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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Interface optimisation and bonding mechanism of rubber-wood-plastic composites

Zhou, Yonghui January 2018 (has links)
The incorporation of waste tyre rubber into thermoplastics to develop a class of polymer composites with both elastomeric and thermoplastic behaviour has gained a lot of attention and is becoming one of the most straightforward and preferred options to achieve the valorisation of waste tyres. In view of the unique properties rubber possesses and the rapid expansion and versatile application of wood plastic composites (WPC) materials, the inclusion of tyre rubber as raw material into WPC to develop an entirely new generation of WPC, namely rubber-wood-plastic composites (RubWPC), was presumed to be another highly promising solution to turn waste tyres into value-added materials. This research starts with the interfacial optimisation of Rubber-PE composites and WPC by the use of maleated and silane coupling agents, aiming at addressing their poor constituent compatibility and interfacial bonding, thus enabling the optimal design of RubWPC. Chemical, physical and mechanical bonding scenarios of both untreated and treated composites were revealed by conducting ATR-FTIR, NMR, SEM and FM analyses. The contribution of the optimised interface to the bulk mechanical property of the composites were assessed by carrying out DMA and tensile property analysis. The influence of the coupling agent treatments on the in situ mechanical property of WPC was first determined by nanoindentation analysis, which led to a thorough understanding of the interfacial characteristics and the correlation between in situ and bulk mechanical properties. This research focuses on the novel formulation of RubWPC and the understanding of bonding mechanism. Chemical bonding and interface structure studies revealed that interdiffusion, molecular attractions, chemical reactions, and mechanical interlocking were mutually responsible for the enhancement of the interfacial adhesion and bonding of the coupling agent treated RubWPC. The improved interface gave rise to the increase of bulk mechanical properties, while the continuous addition of rubber particle exerted an opposite influence on the property of RubWPC. The composite with optimised interface possessed superior nanomechanical properties due to the resin penetration into cell lumens and vessels and the reaction between cell walls and coupling agents.
2

Matériaux polymériques 1D à transition de spin : investigations structurales multi-échelles / 1D Polymeric spin transition materials : multi ladder structural investigations

Grosjean, Arnaud 19 December 2013 (has links)
La famille de matériaux polymériques 1D de type [Fe(Rtrz)3]Ax présente un phénomène detransition de spin, i.e. une modification réversible de la configuration électronique de l’ionmétallique pilotée par un stimulus (P, T, hv). Pour ces matériaux les caractéristiques detransition sont proches des pré-requis pour des applications technologiques. Ce travail, basésur des investigations par diffraction X aux frontières des possibilités, présente pour lapremière fois une description fiable des propriétés structurales de ces matériauxpolymériques aux différentes échelles (atomique à microscopique). D’une part l’originalitédes comportements structuraux observés est mise en relation avec les propriétés detransition de spin et d’autre part des aspects nouveaux tels que la fatigabilité, l’influence dela pression ou les morphologies des domaines cohérents sont explorés. Ces résultatsapportent des éléments essentiels à la compréhension et à la poursuite du développementde ces matériaux. / The 1D polymeric materials family of type [Fe(Rtrz)3]Ax exhibit a spin transitionphenomenon, i.e. a reversible modification of the electronic configuration of a metallic iondriven by a stimulus (P, T, hv). For these materials the transition characteristics are close tothe pre-requisite for technological applications. This work, based on X-ray diffractioninvestigations close to the limit of possibilities, presents for the first time a reliabledescription of the structural properties of these polymeric materials with different scales(atomic to microscopic). On one hand the original structural behavior observed is relatedwith the properties of the spin transition and on the other hand new aspects such as fatigue,the influence of pressure or morphologies of domain size are explored. These results provideessential elements for the understanding and the further development of these materials.
3

Relation entre synthèse, microstructure et propriétés électrochimiques d'hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (HDL) / Relationship between synthesis, microstructure and electrochemical properties of double-layered hydroxides (HDL)

Faour, Azzam 23 November 2012 (has links)
Ce travail est consacré à la synthèse de phases d’Hydroxydes Doubles Lamellaire (HDL) [NiAl-CO32-] à morphologies contrôlées et à l’étude de la relation entre leurs propriétés structurales / microstructurales et leurs propriétés électrochimiques. Les phases HDL sont préparées par un nouveau procédé de synthèse, basé sur un traitement hydrothermal en présence d’acides aminés. Nous avons mis en évidence l’influence de plusieurs paramètres de synthèse tels que la quantité d’acide aminé, la concentration de sels métalliques, le pH du milieu ainsi que la température et le temps du traitement hydrothermal ou encore la nature de l’acide aminé. Trois phases présentant différents degrés de cristallinité et différentes morphologies et représentatives des échantillons synthétisés, ont été plus particulièrement étudiées. Leur structure et microstructure ont été déterminées par affinement Rietveld en utilisant des données de diffraction des rayons X à haute résolution enregistrées au synchrotron. Ces résultats de DRX combinés avec les observations en microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) indiquent que l'élargissement des raies de diffraction 00l est principalement dû à des effets de taille, tandis que les effets, à la fois de taille et de micro-contrainte contribuent à l’élargissement anisotrope des autres réflexions hkl. Les micro-contraintes sont attribuées à un phénomène d’interstratification (CO32-/SO42-) et d’intercroissance de deux polytypes 2H1 et 3R1, confirmés et quantifiés à l’aide du logiciel DIFFaX. L’étude des propriétés électrochimiques de ces phases par voltammétrie cyclique a permis de montrer que la présence du motif d’empilement 2H1 induit une nette augmentation du signal électrochimique. / This work is devoted to the synthesis of NiAl-CO32- Layered Double Hydroxide phases (LDH) with controlled morphology and to the study of the relationship between the structural / microstructural and electrochemical properties. The LDH phases are prepared by a new synthetic method, based on the hydrothermal synthesis in presence of amino acids. We have highlighted the influence of various synthetic parameters such as the amount of amino acid, the concentration of metal salts, the pH of the medium, the temperature and time of hydrothermal treatment as well as the amino acid nature. Three phases of different degrees of crystallinity and different morphologies, representative of synthesized samples were particularly studied. Their structures and microstructures were determined by Rietveld refinement using high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. These XRD results combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicate that the broadening of 00l diffraction lines is mainly due to size effects, while both size and micro-strain effects contribute to the anisotropic broadening of the other hkl reflections. The micro-strain are attributed to an interstratification phenomena (CO32-/SO42-) and intergrowth between rhombohedral 3R1 and hexagonal 2H1 polytypes, confirmed and quantified using the software DIFFaX. The electrochemical properties of these phases are also studied by cyclic voltammetry showing that the presence of the 2H1 stacking motifs results in a net increase of the electrochemical signal.
4

Chemistry and physics of diamond surfaces

Domke, Andreas January 1999 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with the chemistry and physics of C(100) surfaces of diamond. The polished and cleaned C(100) surface is examined by surface microscopy (Atomic-force Microscopy), electron diffraction (Low-energy Electron Diffraction) and photoemission (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ultra-violet Photoelectron Spectroscopy). Results are presented on the presence of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen/deuterium on the C(100) surface. Finally, the valence band structure of diamond is probed by angle-resolved photoemission. We have confirmed by AFM that the grooves from the soft polishing process are present on a polished C(100) surface and found sporadic traces of hard polish on a surface polished in the soft polishing direction. XPS studies have verified heating cycles by electron beam bombardment as a suitable cleaning procedure for pure reconstructed C(100) surfaces. By allowing the crystal to cool slowly, the first experimental evidence of quarter-order LEED spots have been found, which suggest that buckled dimerisation might have occurred similar to those on Si(100) and Ge(100). We present the first experimental electron spectroscopy results for a nitrogen impurity in diamond by showing the N KLL Auger spectrum. An attempt to smooth a C(100) surface of diamond by an atomic hydrogen plasma did not succeed. AFM studies showed no evidence for the surface smoothing reported in other studies, but the results enable us to explain the different plasma published in the literature. The valence band of diamond is investigated by off-normal ARUPS. The features observed are consistent with possible transitions, which are determined using bulk band structure calculations and comparison with the experimental binding energies.
5

Relation entre synthèse, microstructure et propriétés électrochimiques d'hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (HDL)

Faour, Azzam 23 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Ce travail est consacré à la synthèse de phases d'Hydroxydes Doubles Lamellaire (HDL) [NiAl-CO32-] à morphologies contrôlées et à l'étude de la relation entre leurs propriétés structurales / microstructurales et leurs propriétés électrochimiques. Les phases HDL sont préparées par un nouveau procédé de synthèse, basé sur un traitement hydrothermal en présence d'acides aminés. Nous avons mis en évidence l'influence de plusieurs paramètres de synthèse tels que la quantité d'acide aminé, la concentration de sels métalliques, le pH du milieu ainsi que la température et le temps du traitement hydrothermal ou encore la nature de l'acide aminé. Trois phases présentant différents degrés de cristallinité et différentes morphologies et représentatives des échantillons synthétisés, ont été plus particulièrement étudiées. Leur structure et microstructure ont été déterminées par affinement Rietveld en utilisant des données de diffraction des rayons X à haute résolution enregistrées au synchrotron. Ces résultats de DRX combinés avec les observations en microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) indiquent que l'élargissement des raies de diffraction 00l est principalement dû à des effets de taille, tandis que les effets, à la fois de taille et de micro-contrainte contribuent à l'élargissement anisotrope des autres réflexions hkl. Les micro-contraintes sont attribuées à un phénomène d'interstratification (CO32-/SO42-) et d'intercroissance de deux polytypes 2H1 et 3R1, confirmés et quantifiés à l'aide du logiciel DIFFaX. L'étude des propriétés électrochimiques de ces phases par voltammétrie cyclique a permis de montrer que la présence du motif d'empilement 2H1 induit une nette augmentation du signal électrochimique.
6

Studies On Characterization Of Self Compacting Concrete : Microstructure, Fracture And Fatigue

Hemalatha, T 10 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Evolution of concrete is continuously taking place to meet the ever-growing demands of the construction industry. Self compacting concrete (SCC) has emerged as a result of this demand to overcome the scarcity of labour. SCC is widely replacing normal vibrated concrete (NVC) these days owing to its advantages such as homogeneity of the mix, filling ability even in heavily congested reinforcement, smooth finish, reduction in construction time etc. The ingredients used for SCC is the same as that of the NVC. But the proportioning of ingredients to achieve self compactability alters the microstructure of SCC which in turn affects the mechanical and fracture properties. Moreover, the mineral admixtures such as fly ash and silica fume when used for improving the workability of SCC help in the development of the microstructural skeleton. In this study, three SCC mixes SCC1- made with only cement, SCC2 - with fly ash in addition to cement and SCC3 - with fly ash and silica fume in addition to cement for achieving normal, medium and high strength SCC respectively are cast. The microstructural changes in SCC with and without mineral admixtures over a period of time are studied using different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The modification of mechanical properties at microstructural level brings difference in the behavior at macro level. Hence in this study, the mechanical properties at microstructural are obtained by using microindentation test and are scaled up to the macro level to predict the influence of micromechanical properties on macro response. The fracture properties of SCC is considered to be the interest of this study and is carried out with the help of advanced techniques such as acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC). From the various studies carried out, it is inferred that the mixes with mineral admixtures behave in a more brittle manner when compared to mix having no mineral admixture. It is also observed that class ‘F’ fly ash hydrates at a slow pace and the strength gain is observed after 28 days and even beyond 90 days. Hence, it is concluded that it is appropriate to consider the strength at 90 days instead of 28 days for a SCC mix with class ‘F’ fly ash. Silica fume on the other hand is observed to result in a more rapid gain in strength and this can partially offset the delay in strength gain due to fly ash.
7

Strukturell komplexe intermetallische Verbindungen im System Al-Mg-Zn

Berthold, Rico 29 October 2014 (has links)
Die Elemente Al, Mg und Zn sind wichtige Komponenten für leichte und hochfeste Legierungen, wie die Al- oder Mg-Knetlegierungen. Darüber hinaus ist das Al-Mg-Zn-System sehr interessant, weil vier ternäre komplexe intermetallische Phasen, genannt τ1, τ2, Φ und q, darin vorkommen. Die aktuellen experimentellen Phasendiagramme des Al-Mg-Zn-Systems enthalten nur provisorische oder keine Homogenitätsbereiche der Φ-, τ2- und der q-Phase aufgrund unzureichender experimenteller Daten. Ziel der Arbeiten war es, die Homogenitätsbereiche der q-, τ2- und der Φ-Phase neu zu ermitteln und die Kristallstruktur der Φ-Phase zu bestimmen. Proben wurden durch Schmelzen und Wärmebehandlung in Ta-Ampullen oder durch Zentrifugieren aus der Schmelze hergestellt und durch XRD, SEM, EDXS, WDXS und DSC charakterisiert. Während der Neuuntersuchung der Al-Mg-Zn Phasengleichgewichte in der Nähe des Teilsystems Mg-Zn und nahe bei τ1 wurde eine Reihe von neuen ternären Phasen entdeckt. Die Kristallstrukturen für die Φ-Phase (Pbcm, a = 8,9374 (2) Å, b = 16,812 (3) Å, c = 19,586 (4) a) und drei der neuen intermetallischen Verbindungen wurden gelöst und die Kristallstruktur des τ2 Phase wurde erneut untersucht. Während τ2 (Pa-3, a = 23,034 (3) Å) ein Approximant der ikosaedrischen quasikristallinen Phase q ist, erwies sich eine der neuen Phasen (τd, Imm2, a = 5,2546 (2), b = 40,240 (2), c = 25,669 (1) Å) als dekagonaler Approximant. Überraschenderweise wurde eine Phase (Fd-3m, a = 27,5937 (9) Å) gefunden, die isotyp zu der binären Phase β-Al3Mg2 ist, aber eine Zn-reiche Zusammensetzung hat.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Grundlagen 5 2.1 Frank-Kasper-Phasen und tetraedrisch dicht gepackte Strukturen 5 2.2 Parkettierungen, Quasikristalle and Approximanten 11 2.3 Phasendiagramme und Phasen des Al-Mg-Zn Systems 16 3 Experimentelle Methoden und Theoretische Berechnungen 24 3.1 Ausgangsstoffe 24 3.2 Präparation der Proben 24 3.2.1 Schmelzspinnen 25 3.2.2 Schmelzzentrifugation 26 3.2.3 Abkühlvarianten 26 3.3 Charakterisierung der Legierungen 27 3.3.1 Chemische Analysen 27 3.3.2 Metallografie, Röntgenspektroskopie, Elektronenbeugung 28 3.3.3 DSC- und Massendichtemessungen, Messungen des elektrischen Widerstands 29 3.3.4 Pulver-Röntgendiffraktion und Pulver-Neutronendiffraktion 29 3.3.5 Einkristall-Röntgendiffraktion 30 3.4 Theoretische Berechnungen 31 3.4.1 Berechnungen der elektronischen Struktur 31 3.4.2 Gesamtenergieberechnungen 31 3.4.3 Calphad-Berechnungen und DTA-Simulation 32 4 Ergebnisse 34 4.1 Die Phi-Phase 34 4.1.1 Phasenanalyse 35 4.1.2 Physikalische Eigenschaften 44 4.1.3 Kristallchemie 45 4.1.4 Ergebnisse der Gesamtenergieberechnungen, DOS 57 4.2 Die tau-2-Phase 59 4.2.1 Phasenanalyse 60 4.2.2 Strukturmodellierung mit kanonischen Zell-Parkettierungen 73 4.2.3 Strukturverfeinerung 77 4.2.4 Kristallchemie 83 4.2.5 Ergebnisse der Gesamtenergieberechnungen 88 4.3 Primäre Phasenfelder der Mg-reichen Seite des Al-Mg-Zn Systems und die q-Phase 93 4.3.1 Die quasikristalline Phase q und ihr komplex-reguläres Eutektikum 98 4.4 Neue komplexe intermetallische Verbindungen im Al-Mg-Zn System 106 4.4.1 Phasenanalytische Untersuchungen in der Nähe des binären Teilsystems Mg-Zn 106 4.4.2 Physikalische Eigenschaften 113 4.4.3 Kristallchemie 114 4.4.3.1 Die beta-Zn-Phase 114 4.4.3.2 Die tau-d-Phase, ein dekagonaler Approximant 125 4.4.3.3 Die lambda-Phase 134 5 Zusammenfassung 141 6 Literatur 149 A Anhang 159 A.1 Verfeinerung der Einkristall-Röntgenbeugungsdaten 159 A.2 Grundlagen der DTA-Simulation 160 A.2.1 DTA-Simulation in VBA für den Excel-Export von Pandat2012 161 A.3 Zusätzliche Information über die Phi-Phase des Al-Mg-Zn Systems 168 A.3.1 Informationen zu den effektiven Paarpotentialen für das ternäre Al-Mg-Zn System 172 A.4 Zusätzliche Informationen über die tau-2-Phase im Al-Mg-Zn System 175 A.5 Zusätzliche Informationen über die Abtastung der primären Phasenfelder 180 A.6 Zusätzliche Informationen über die beta-Zn-Phase im System Al-Mg-Zn 185 A.7 Zusätzliche Informationen über die tau-d-Phase im System Al-Mg-Zn 191 A.8 Zusätzliche Informationen über die lambda-Phase im System Al-Mg-Zn 195 / The elements Al, Mg and Zn are major components for a large number of light and high strength alloys, such as the Al-based alloys of the 7xxx series. In addition, the Al-Mg-Zn system has attracted much interest because four complex metallic alloy phases, called τ1, τ2, Φ and q are formed as ternary intermetallic compounds. The current experimental phase diagrams of the Al-Mg-Zn system contain only provisional or no homogeneity ranges of the Φ phase, τ2 phase and the q phase due to insufficient experimental data. The aim of the work was to redetermine the homogeneity ranges of the q, τ2 and the Φ phases and to determine the crystal structure of the Φ phase for a reliable data set. Samples were prepared by furnace-controlled melting and annealing in Ta ampoules or by centrifugation from the self-flux and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDXS, WDXS and DSC. While reinvestigating the Al-Mg-Zn phase equilibria in the vicinity of the subsystem Mg-Zn close to τ1, a number of new ternary phases were discovered. Single phase material could be obtained for the known Φ and τ2 phases and for four new intermetallic compounds. The crystal structures for the Φ phase and two of the new intermetallic compounds were solved and the crystal structure of the τ2 phase was reinvestigated. While τ2 (Pa-3, a = 23.034(3) Å) is an approximant of the icosahedral quasicrystalline phase q, the Φ phase (Pbcm, a = 8.9374(2) Å, b = 16.812(3) Å, c = 19.586(4) Å) and one of the new phases (Imm2, a = 5.2546(2), b = 40.240(2), c = 25.669(1) Å) turned out to be decagonal approximants. Surprisingly, we have found one phase (Fd-3m, a = 27.5937 (9) Å) isotypic to the Samson’s phase β-Al3Mg2 at Zn rich composition.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Grundlagen 5 2.1 Frank-Kasper-Phasen und tetraedrisch dicht gepackte Strukturen 5 2.2 Parkettierungen, Quasikristalle and Approximanten 11 2.3 Phasendiagramme und Phasen des Al-Mg-Zn Systems 16 3 Experimentelle Methoden und Theoretische Berechnungen 24 3.1 Ausgangsstoffe 24 3.2 Präparation der Proben 24 3.2.1 Schmelzspinnen 25 3.2.2 Schmelzzentrifugation 26 3.2.3 Abkühlvarianten 26 3.3 Charakterisierung der Legierungen 27 3.3.1 Chemische Analysen 27 3.3.2 Metallografie, Röntgenspektroskopie, Elektronenbeugung 28 3.3.3 DSC- und Massendichtemessungen, Messungen des elektrischen Widerstands 29 3.3.4 Pulver-Röntgendiffraktion und Pulver-Neutronendiffraktion 29 3.3.5 Einkristall-Röntgendiffraktion 30 3.4 Theoretische Berechnungen 31 3.4.1 Berechnungen der elektronischen Struktur 31 3.4.2 Gesamtenergieberechnungen 31 3.4.3 Calphad-Berechnungen und DTA-Simulation 32 4 Ergebnisse 34 4.1 Die Phi-Phase 34 4.1.1 Phasenanalyse 35 4.1.2 Physikalische Eigenschaften 44 4.1.3 Kristallchemie 45 4.1.4 Ergebnisse der Gesamtenergieberechnungen, DOS 57 4.2 Die tau-2-Phase 59 4.2.1 Phasenanalyse 60 4.2.2 Strukturmodellierung mit kanonischen Zell-Parkettierungen 73 4.2.3 Strukturverfeinerung 77 4.2.4 Kristallchemie 83 4.2.5 Ergebnisse der Gesamtenergieberechnungen 88 4.3 Primäre Phasenfelder der Mg-reichen Seite des Al-Mg-Zn Systems und die q-Phase 93 4.3.1 Die quasikristalline Phase q und ihr komplex-reguläres Eutektikum 98 4.4 Neue komplexe intermetallische Verbindungen im Al-Mg-Zn System 106 4.4.1 Phasenanalytische Untersuchungen in der Nähe des binären Teilsystems Mg-Zn 106 4.4.2 Physikalische Eigenschaften 113 4.4.3 Kristallchemie 114 4.4.3.1 Die beta-Zn-Phase 114 4.4.3.2 Die tau-d-Phase, ein dekagonaler Approximant 125 4.4.3.3 Die lambda-Phase 134 5 Zusammenfassung 141 6 Literatur 149 A Anhang 159 A.1 Verfeinerung der Einkristall-Röntgenbeugungsdaten 159 A.2 Grundlagen der DTA-Simulation 160 A.2.1 DTA-Simulation in VBA für den Excel-Export von Pandat2012 161 A.3 Zusätzliche Information über die Phi-Phase des Al-Mg-Zn Systems 168 A.3.1 Informationen zu den effektiven Paarpotentialen für das ternäre Al-Mg-Zn System 172 A.4 Zusätzliche Informationen über die tau-2-Phase im Al-Mg-Zn System 175 A.5 Zusätzliche Informationen über die Abtastung der primären Phasenfelder 180 A.6 Zusätzliche Informationen über die beta-Zn-Phase im System Al-Mg-Zn 185 A.7 Zusätzliche Informationen über die tau-d-Phase im System Al-Mg-Zn 191 A.8 Zusätzliche Informationen über die lambda-Phase im System Al-Mg-Zn 195

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