A elevação do status da questão ambiental tornou o tema sustentabilidade ambiental uma constância em todos os segmentos. A representatividade dos impactos ambientais da construção civil em comparação aos demais setores produtivos justifica a atenção despendida ao tema sustentabilidade ambiental e o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e novas formas de gestão do modo de produzir o espaço construído. A pesquisa discuti como as metas de sustentabilidade definidas pelo processo de certificação ambiental AQUA, traduzidas em estratégias tecnológicas e gerenciais estão sendo aplicadas pelo mercado de construção civil, destacando-se a análise do subsistema estrutura de edifícios. Em um primeiro estágio, a pesquisa propôs levantar as tecnologias disponíveis, em prática pelo mercado ou objeto de pesquisa, dentro do cenário construtivo internacional e nacional, restritas ao subsistema estrutura. Na segunda fase, através de uma pesquisa de levantamento amostral on line com empresas de projeto de estruturas, foi composto um quadro das estratégias empregadas com o objetivo do melhor desempenho ambiental dos empreendimentos, considerando o cenário do estado de São Paulo. / The rise in the environmental issue status made the environmental sustainability theme a constant in all sectors. The representativeness of civil construction environmental impacts as compared to the other productive sectors justifies the attention given to the environmental sustainability theme as well as the development of researches and new forms of managing the way of producing the built environment. This research discussed how the sustainability goals established by the AQUA environmental certification process, translated into technological and managerial strategies, are being applied by the civil construction market, particularly with the analysis of the building structure subsystem. At the first stage, the proposal was to survey the technologies available and practiced by the market or research object, within the international and national construction scenario, restricted by the structure subsystem. At the second stage, by means of an on line sample survey research with structural design firms, a framework of the strategies employed was designed aiming at a better environmental performance by the developments, considering the State of São Paulo scenario.

A elevação do status da questão ambiental tornou o tema sustentabilidade ambiental uma constância em todos os segmentos. A representatividade dos impactos ambientais da construção civil em comparação aos demais setores produtivos justifica a atenção despendida ao tema sustentabilidade ambiental e o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e novas formas de gestão do modo de produzir o espaço construído. A pesquisa discuti como as metas de sustentabilidade definidas pelo processo de certificação ambiental AQUA, traduzidas em estratégias tecnológicas e gerenciais estão sendo aplicadas pelo mercado de construção civil, destacando-se a análise do subsistema estrutura de edifícios. Em um primeiro estágio, a pesquisa propôs levantar as tecnologias disponíveis, em prática pelo mercado ou objeto de pesquisa, dentro do cenário construtivo internacional e nacional, restritas ao subsistema estrutura. Na segunda fase, através de uma pesquisa de levantamento amostral on line com empresas de projeto de estruturas, foi composto um quadro das estratégias empregadas com o objetivo do melhor desempenho ambiental dos empreendimentos, considerando o cenário do estado de São Paulo. / The rise in the environmental issue status made the environmental sustainability theme a constant in all sectors. The representativeness of civil construction environmental impacts as compared to the other productive sectors justifies the attention given to the environmental sustainability theme as well as the development of researches and new forms of managing the way of producing the built environment. This research discussed how the sustainability goals established by the AQUA environmental certification process, translated into technological and managerial strategies, are being applied by the civil construction market, particularly with the analysis of the building structure subsystem. At the first stage, the proposal was to survey the technologies available and practiced by the market or research object, within the international and national construction scenario, restricted by the structure subsystem. At the second stage, by means of an on line sample survey research with structural design firms, a framework of the strategies employed was designed aiming at a better environmental performance by the developments, considering the State of São Paulo scenario.

The use of function has been recognized as an important part of the design process over last two decades, especially at the conceptual design stage, due to its critical role in determining the final product’s functionality. Although there are now some general methodologies dealing with functions or reasoning about functions, virtually no commercial CAD system can support conceptual design process due to their focus on geometrical modeling but not functional modeling. This paper presents a functional modeling approach to guide conceptual die design through functional reasoning steps including functional decomposition, functional supportive synthesis and function-structure mapping. The formed functional model provides a good basis to generate various die structures at the conceptual design stage, because function is a higher level of abstraction than structure, and helps to capture the designer’s intent. The functional modeling process has been implemented in a computerized design environment to expedite the conceptual die design process. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Over the last decade there has been a worldwide increase in the use of retractable roofs for stadia. This increase has been based on the flexibility and better economic performance offered by venues featuring retractable roofs compared to those with traditional fixed roofs. With this increased interest an evolution in retractable roof systems has followed. This dissertation is concerned with the development of concepts for retractable roof systems. A review is carried out to establish the current state-of-the-art of retractable roof design. A second review of deployable structures is used to identify a suitable retractable structure for further development. The structure chosen is formed by a two-dimensional ring of pantographic bar elements interconnected through simple revolute hinges. A concept for retractable roofs is then proposed by covering the bar elements with rigid cover plates. To prevent the cover plates from inhibiting the motion of the structure a theorem governing the shape of these plate elements is developed through a geometrical study of the retractable mechanism. Applying the theorem it is found that retractable structures of any plan shape can be formed from plate elements only. To prove the concept a 1.3 meter diameter model is designed and built. To increase the structural efficiency of the proposed retractable roof concept it is investigated if the original plan shape can be adapted to a spherical surface. The investigation reveals that it is not possible to adapt the mechanism but the shape of the rigid cover plates can be adapted to a spherical surface. Three novel retractable mechanisms are then developed to allow opening and closing of a structure formed by such spherical plate elements. Two mechanisms are based on a spherical motion for the plate elements. It is shown that the spherical structure can be opened and closed by simply rotating the individual plates about fixed points. Hence a simple structure is proposed where each plate is rotated individually in a synchronous motion. To eliminate the need for mechanical synchronisation of the motion, a mechanism based on a reciprocal arrangement of the plates is developed. The plate elements are interconnected through sliding connections allowing them mutually to support each other, hence forming a self-supporting structure in which the motion of all plates is synchronised. To simplify the structure further, an investigation into whether the plate elements can be interconnected solely through simple revolute joints is carried out. This is not found to be possible for a spherical motion. However, a spatial mechanism is developed in which the plate elements are interconnected through bars and spherical joints. Geometrical optimisation of the motion path and connection points is used to eliminate the internal strains that occur in the initial design of this structure so a single degree-of-freedom mechanism is obtained. The research presented in this dissertation has hence led to the development of a series of novel concepts for retractable roof systems.

Cuando en una empresa se produce una rotación excesiva del personal, el área de Recursos Humanos debe realizar un análisis crítico de las razones que provocaron este fenómeno y tomar las medidas necesarias para mitigar o frenar la situación. En un concepto organizacional, la rotación del personal es una medida de cuánto tiempo los empleados permanecen en la organización y con qué frecuencia deben o son reemplazados. Cada vez que un empleado se retira de la empresa, sea cualquiera el motivo, aumenta el nivel de rotación del personal, genera costos adicionales a la empresa y evidencia que los procesos de retención son infructuosos. Como explicaciones de este fenómeno, entre las causas más comunes, se encuentran la inadecuada supervisión, el clima laboral desfavorable o la falta de una política salarial. Así, la presente investigación se orientó a evaluar y proponer el diseño de un modelo de estructura salarial para una empresa del sector construcción del rubro inmobiliario, con la finalidad de reducir el incremento de la rotación de su personal y que la gestión de compensaciones cuente con una herramienta sólida que permita la selección y la retención del personal. En tal sentido, la investigación en su carácter básico y aplicado, a partir de la información recabada de la empresa en mención, así como del resultado de la entrevista al gerente general y al personal clave, posibilitó identificar que los factores que inciden efectivamente en la alta rotación del personal son la obsolescencia de los perfiles de los puestos, la falta de una definición y responsabilidades para cada puesto, la ausencia de una metodología que permita valorar los puestos en función de su contribución e impacto en la gestión del negocio, la sobrecarga laboral producida por la demora en reemplazar al personal renunciante y la carencia de alineamiento a una propuesta salarial promedio del mercado. De ese modo, al enfocarse tanto en los problemas propios del manejo interno como en la visión de los factores externos, el presente estudio permitió diseñar un modelo de estructura salarial que efectivice el proceso de compensaciones y contribuya al proceso de selección y a la retención del personal en la empresa. / When in a company there is excessive staff turnover, the Human Resources area must perform a critical analysis of the reasons that caused this phenomenon and take the necessary measures to mitigate or stop the situation. In an organizational concept, staff turnover is a measure of how long employees remain in the organization and how often they must be or are replaced. Every time an employee leaves the company, whatever the reason, increases the level of staff turnover, generates additional costs to the company and evidence that the retention processes are unsuccessful. As explanations for this phenomenon, among the most common causes are inadequate supervision, unfavorable working environment or the lack of a salary policy. Thus, this research was aimed at evaluating and proposing the design of a salary structure model for a company in the construction sector of the real estate area, with the aim of reducing the increase in the turnover of its personnel and that the compensation management has a solid tool that allows the selection and retention of personnel. In that sense, the research in its basic and applied character, based on the information collected from the aforementioned company, as well as the result of the interview with the general manager and key personnel, made it possible to identify that the factors that effectively affect the high turnover of the staff are the obsolescence of job profiles, the lack of a definition and responsibilities for each position, the absence of a methodology that allows valuing the positions based on their contribution and impact on the business management, the work overload produced by the delay in replacing the resigning staff and the lack of alignment to the market average salary Thus, by focusing both on the problems inherent to internal management and on the vision of external factors, the present study allowed the designing of a salary structure model that would make effective the compensation process and contribute to the selection process and the retention of personnel in the company. / Trabajo de investigación

The primary aim of the thesis was to investigate aluminum as building material for high speed craft, study the hull structure design processes of aluminum high speed craft and develop a parametric model to reduce the modeling time during nite element analysis. An additional aim of the thesis was to study the degree of validity of the idealizations and the assumptions of the semi-empirical design methods by using the parametric model. For the aluminum survey, a large amount of scientic papers and books related to the application of aluminum in shipbuilding industry were re-viewed while for the investigation of hull structure design, several designs of similar craft as well as all the classication rules for high speed craft were examined. The parametric model was developed on Abaqus nite ele-ment analysis software with the help of Python programming language. The study of the idealizations and the assumptions of the semi-empirical design methods was performed on a model derived by the parametric model with scanltings determined by the high speed craft classication rules of ABS. The review on aluminum showed that only specic alloys can be applied on marine applications. It also showed that the eect of reduced mechanical properties due to welding could be decreased by introducing new welding and manufacturing techniques. The study regarding the hull structure de-sign processes indicated that high speed craft are still designed according to semi-empirical classication rules but it also showed that there is ten- dency of transiting on direct calculation methods. The developed paramet-ric model does decrease the modeling time since it is capable of modeling numerous structural arrangements. The analysis related to the idealizations and the assumptions of the semi-empirical design methods revealed that the structural hierarchy idealization and the method of dening boundary by handbook type formulas are applicable for the particular structure while the interaction eect among the structural members is only possible to be studied by detailed modeling techniques.

No description available.

The rational design and construction of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with intricate structural complexity are of prime importance in reticular chemistry. However, the design of intricate structures that can practically be synthesized is very difficult, and the suitable targeted intricate nets are still unexplored. Evidently, it is of great value to build the fundamental theory for the design of intricate structures. This dissertation is focused on the exploration of cutting-edge design methodologies in reticular chemistry. This research shows the design and synthesis of several MOF platforms (hex, fcu, gea and the) based on rare earth polynuclear clusters. Furthermore, this research unveils the latest addition, named merged nets approach, to the design toolbox in reticular chemistry for the rational design and construction of intricate mixed-linker MOFs. In essence, a valuable net for design enclosing two edges is rationally generated by merging two edge-transitive nets, spn and hxg. The resultant merged net, named sph net, offers potential for the deliberate design and construction of highly symmetric isoreticular intricate mixed-linker MOFs, sph-MOF-1 to 4, which represent the first examples of MOFs where the underlying net is merged from two 3-periodic edge-transitive nets. Furthermore, the underlying principle of the merged net approach, the fundamental merged net equation, and two key parameters are disclosed. Also, we discovered three analysis methods to check and validate corresponding signature nets in an edge-transitive net. Based on these analysis methods, a signature map of all edge-transitive nets was established. This map showing the systematic relationship among edge-transitive nets will help the material chemist to comprehend more about the underlying nets in reticular chemistry. Based on the revealed map, we systematically described the nine types of merging combination and 140 merged nets based on two edge-transitive nets. Among these enumerated nets, only 18 of them was shown on the RCSR database before. These enumerated merged nets significantly increased the designable targets in reticular chemistry. Using an example of enumerated sub net, we show how this approach can be utilized to design and synthesis mixed-linker porous materials based on the intricate sub-MOF platform, which presents one of the most intricate MOF structures synthesized by design.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GlauceLAA_TESE_Capa_ate_pag41.pdf: 802913 bytes, checksum: 5a9d6f5aaa583f77ffd556bd2dceaff2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / The purpose of this research is to study the portable or reassemblable architectures, which, different from conventional architecture (whose designs are of permanent buildings), corresponds to the designing of spaces with temporary purposes. The focus of the study is the architectural design of spaces that are produced from building systems that can to be moved to different places (process of assembly / disassembly / reassembly) in order to identify the types of spaces generated and the processes used in their design / projecting. The aim is to investigate relationships between the initial project conceived based on a Reassemblable Construction System (RCS) and its application in the architectural design of professionals and students in order to contribute to the understanding of the specificities of this type of design activity. To this end it was developed the exploratory research based on multimedia methods, which includes: documentary analysis, technical visits, interviews, surveys, academic exercise and documentation by images. Although the study is not conclusive, the results indicate significant differences between the point of view of the RCS?s designers and its users (architects and architecture students) since the users demonstrated to have some difficulty to access the features provided for the first group, in particular the students. It is also demonstrated that the use of RCSs seems to change the appreciation / hierarchization of the conditions of project design, since, unlike what happens in traditional architectural design, the designers who use them seem to be more concerned with constructive issues, especially the structural elements (support and covering), instead of functionality, aesthetics and even physical characteristics of the site / O objeto de investiga??o desse estudo ? a arquitetura port?vel ou remont?vel, que, diferente da arquitetura convencional (feita para ser permanente), corresponde ? projeta??o de espa?os com fins tempor?rios. O foco do estudo ? o projeto arquitet?nico de espa?os que sejam produzidos a partir de sistemas construtivos que possam ser levados a v?rios s?tios (processo de montagem/desmontagem/remontagem), de modo a identificar os tipos de espa?os gerados e os processos utilizados em sua concep??o/projeta??o. Busca-se investigar rela??es entre o projeto inicial concebido a partir de um sistema construtivo remont?vel (SCR) e sua aplica??o na projeta??o arquitet?nica por profissionais e estudantes, a fim de contribuir com elementos que auxiliem a compreender as especificidades desse tipo de atividade projetual. Para tanto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa explorat?ria com base em multim?todos, que abrangeu: an?lise documental, visitas t?cnicas, entrevistas, question?rios, exerc?cio acad?mico e documenta??o por imagens. Embora o estudo realizado n?o seja conclusivo, os resultados obtidos indicam haver diferen?as entre o ponto de vista dos projetistas do SCR e seus usu?rios (projetistas atuantes e em forma??o), pois os ?ltimos demonstram ter alguma dificuldade para acessar os recursos disponibilizados pelo primeiro grupo, em especial os estudantes. Tamb?m se evidencia que o uso de SCRs parece alterar a valoriza??o/hierarquiza??o dos condicionantes projetuais, uma vez que, diferentemente do que acontece em projetos arquitet?nicos tradicionais, os projetistas que os usam aparentam maior preocupa??o com as quest?es construtivas, sobretudo os elementos estruturais (apoios e cobertura), em detrimento de funcionalidade, est?tica e mesmo caracter?sticas f?sicas do local

[pt] O presente trabalho visa ao desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta gráfica interativa para a modelagem e dimensionamento de vigas de edifícios de concreto armado seguindo as prescrições da nova norma brasileira NBR 6118, 2003. Como base, utilizou-se o programa FTOOL, que se destina ao ensino do comportamento estrutural de pórticos planos. O método de dimensionamento utilizado para as seções de concreto submetidas à flexão é o de Ferreira da Silva Jr., relativo às zonas de solicitação. Para que esta nova ferramenta fosse incorporada ao programa FTOOL, este teve que sofrer algumas modificações, tais como a definição do material concreto armado, com os diversos tipos e propriedades para o concreto e para o aço; e a definição de seções transversais típicas de vigas de concreto armado (retangular, T, L e I), incluindo posicionamento da armadura e cobrimento. O resultado que o programa desenvolvido oferece são dois diagramas: um deles contendo as armaduras longitudinais superior e inferior, calculadas para cada par de valores de momento fletor e esforço normal; e outro de armadura transversal, calculada para cada valor de força cortante. Além dos dois diagramas de armadura, ainda existem dois modos de resultado da análise de dimensionamento: armadura necessária e armadura adotada. / [en] The present work describes the development of an interactive graphics tool for modeling and design reinforced concrete building beams, following the new Brazilian code NBR 6118, 2003. The graphics tool is based on the FTOOL software, which is an educational tool for two- dimensional frame structural behavior. The design method used for reinforced concrete sections submitted to flexural loading is the one of Ferreira da Silva Jr., in relation to loading zones. In order to incorporate this new tool into FTOOL, some modifications were made, such as the definition of the reinforced concrete material, with several types and properties for concrete and steel; and the definition of typical cross sections properties of reinforced concrete beams (rectangle, T-shape, L-shape and Ishape), including positioning of structural reinforcement and cover. As a result, the developed program offers two diagrams: one containing top and bottom longitudinal steel area, calculated for each pair of values of bending moment and axial force; and another of transversal steel area, calculated for each value of shear force. In addition to these two steel area diagrams, there are two ways for visualizing the design results: necessary and adopted reinforcement.