Chapter One introduces the problem that existed in music and logic-psychology at the end of the 19th century. Both music and logic-psychology were in the cul-de-sac of relativism, which had led to obscurity of method and language. Asthetics-criticism is seen to be in the same relativistic position. It is postulated that phenomenological method could aid in music criticism and aesthetic awareness. The second chapter presents a motivic, or Idea, analysis of Schoenberg's second and third string quartets, showing how the twelve-tone method was developed as a way of curing musical composition of the tonal obscurity of late Romanticism. The third chapter is a short exposition of Husserl's development of phenomenological method from his initial work in logic and mathematics to transcendental phenomenology. Chapter Four discusses some of the methodological parallels between Schoenberg and Husserl. Parallels are drawn from all creative periods of their respective work. Chapter Five focuses on similar problems raised in contemporary aesthetic-criticism and their relationship to the methods of Husserl and Schoenberg. Showing how both men solved their problems, a solution is projected for aesthetics-criticism.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet ein einführendes Kapitel über Orbifold-Konstruktionen in dem neben rudimentären Grundlagen bereits speziellere Themen wie Diskrete Torsion und asymmetrische Orbifold-Gruppen behandelt werden. Als Beispiele für Orbifolde werden Kompaktifizierungen auf Tori sowie das asymmetrische T^4/Z(3)^L x Z(3)^R Orbifold behandelt. Danach wird eine allgemein gehaltene Einführung in Orientifolde gegeben, einschließlich des offenen String Sektors samt Chan-Paton Freiheitsgraden. Die darauf folgenden Kapitel 4-7 behandeln von mir durchgeführte Forschungsarbeiten. Kapitel 4 beschäftigt sich mit der Quantisierung des offenen Strings mit linearen Randbedingungen, wie sie bei Strings in elektro-magnetischen Feldern auftreten. Weiterhin wird die Quantisierung der Null- und Impuls-Moden des offenen Strings in Torus-Kompaktifizierungen durchgeführt. Außerdem wird für den Fall allgemeiner konstanter Hintergrund Neveu-Schwarz U(1)-Hintergrundfelder der Kommutator der Stringkoordinaten berechnet. Dieser stützt bisherige Resultate zur Nicht-Kommutativität von offenen Stringtheorien in Neveu-Schwarz Hintergründen. Kapitel 5 gibt, zusammen mit einigen neuen Erkenntnissen, Resultate von [1] über asymmetrische Orientifolde, insbesondere deren D-Branen Inhalt wieder. Kapitel 6 faßt die Veröffentlichung [2] zusammen, in der untersucht wurde, inwieweit sich phänomenolgisch interessante Modelle in Orientifolden von Torus-Kompaktifizierungen finden lassen. Insbesondere tragen die D9-Branen magnetische Flüsse, womit chirale Fermionen im Spektrum auftreten. Die Rechnungen werden größtenteils im gleichwertigen, T-dualen Bild ausgeführt. In diesem ist die Anzahl der chiralen Fermionen durch die topologische Schnittzahl der D-Branen gegeben. Existieren auf Torus-Kompaktifizierungen entweder nur nicht-chirale oder nicht-supersymmetrische Modelle, so lassen sich auf gewissen Orbifolden beide Eigenschaften miteinander vereinbaren. Kapitel 7 behandelt das "sigma Omega"-Orientifold auf einem T^6/Z(4) Orbifold. Als besonders interessantes Beispiel wird ein supersymmetrisches U(4) x U(2)^3_L x U(2)^3_R Modell vorgestellt, daß durch Einschalten geeigneter Hintergrundfelder in der effektiven Niederenergie-Wirkung auf ein Modell gebrochen wird, daß dem MSSM (minimalem supersymmetrischen Standard Modell) sehr ähnlich ist. Dieses Kapitel basiert auf unserer Publikation [3]. Ferner ist der Arbeit ein Anhang beigefügt, der einige der verwendeten Formeln sowie Beweise zu zwei Sätzen enthält, die im Text verwendet wurden. / This thesis contains an introductory chapter on orbifolds. Besides rudimentary basics we discuss more advanced topics like discrete torsion and asymmetric orbifold groups. As examples we investigate torus compactifications and an asymmetric T^4/Z(3)^L x Z(3)^R orbifold. The following chapter explains the foundations of orientifolds, including open strings with Chan-Paton degrees of freedom. Chapters 4-7 present own research. In chapter 4 we quantize open strings with linear boundary conditions, as they show up in electro-magnetic fields. We quantize the zero- and momentum-modes for toroidal compactifications, too. As an application we calculate the commutator of the coordinate fields in the case of general constant Neveu-Schwarz U(1)-field strengths. Thereby we confirm previous results on non-commutativity of open string theories in Neveu-Schwarz backgrounds. Chapter 5 reviews the results of a former publication [1] on asymmetric orientifolds, supplemented by some recent insights in connection with the preceeding chapter. Chapter 6 is a summary of [2]. In this publication we investigated to what extend one can build phenomenologically interesting models from toroidal orientifolds. By turning on magnetic fluxes on D9-branes we induce chiral fermions. Most calculations are performed in an (equivalent) T-dual picture. Here the number of chiral fermions is given by the topological intersection number of D-branes. In orientifolds of toroidal compactifications one obtains either non-chiral or non-supersymmetric orientifold solutions. However both properties can be reconciled in orientifolds that are obtained from specific supersymmetric orbifold compactifications. In chapter 7 we present the "sigma Omega"-Orientifold on a T^6/Z(4) orbifold. As a very attractive example we investigate a supersymmetric U(4) x U(2)^3_L x U(2)^3_R model that is broken to an MSSM-like model by switching on suitable background fields in the low energy effective action. This chapter is based on our publication [3]. The thesis is supplemented by an appendix with formulas applied in the text, as well as proofs to two theorems that were used as well.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-10T14:58:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 franciscodelgaudiooliveirafigeuiredo.pdf: 778762 bytes, checksum: 462fd065a0a2a277102c64e0a2ecf79c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T11:51:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 franciscodelgaudiooliveirafigeuiredo.pdf: 778762 bytes, checksum: 462fd065a0a2a277102c64e0a2ecf79c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T11:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 franciscodelgaudiooliveirafigeuiredo.pdf: 778762 bytes, checksum: 462fd065a0a2a277102c64e0a2ecf79c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As exigências de localidade, positividade dos estados e positividade da energia dão origem a comportamentos ruins dos campos quânticos em distâncias pequenas (singularidadesUV). Quando tenta-se construir campos quânticos para partículas de spin s ≥ 1 que satisfazem esse princípios fundamentais, acaba-se ganhando interações não-renormalizaveis. Para spins um e dois, existem campos, no contexto de teorias de calibre, com o mesmo bom comportamento UV que o campo escalar para spin zero. Entretanto, é necessária a introdução de um espaço de estados não-físico, assim como campos não-físicos (ghosts). Motivado por trabalhos anteriores, nós investigamos campos quânticos, para bósons massivos de spin arbitrário, possuindo o mesmo comportamento UV que o campo escalar (s = 0), porém que agem num espaço de Hilbert sem ghosts e são covariantes por transformações de Poincaré. Esses campos, entretanto, não possuem mais localização pontual, estando localizados, ao invés, em semi-retas no espaço de Minkowski que se extendem em direções tipo-luz (strings tipo-luz). / The combined requirements of locality, positivity of states and positivity of energy lead to bad short distance behaviour of quantum fields (UV singularities). When one tries to build quantum fields for particles of spin s ≥ 1 that still satisfy these fundamental principles, one ends up with non-renormalizable interactions. For spin one and two, there exist fields in the context of gauge theory with the same good UV behaviour as the scalar field for spin zero. However, for this one has to introduce an unphysical state space, as well as unphysical fields (ghosts). Motivated by previous works, we begin to investigate quantum fields, for massive bosons of any spin, that have the same good UV behaviour as the scalar field (s = 0), act in a Hilbert space without ghosts and are Poincaré covariant. These fields are, however, no longer point-local, being localized instead on semi-infinite lines in Minkowski space extending to lightlike infinity (lightlike strings).

Beethoven's complex manipulation of formal structures, especially his tendency to build important connections and transformative continuities between non-adjacent sections of musical works, may be seen to function as an attempt to control and sometimes to distort the listener's perception of both the narrative process of musical directionality, as well as the subjective interpretation of time itself. Temporal distortion often lies at the heart of Beethoven's complex contrapuntal language, demonstrated equally through the composer's often enigmatic disruption of phrase-periodic gestures, as well as by occasional instances of overtly incongruous temporal shifts. The "Krakow" collection of compositional sketches for Beethoven's String Quartet in E-Flat, Op. 127, provides a number of instances of "non-linear" or "multi-linear" musical continuity. The term "Krakow" sketches, when referenced in this dissertation, specifically designates the group of Beethoven manuscripts possessed by the Biblioteka Jagiellońska in Krakow, Poland, but which formerly were held by the Royal Library in Berlin. Structural voice-leading analyses are provided for selected portions of the "Krakow" collection; these analyses are then compared to voice-leading graphs and analytical reductions of the corresponding material from Beethoven's published versions of the same musical passages. In some cases the sketches supply almost complete texts, for which critical transcriptions are included as extended examples within the dissertation. The primary analytical technique applied to both compositional sketches as well as to complete musical texts derives from Heinrich Schenker's theory of structural voice-leading and graphical reduction. An important method of critical assessment, from which a number of theoretical arguments are developed, is the contention that Beethoven's contrapuntal language, at least in regard to the op. 127 String Quartet, relies heavily upon a temporal distortion of both form and phrase-periodic gestures, requiring the listener to actively re-construct the continuity of Beethoven's subjective formal archetypes.

What do you do if a computational object fails a specification? An obvious approach is to repair it, namely, to modify the object minimally to get something that satisfies the constraints. In this thesis we study foundational problems of repairing regular specifications over strings and trees. Given two regular specifications R and T we aim to understand how difficult it is to transform an object satisfying R into an object satisfying T. The setting is motivated by considering R to be a restriction -- a constraint that the input object is guaranteed to satisfy -- while T is a target -- a constraint that we want to enforce. We first study which pairs of restriction and target specifications can be repaired with a ``small'' numbers of changes. We formalize this as the bounded repair problem -- to determine whether one can repair each object satisfying R into T with a uniform number of edits. We provide effective characterizations of the bounded repair problem for regular specifications over strings and trees. These characterizations are based on a good understanding of the cyclic behaviour of finite automata. By exploiting these characterizations, we give optimal algorithms to decide whether two specifications are bounded repairable or not. We also consider the impact of limitations on the editing process -- what happens when we require the repair to be done sequentially over serialized objects. We study the bounded repair problem over strings and trees restricted to this streaming setting and show that this variant can be characterized in terms of finite games. Furthermore, we use this characterization to decide whether one can repair a pair of specifications in a streaming fashion with bounded cost and how to obtain a streaming repair strategy in this case. The previous notion asks for a uniform bound on the number of edits, but having this property is a strong requirement. To overcome this limitation, we study how to calculate the maximum number of edits per character needed to repair any object in R into T. We formalize this as the asymptotic cost -- the limit of the number of edits divided by the length of the input in the worst case. Our contribution is an algorithm to compute the asymptotic cost for any pair of regular specifications over strings. We also consider the streaming variant of this cost and we show how to compute it by reducing this problem to mean-payoff games.

Thesis / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to contribute to the investigation of the methods in which serial technique expresses meaning in the first movement of Arnold Schoenberg's Third Quartet, Op.30. It aims to add to the debate concerning Schoenberg's use of conventional formsparticularly sonata form-in his serial music, by investigating how he manipulates the row to playa narrative function, seemingly in opposition to its homogeneous nature. The analytical section consists of a semiotic analysis based on the work of Jean- Jacques Nattiez. It incorporates a narratological analysis which infers from the semiotic data that Schoenberg's "idea", which is associated with notions of unity, is brought towards fulfilment through his narrativization of the row in the context of sonata form. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om by te dra tot die ondersoek na die metodes met behulp waarvan seriële tegniek "betekenis" tot uitdrukking bring in Arnold Schoenberg se derde strykkwartet, op. 30. Dit poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die debat oor Schoenberg se gebruik van konvensionele vorms-in besonder sonatevorm-in sy seriële musiek te ondersoek, deur middel van manipulasies van die reeks in diens van 'n narratiewe funksie, oënskynlik in teenstelling met die homogene aard van die reeks. Die analitiese gedeelte van die studie bestaan uit 'n semiotiese analise gebaseer op die werk van Jean-Jacques Nattiez. Hierby word ingesluit 'n narratologiese analise waarin vanuit die semiotiese data afgelei word dat Schoenberg se "idee", wat geassosieer word met opvattings van eenheid, tot 'n slotsom gebring word deur middel van sy narrativering van die reeks in die konteks van sonatevorm.

The demand for energy from developed and developing economies of the world is driving the search for energy resources to more challenging environments. The exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons now requires the drillbit to hit pay zones from drillships or platforms that are located on water surfaces below which is, possibly, in excess of ten thousand feet of water above the sea bed. From Brazil, to the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of Guinea on the western coast of Africa, hitherto unfamiliar, but now common, concepts in the drilling parlance such as ultra-deep drilling (UDD), ultraextended- reach drilling (uERD) and slimhole drilling, are employed to reach and produce reservoirs which a few decades ago would seem technologically impossible to produce. This is expected to exert tremendous demands on the physical and mechanical properties of the drillstring components. Limiting factors for reaching and producing oil and gas resources hidden very deep in the subsurface are both the capacity of the drilling rig to support the weight of the drillstring, which in some instances can be several kilometres long, and the bending, tensile and impact stresses the string has to withstand in well trajectories that are getting both longer and more tortuous. Associated with this increased well depths and complex well trajectories is the prohibitive cost penalty of a failed drillstring. The in-service failure of drillstrings has always been an issue in the industry long before the wells become this deep and complex. The global oil and gas industry estimates the cost of string failure to be in excess of quarter of a billion dollars annually. Researchers are continuously looking for ways to design against string failure and improve the level of confidence in drillstrings. Defect-tolerant design, tooljoint geometry modification and surface coldworking are just a few of the ideas that have gained mileage in this effort. Others that are now in consideration are the use of nonconventional materials such as aluminium and titanium alloys for drillstring components. More novel, still, is the use of a combination of two materials - one ‘softer’ than the other to form a hybrid string of two materials of unequal moduli of elasticity. This is done to make the string lighter, reduce stress concentration factor at the connections and place fatigue resistant materials in areas of high well bore curvature.In this work a computational technique in the form of two-dimensional finite element analysis is used to develop a robust model of a drillstring connection and to analyse the stresses on the model of a threaded connection of standard drillstring tooljoint made from alloy steel. Further comparative analyses were undertaken on models of drillstrings made from a newly developed drillstring material for ultra-deep drilling, the UD-165, aluminium and titanium alloys and, finally, on hybrid drillstrings made from two different materials of unequal moduli of elasticity. The aim is not only to develop and validate a better method of computational drillstring analysis but also to use the model to investigate and suggest areas of optimisation that will benefit industry especially in the areas hybrid strings.

abstract: This study examined directors’, master teachers’, graduate and undergraduate String Project teachers’ perspectives of the skills and behaviors important for teaching strings. Participants were from the 40 String Projects listed on the National String Project Consortium website, including String Project directors (n = 16), master teachers (n = 7), graduate (n = 6) and undergraduate string teachers (n = 46) involved in String Projects across the United States. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 72 years old. The survey for this study was based on Teachout’s 1997 survey pertaining to teachers’ skills and behaviors in three categories: teaching, personal, musical. A cover letter containing a link to the electronic survey was sent to directors and master teachers for the 40 String Projects, requesting their participation and the participation of their string teachers. Seventy-five participants from 19 String Projects completed the survey. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each item for each of the four participant groups. Overall means for each category of skills and behaviors were calculated followed by a one-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to determine which of the three categories the teachers and directors believed most important. Three one-way MANOVAs were used to analyze participants’ perspectives for three broad categories of skills and behaviors (personal, teaching, and musical) across the four participant groups. No significant differences were found across all three MANOVA analyses. Additionally, descriptive statistics were used to determine the rankings of importance for the four participant groups on 40 survey items. Results showed that participants in all four groups believed that personal skills and behaviors were more important than teaching and musical skills and behaviors. Also conducted were Pearson Product-Moment Correlations, which analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between the ranked perceptions of musical and teaching skills and behaviors (r = .78, p = .00), between musical and personal skills and behaviors (r = .65, p = .00), and between personal and teaching skills and behaviors (r = .84, p = .00). Strong positive correlations were found between the three categories. Recommendations for research and practice were given. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music Education 2019

The demand for energy from developed and developing economies of the world is driving the search for energy resources to more challenging environments. The exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons now requires the drillbit to hit pay zones from drillships or platforms that are located on water surfaces below which is, possibly, in excess of ten thousand feet of water above the sea bed. From Brazil, to the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of Guinea on the western coast of Africa, hitherto unfamiliar, but now common, concepts in the drilling parlance such as ultra-deep drilling (UDD), ultraextended- reach drilling (uERD) and slimhole drilling, are employed to reach and produce reservoirs which a few decades ago would seem technologically impossible to produce. This is expected to exert tremendous demands on the physical and mechanical properties of the drillstring components. Limiting factors for reaching and producing oil and gas resources hidden very deep in the subsurface are both the capacity of the drilling rig to support the weight of the drillstring, which in some instances can be several kilometres long, and the bending, tensile and impact stresses the string has to withstand in well trajectories that are getting both longer and more tortuous. Associated with this increased well depths and complex well trajectories is the prohibitive cost penalty of a failed drillstring. The in-service failure of drillstrings has always been an issue in the industry long before the wells become this deep and complex. The global oil and gas industry estimates the cost of string failure to be in excess of quarter of a billion dollars annually. Researchers are continuously looking for ways to design against string failure and improve the level of confidence in drillstrings. Defect-tolerant design, tooljoint geometry modification and surface coldworking are just a few of the ideas that have gained mileage in this effort. Others that are now in consideration are the use of nonconventional materials such as aluminium and titanium alloys for drillstring components. More novel, still, is the use of a combination of two materials - one ‘softer’ than the other to form a hybrid string of two materials of unequal moduli of elasticity. This is done to make the string lighter, reduce stress concentration factor at the connections and place fatigue resistant materials in areas of high well bore curvature.In this work a computational technique in the form of two-dimensional finite element analysis is used to develop a robust model of a drillstring connection and to analyse the stresses on the model of a threaded connection of standard drillstring tooljoint made from alloy steel. Further comparative analyses were undertaken on models of drillstrings made from a newly developed drillstring material for ultra-deep drilling, the UD-165, aluminium and titanium alloys and, finally, on hybrid drillstrings made from two different materials of unequal moduli of elasticity. The aim is not only to develop and validate a better method of computational drillstring analysis but also to use the model to investigate and suggest areas of optimisation that will benefit industry especially in the areas hybrid strings.

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