The indicators help us to describe and to understand the landscape. The objective of this thesis was to define, to test and to criticise indicators of structure and indicators of heterogeneity. The set of widely used landscape indicators was chosen and has applied to two databases of different scale {--} CORINE on a scale 1:100 000 and Biotopy ČR on a scale 1:10 000. Every indicator has been applied to both databases. The information given by the particular indicator when applied to one database was compared to the information given by the same indicator applied to the other. The both were compared. The aim was to evaluate to what extent is the usage of the indicator in question appropriate. Therefore we gain the unique comparison of the two different databases resulting in an overview of their practical exploitation, thus the main value added of the study.

Lic.-avh. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007.

The widespread threat of species extinctions caused by the destruction and degradation of tropical primary forest (PF) could potentially be mitigated by the expansion of regenerating secondary forest (SF). However, the conservation value of SF remains controversial, and is dependent on many site- and landscape-scale factors, such as habitat age and isolation. The aim of this thesis was to assess the role that SF can play in conserving forest bird communities in central Panama. We study a chronosequence of SF aged 20 – 120-years-old, with sites either isolated from or connected to extensive PF. Our results suggest that SF supports high levels of avian species diversity, and similar community composition to PF. Whilst forest age plays a small role in determining compositional similarity to PF, connectivity to extensive PF was the main determinant of community composition. However, despite high species richness and complex community composition, some specialist PF bird species were consistently absent from SF, and isolated PF. The functional diversity of bird communities did not vary substantially across the forest age and isolation gradient, although we did find some inter-guild differences; with distinct responses in communities of avian insectivores and frugivores. Isolation caused shifts in the trophic traits of insectivores, but resulted in alterations in the dispersal traits of frugivores. The response of bird and tree community composition to forest age and isolation was similar, although isolation had a stronger impact on bird communities. Bird diversity and composition tracked changes in forest structure over succession. When examining the role of birds in seed-dispersal networks, we found bird gape width was the key predictor of seed size consumed. Large-gaped birds consume a wider variety of seed-sizes than small-gaped birds, and small-seeded trees attract a greater number of bird species than large-seeded trees. These results imply high levels of redundancy among small-gaped avian frugivores and small-seeded plant species, but low levels of redundancy among large-seeded plant species and their avian dispersers. This suggests that large-seeded plants may be most at risk of dispersal failure following any change in avian frugivore assemblages. Together, these results suggest that SF can play a key role in sustaining most tropical biodiversity, and in maintaining ecosystem services. Our findings emphasise the importance of integrating SF into conservation strategies to support and buffer tropical PF habitats.

El paisaje, concebido como una unidad espacial y temporalmente pluriescalar caracterizada por unos patrones de distribución - una estructura-, unas funciones y una red de flujos de materia, energía e información (Forman y Godron, 1986), constituye un modelo apropiado para estudiar el territorio (Marull, 2002). En la presente investigación se hace un análisis de los cambios ocurridos en la estructura del mosaico paisajístico de la comarca de l´Alt Empordà entre 1957 y 2001, para ellos se divide la comarca en unidades paisajísticas basadas en criterios fisiográficos determinados a escala 1:25000. El análisis de la estructura paisajística de las diferentes unidades paisajísticas se ha realizado a través de indicadores de composición y de estructura según clases paisajísticas (cubiertas o usos del suelo), mediante el cálculo y análisis de indicadores de estructura desarrollados por la ecología del paisaje, los cuales, han permitido caracterizar y analizar las transformaciones en el tamaño, la forma y el arreglo espacial de los parches tipo que configuran el mosaico paisajístico. Para el proceso de cálculo y análisis espacial se han empleado los sistemas de información geográfica (SIGs), el programa Patch Analyst 1.2. La información cartográfica se elaboró a partir de ortofotomapas digitales y fotos aéreas generados por el ICC, así como de fuentes secundarias.Además, el trabajo incluye una aplicación teórico-metodológica a la identificación de redes ecológicas a través del uso de indicadores, así como el uso de inventarios fitosociológicos en la evaluación de hábitats borde. / Landscape is conceptualized as a pluriscalar spatial and temporal unit, characterized by distribution patterns -structure- function and a net of flows of matter, energy and information giving territorial dynamics (Forman y Godron 1986), which permits us study territories from a ecosystem approach (Marull, 2002).This research is concern with the changes in the landscape structure of the comarca Alt Empordà between 1957 and 2001. In order to conduct the analysis, the territory was divided into landscape units based on physiographic criteria using a map scale of 1: 25 000. The structure of each landscape unit was then calculated and analysed based on cover and landuse classes (patches) using fractal indicators such as type of patch, size, form and spatial distribution. The analysis was conducted by using aereal photographs developped by the Instituto Cartográfico de Cataluña, geographic information systems and the sofware Patch Analysist 2.1.In addition, this reaserch includes a landscape ecologypcal approach identifying econets throw the use of different structure indicators. Forthemore, it incorporates an analysis of edge habitats based on phytosociologic information.