mitchell model did not obtain results with the same quality obtained by the new approach proposed. Regarding the stress-strain behavior, the triaxial tests showed peak strength with well-defined behavior of rigid material and sharp drop in resistance after the rupture.

Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας, αρχικά γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή της γεωλογίας της μελετούμενης περιοχής που εντοπίζεται σε τμήμα της ε.ο Πατρών- Τριπόλεως περί της χ.θ 84 + 000. Αναφέρονται οι γεωλογικές συνθήκες της ευρύτερης περιοχής και η γεωτεκτονική εξέλιξη της γεωτεκτονικής ζώνης Ωλονού- Πίνδου. Η σπουδαιότητα των στοιχείων αυτών έγκειται στην κατανόηση του ευρύτερου τεχνικογεωλογικού περιβάλλοντος που ανήκουν οι ασβεστολιθικοί σχηματισμοί. Ακολουθεί η περιγραφή- αξιολόγηση των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών που εκτελέστηκαν σύμφωνα με τις ισχύουσες προδιαγραφές και περιγράφονται ο τρόπος δειγματοληψίας, η διαμόρφωση δειγμάτων και ο προσδιορισμός των φυσικών και μηχανικών παραμέτρων των ληφθέντων βραχώδων δειγμάτων ασβεστολίθου. / In the context of this thesis, first a brief description of the geology of the studied area is located in a part of the National Road Patras Tripoli on KP 84 + 000. Describe the geological conditions of the region, and the tectonic evolution of the geotectonic zone Olonou - Pindos. The importance of these data lies in understanding the wider geotechnical environment belonging calcareous formations. Here's a description - evaluation of the laboratory tests carried out in accordance with the applicable specifications and described the method of sampling the configuration samples and determination of physical and mechanical properties of the obtained samples rocky limestone.

No Brasil, a partir do século XX, cada vez mais o transporte ferroviário foi sendo substituído pelo transporte viário. Por conta disso, a demanda por obras de infraestrutura viária é cada vez maior, tanto para transporte de pessoas, mas, principalmente, para transporte de cargas. Outro fator que indica a maior demanda por obras de infraestrutura é o crescimento da economia e da população. A fim de garantir segurança na construção e, principalmente, na operação, são necessárias investigações geológicas-geotécnicas, para caracterizar e estimar parâmetros do material que estão sendo utilizados em obra, para prever seu comportamento. Os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento têm grande importância na condição de estabilidade dos aterros, tanto em fase de construção, em que também se sobressai o parâmetro de pressão neutra B?, quanto em fase de operação, enquanto os parâmetros de deformabilidade são essenciais na estimativa de recalques na fase operacional dos aterros Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar estimativas dos parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento (ângulo de atrito e a coesão), de deformabilidade de compressibilidade, expansibilidade e de pressão neutra do material utilizado nos aterros dos lotes 14 e 15 do Rodoanel Norte em São Paulo. Os materiais estudados possuem diferentes litologias, entre as quais pode-se citar materiais provenientes de filitos, granitos, ultramilonitos e metabásicas. Assim, foi feito um levantamento dos dados de ensaios de laboratório disponíveis, a saber, ensaios de caracterização, de compactação Proctor Normal, ensaios triaxiais UU não saturado, CU saturado e PN e ensaios de adensamento edométrico. Os ensaios mecânicos foram feitos em amostras compactadas com desvios de umidade em relação à ótima variando entre 0% até 4 e mesmo 5%, mantendo o grau de compactação em torno de 95%. Por fim, os parâmetros de resistência, deformabilidade, compressibilidade e pressão neutra estimados foram comparados por litologia com parâmetros encontrados na literatura técnica, podendo assim serem utilizados em outros projetos em regiões próximas ou que empreguem materiais de mesma origem ou litologia. / In Brazil, from the twentieth century, the rail transportation was replaced by road transportation. Because of that, the demand for road infrastructure is increasing, for the transportation of people and for the freight transportation. Another factor that indicates the greater demand for infrastructure is the growth of the economy and the population. To guarantee safety in the construction and in the operation, geological-geotechnical investigations are necessary to characterize and estimate parameters of the material, that is being used in the civil works to predict its behavior. The parameters of shear strength have a great importance in the condition of stability of the embankments, in construction phase, as the neutral pressure parameter, B?, and in phase of operation, while the deformability parameters are essential in the estimation of settlements in the operational phase of the embankments. The objective of this dissertation is to present estimates of the parameters of shear strength (angle of friction and cohesion), deformability, expansibility, compressibility and neutral pressure of the material used in embankments of two parts of Rodoanel Norte in São Paulo. The studied materials have different lithologies: phyllite, granitic gneisses, ultramilonites and metabasites. Thus, a data survey of the laboratory tests results was done, namely, characterization tests, Normal Proctor compaction text, triaxial UU unsaturated, saturated CU and PN and oedomometric densification tests. The mechanical tests were done on compacted samples with deviations of water content from the optimum ranging from 0% up to 4 and even 5%, maintaining the degree of compaction around 95%. Finally, the estimation of the shear strength parameters, deformability, compressibility, expansibility and neutral pressure were compared by lithology with parameters found in the technical literature so that it can be used in other projects in nearby regions or using materials of the same origin or lithology.

No Brasil, a partir do século XX, cada vez mais o transporte ferroviário foi sendo substituído pelo transporte viário. Por conta disso, a demanda por obras de infraestrutura viária é cada vez maior, tanto para transporte de pessoas, mas, principalmente, para transporte de cargas. Outro fator que indica a maior demanda por obras de infraestrutura é o crescimento da economia e da população. A fim de garantir segurança na construção e, principalmente, na operação, são necessárias investigações geológicas-geotécnicas, para caracterizar e estimar parâmetros do material que estão sendo utilizados em obra, para prever seu comportamento. Os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento têm grande importância na condição de estabilidade dos aterros, tanto em fase de construção, em que também se sobressai o parâmetro de pressão neutra B?, quanto em fase de operação, enquanto os parâmetros de deformabilidade são essenciais na estimativa de recalques na fase operacional dos aterros Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar estimativas dos parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento (ângulo de atrito e a coesão), de deformabilidade de compressibilidade, expansibilidade e de pressão neutra do material utilizado nos aterros dos lotes 14 e 15 do Rodoanel Norte em São Paulo. Os materiais estudados possuem diferentes litologias, entre as quais pode-se citar materiais provenientes de filitos, granitos, ultramilonitos e metabásicas. Assim, foi feito um levantamento dos dados de ensaios de laboratório disponíveis, a saber, ensaios de caracterização, de compactação Proctor Normal, ensaios triaxiais UU não saturado, CU saturado e PN e ensaios de adensamento edométrico. Os ensaios mecânicos foram feitos em amostras compactadas com desvios de umidade em relação à ótima variando entre 0% até 4 e mesmo 5%, mantendo o grau de compactação em torno de 95%. Por fim, os parâmetros de resistência, deformabilidade, compressibilidade e pressão neutra estimados foram comparados por litologia com parâmetros encontrados na literatura técnica, podendo assim serem utilizados em outros projetos em regiões próximas ou que empreguem materiais de mesma origem ou litologia. / In Brazil, from the twentieth century, the rail transportation was replaced by road transportation. Because of that, the demand for road infrastructure is increasing, for the transportation of people and for the freight transportation. Another factor that indicates the greater demand for infrastructure is the growth of the economy and the population. To guarantee safety in the construction and in the operation, geological-geotechnical investigations are necessary to characterize and estimate parameters of the material, that is being used in the civil works to predict its behavior. The parameters of shear strength have a great importance in the condition of stability of the embankments, in construction phase, as the neutral pressure parameter, B?, and in phase of operation, while the deformability parameters are essential in the estimation of settlements in the operational phase of the embankments. The objective of this dissertation is to present estimates of the parameters of shear strength (angle of friction and cohesion), deformability, expansibility, compressibility and neutral pressure of the material used in embankments of two parts of Rodoanel Norte in São Paulo. The studied materials have different lithologies: phyllite, granitic gneisses, ultramilonites and metabasites. Thus, a data survey of the laboratory tests results was done, namely, characterization tests, Normal Proctor compaction text, triaxial UU unsaturated, saturated CU and PN and oedomometric densification tests. The mechanical tests were done on compacted samples with deviations of water content from the optimum ranging from 0% up to 4 and even 5%, maintaining the degree of compaction around 95%. Finally, the estimation of the shear strength parameters, deformability, compressibility, expansibility and neutral pressure were compared by lithology with parameters found in the technical literature so that it can be used in other projects in nearby regions or using materials of the same origin or lithology.

Η παρούσα διατριβή διερευνά τη μηχανική συμπεριφορά των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών που αναφέρονται ως σκληρά εδάφη-μαλακοί βράχοι και αποτελούν μεταβατική ενότητα υλικών με χαρακτηριστικά αντοχών που τα κατατάσσουν ενδιάμεσα των εδαφικών και των βραχωδών υλικών. Εξετάζει δε τις εμφανίσεις τους σε περιοχές της Πελοποννήσου και ειδικότερα στους Νομούς Κορινθίας, Αχαΐας, Ηλείας και Λακωνίας. Η συγκέντρωση της Διεθνούς και της Ελληνικής βιβλιογραφίας πάνω στο θέμα αυτό αποτέλεσε την αρχική καταγραφή των ιδιοτήτων των σχηματισμών αυτών, όπως έχουν αναγνωριστεί από προηγούμενες έρευνες. Η παρούσα έρευνα διευρύνει τη διερεύνηση των υλικών αυτών στον Ελληνικό χώρο με την εξέταση των μηχανικών παραμέτρων ακολουθώντας τη μεθοδολογία της Βραχομηχανικής. Για την επίτευξη του παραπάνω στόχου αυτού έγινε κατ' αρχήν μελέτη και τροποποίηση των μεθόδων διερεύνησης με σκοπό την προσαρμογή των σχετικών διαδικασιών στην ιδιαίτερη φύση των υλικών που εξετάζονται. Έτσι προτείνεται ολοκληρωμένη διαδικασία και τεχνικές εξέτασης από την απόληψη των υλικών στο πεδίο έως την εκτέλεση δοκιμών προσδιορισμού των μηχανικών παραμέτρων. Η δειγματοληψία των σχηματισμών, επικεντρώθηκε στις λεκάνες ιζηματογένεσης του Κορινθιακού και του Πατραϊκού κόλπου, του Πύργου και της Καλαμάτας και αφορά ιζηματογενή πετρώματα Νεογενούς κυρίως ηλικίας από 28 διαφορετικά σημεία. Για τη συσχέτιση των μηχανικών χαρακτηριστικών των υλικών με τις περιοχές δειγματοληψίας, καταγράφονται και περιγράφονται συστηματικά οι θέσεις αυτές στο ευρύτερο γεωλογικό και τεχνικογεωλογικό περιβάλλον που εντάσσονται. Στη συνέχεια, ο προσδιορισμός των μηχανικών παραμέτρων πραγματοποιείται με την υλοποίηση και αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων από 31 δοκιμές τριαξονικής φόρτισης, ενώ η εργαστηριακή έρευνα επεκτείνεται και στον προσδιορισμό των δυναμικών παραμέτρων καθώς και των φυσικών χαρακτηριστικών. Επίσης, εξετάζεται η ορυκτολογία των υλικών αυτών με τη μέθοδο της περιθλασιμετρίας ακτίνων Χ και δίνονται ημιποσοτικοί προσδιορισμοί, στοιχεία απαραίτητα για την εξέταση της επίδρασης της ορυκτολογικής σύστασης στη μηχανική συμπεριφορά. Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα της εργαστηριακής έρευνας προσδιορίζεται κατ' αρχήν το πλαίσιο της συμπεριφοράς και των χαρακτηριστικών των υλικών αυτής της κατηγορίας. Εξετάζονται επίσης οι συσχετίσεις μεταξύ των μεγεθών και καθορίζονται οι μαθηματικές σχέσεις που τις ορίζουν. Επιπλέον διερευνάται και η εφαρμογή των δύο κύριων κριτηρίων θραύσης, Mohr-Coulomb και Hoek-Brown, μέσω της αξιοπιστίας τους στην απόδοση των πραγματικών εντατικών καταστάσεων, όπως αυτές προσδιορίστηκαν εργαστηριακά. Σημειώνεται πως όλες οι παραπάνω έρευνες πραγματοποιούνται με τη θεώρηση των υλικών ως μια ομάδα αλλά και διαχωρισμένα σε δύο επιμέρους κατηγορίες με βάση τη λιθολογική φάση τους, την ψαμμιτική και τη λεπτομερέστερη. Για τον καθορισμό, τέλος, της αντιστοιχίας της συμπεριφοράς των ενδιάμεσων αυτών υλικών με καθαρά βραχώδη υλικά, γίνεται η εξέταση των συσχετίσεων των μηχανικών τους παραμέτρων, αφού πρώτα συγκεντρώθηκαν όλα τα δεδομένα. Τα αποτελέσματα της συσχέτισης αυτής επιτρέπουν τη σύγκριση της συμπεριφοράς μεταξύ βράχων και ενδιάμεσων υλικών και αναδεικνύουν τη σημασία της εξέτασης των σκληρών εδαφών-μαλακών βράχων στην κατανόηση της συμπεριφοράς του πλήρους γεωτεχνικού φάσματος. / This thesis aims to the determination of the mechanical behaviour of geological formations which are classified as hard soils-soft rocks and are considered the intermediate transition from soil to rock. Formations of this type from Peloponnesus, Greece are examined. The first boundaries of this research have been set by recording the parameters of this type of geological formations as reported by previous researchers on this subject from the International and Greek experience. In the framework of this research, the ineluctability of examining in Greece hard soil-soft rock material behaviour by determining its mechanical properties based on a rock mechanics approach has been realized. Given the specific physis of hard soils-soft rocks there has been the need to focus on the methodology of sampling and laboratory testing and assess alterations in order to adjust them to the specialties of these certain formations. A complete sequence of methods and techniques is suggested, in order to achieve examination of the mechanical behaviour of these formations, including the steps from on site sampling to laboratory testing of mechanical properties. Sampling focused on the Peloponnesus area and more specifically on Korinth, Patras, Pyrgos and Kalamata sedimentary basins and refers to soft rocks of Neogene age from 28 different sites. Recording and systematic geological and geotechnical description of these sites of investigation has been conducted and the formations examined have been classified in their corresponding environment as far as their characteristics are concerned. 31 triaxial tests have been executed in order to determine the mechanical parameters of hard soils-soft rocks as part of a widened laboratory research which included all the mechanical and dynamical properties of these formations as well as physical parameters. Moreover, XRD testing has been included in order to provide information about the sample mineralogy and semi-quantitative analyses results were used as a means of evaluating the impact of mineralogy to the mechanical behaviour. The results of laboratory testing are used for addressing their range and typical values to the corresponding material type. Relationships between the parameters are also evaluated, resulting in empirical equations for the most strongly depended. Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown failure criteria were applied and their failure envelope fits to the true laboratory data are evaluated in order to compare them in terms of the best fit. All of the above are examined by considering the data as of corresponding to one (soft) rock type and also by considering the lithological differentiation of the sandy and finer types. Finally, the interdependence of the parameters describing mechanical behaviour was examined after taking in consideration data that refer to pure rock formations in order to reveal the equivalence in mechanical behaviour of the soft rocks to pure rocks. The results provide comparison between the intrinsic characteristics of these rock types and thus project the importance of hard soil-soft rock examination into understanding the mechanical behaviour of the full geotechnical spectrum.

ABSTRACT SHEAR STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR OF SAND - CLAY MIXTURES &Ouml / LMEZ, Mehmet Salih M.S., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ufuk ERGUN May 2008, 106 pages A clean sand having about 5 % fines has been mixed with 5 to 40 % commercial kaolin to form different sand-clay soil mixtures. The purpose of making this study is to observe the effects of fraction of fine materials in the soil mixture on the behavior of shear strength. Three series of experiments have been performed throughout the study. Undrained triaxial compression tests (series 1) are performed on specimens taken out from homogeneously mixed soil mixtures at specified kaolin contents consolidated in a box without keeping the mixture under water. In series 2 experiments specimens are taken from a box where soil mixtures are consolidated under water and undrained triaxial compression tests are performed on the samples. Drained direct shear tests are performed on samples prepared without performing initial consolidation in large boxes but directly prepared in the direct shear boxes and consolidated prior to shear (series 3). It has been found that about 20 % kaolin - 80 % sand mixture seems to be a threshold composition and changes in both undrained and drained shear stress-strength behaviour occur afterwards with increasing fine material content.

In this thesis, suggestion of appropriate excavation and support systems and selection of rock mass strength parameters for the determination of these systems were carried out for the &Ccedil / ubukbeli Tunnel in Antalya. &Ccedil / ubukbeli Tunnel is a twin tube flute shaped tunnel with 1985 m length, 12 m width, 10 m height and maximum overburden thickness of 130 m. The tunnel area consists of limestone, clayey limestone, claystone, marl and siltsone. Rock mass classification systems are used for evaluation of rock mass characteristics and estimation of strength parameters. Selection of appropriate numerical method and software tool, namely Phase2, is accomplished after an extensive literature survey. The rock mass was divided into sections according to the RMR, Q, NATM and GSI classification systems along the tunnel and excavation and support systems were determined empirically along these sections. Thereafter, geomechanical parameters (i.e. modulus of deformation Em, Hoek-Brown material constants m and s etc.) were selected based on these classification systems. Finite element analysis was carried out as the final step of the design in order to investigate deformations and stress concentrations around the tunnel, analyze interaction of support systems with excavated rock masses and verify and check the validity of empirically determined excavation and support systems. As the result of design studies accomplished along tunnel route, B1, B2, B3 and C2 type rock classes are assumed to be faced during construction of &Ccedil / ubukbeli Tunnel and appropriate excavation and support systems are proposed for these rock classes.

A landslide occurred during the construction of the Giresun &ndash / Espiye road between Km: 1+030 &ndash / 1+170 in April 2003. Investigating the causes and mechanism of this slope failure along with suggesting a proper stabilization technique is aimed in this study. For that purpose, a detailed site investigation study, including engineering geological mapping, drilling work, in situ and laboratory tests, was performed. Weathered tuffite, tuffite, flysch and dacitic tuffite, from top to bottom, are the major units in the study area. A &ldquo / translational slide&rdquo / occurred in completely weathered tuffite owing to the disturbance of the stability of the slope by the excavations performed at the toe of the slope / particularly the foundation excavation for the restaurant building and for the road cut for the Giresun &ndash / Espiye road. After establishing the model of the landslide in detail, shear strength parameters of the failure surface were determined by the back analysis method as &quot / cohesion&quot / =2.5 kN/m2 and &quot / friction angle&quot / =9&deg / . Toe buttressing, ground water and surface water drainage options were considered for stabilizing the slope. For the back analysis calculations, the Morgenstern-Price and Spencer methods were used with the aid of the SLOPE/W computer program.