The response to many on-going or emerging conflicts since the beginning of the 21st century has been different forms of multinational complex peace operations. Civil-military relations are a commonly studied field that traditionally has its focus on nations. This study intends, in the context of organisations, to test the correlation between a civil-military approach and outcome in complex peace operations. A hypothesis has been deduced from researcher Robert Egnell’s theory on complex peace operations, that states that: UN peace operations with an integrated civil-military approach are more successful in achieving their goals than peace operations with a divided approach. This hypothesis is tested by comparing the outcome of two different complex peace operations with diverse approaches to civil-military relations. The cases were selected by a comparative design and thereafter thoroughly analysed in relation to their respective goals. The analysis revealed that the integrated UN approach in Sierra Leone through UNAMSIL was far more successful in achieving its goals, than the divided UN approach applied in Afghanistan via UNAMA and ISAF. In regard to the result, the hypothesis was not falsified which indicates that there is a correlation between a civil-military approach and outcome in organizations. More specifically, an integrated approach to complex peace operations is more successful in achieving its goals than a divided one.

During 2004 to 2008, The United States Marine Corps (USMC) executed counterinsurgency operations in Anbar Province with the purpose to stabilize one of the most violent areas in Iraq. The Marine Corps successfully managed to suppress the insurgency as violence dropped dramatically in late 2007. What did the marines do in order to suppress the insurgency? Why did violence drop in the province? The Marine Corps approach and procedures have been examined earlier through theories of organizational learning and adaptation. However, there is an absence of studies aiming to analyse the Marine Corps’ counterinsurgency approach through the analytical lens of counterinsurgency theory. Therefore this study has the intention to explain the Marine Corps approach and methods through David Galula’s and Roger Trinquier’s counterinsurgency theories with the purpose of gaining a profound understanding for the counterinsurgency the Marine Corps conducted. The results suggest that a population-centric counterinsurgency approach contributed to the positive turn of events in the province. Furthermore it suggests that continued research ought to focus on the importance of indigenous actors, since the theories used in this study did not fully cover their possible impact on counterinsurgency operations.

The Submarine service was established to perform covert operations.  Despite its clandestine nature the submarine service is used in the extrovert field of maritime diplomacy. An example of if this is, the participation of submarine forces in the RIMPAC which are multinational and goodwill visits to port. This study aims to identify the methods with which the submarine services can interact with the field of maritime diplomacy, the extent these methods are used and what role the submarine service adopts in maritime diplomacy.   To answer these questions through a qualitative analysis of the theories on maritime diplomacy presented by Christian La Mière and James Cable that identify variables in forms of methods that fulfill diplomatic purposes. These variables are used as a tool for empirical data collection for a quantitative result presented in a table. A qualitative analysis and comparison of similarities and differences in the general usage of the submarine service is employed in the context of maritime diplomacy.    The analysis shows six variables, in which submarine services can interact within the field of maritime diplomacy; Good will visits, Personnel exchanges, multinational exercises, multinational operations, capability to deliver payload to keel bound targets and capability to deliver payload on ground based targets.  The results show that each of these variables have to some extent been used historically. Further analysis of the result concludes that the submarine service does not have a highly-visible role in maritime diplomacy. Contrary to this it is limited because of its limited applications as a multirole vessel and the extensive cost of maintenance which further concentrate the capabilities of the submarine service.

Contemporary Swedish security policy indicates a shift from an international orientation into an increased nationally emphasized policy. This thesis questions if the governmental view on security and external context has changed from a liberal to a more realist notion and how that may be reflected in the security policy transformation 2004-2015. The liberal and realist schools of thought constitutes the basis of the analytic framework. Realists argue that international relations are tinged by anarchy, uncertainty and power struggle between states while liberalists share an optimistic view on humanity and contend that international relations can overcome anarchy. The conclusion of the thesis argues that a realist view of the surrounding world has increased in response to the Russian violations against Georgia and Ukraine. This is also reflected in the security policy transformation process. However, the government´s views seem to have retained liberal values on security along with the essence of external relations as a means to take unified action against a broad scale of security threats.

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Denna studie har med hjälp av kvalitativa metoder och inslag av kvantitativa metoder undersökt varför halk- och fallolyckor sker bland patienter på sjukhus och hur halk- och fallolyckor kan förhindras. Halk- och fallolyckor bland patienter är idag ett stort problem på sjukhusen runt om i Sverige och fler personer skadar sig genom halk- och fallolyckor än genom trafikolyckor. Fokus för denna studie har varit Skaraborgs Sjukhus i Skövde och Skaraborgs Sjukhus i Lidköping. Genom observationer, intervjuer med personal på de berörda sjukhusen och en enkätundersökning har det framkommit att personalen anser att det finns för lite tid att alltid göra en fallriskbedömning för varje patient. Denna studie har visat att tidsbrist och glömska är två av de största orsakerna till att en fallriskbedömning inte görs för varje patient. Utan fallriskbedömningen kan onödiga fallolyckor inträffa och det är viktigt att säkerheten på sjukhusen bevaras trots den tidsbrist som råder på sjukhusen. Utbildning i de fallriskverktyg som används och att införa fler rutiner är förslag för att stärka fallpreventionen på sjukhusen runt om i Sverige.

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Abstract “Political participation by the citizen” - Citizen proposals in Karlstad municipality Essay in Political Science, C-level Author: Tobias Gustafsson Tutor: Michele Micheletti In Sweden the political parties are losing more and more of their members. That in combination with a tendency that the participation in the elections is getting lower is a problem for the representative and parliamentary political system in Sweden. In order to strengthen the democracy in Sweden and to make the gap between the citizens and the elected smaller there has been some democracy-projects. The purpose of these democracy-projects is to make the political participation by the citizens, between the elections, higher. One of them is “citizen proposals to the municipality”. The purpose of this essay is to examine this democracy-project in order to see what influences it might have on the local democracy. The local democracy is defined as “the big democracy” within Karlstad municipality. The study is mainly conducted as a survey. In order to determine the purpose three specified research questions has been constructed: 1. How is “citizen proposals to the municipality” dealt with? 2. Who are the citizens which utilize the right to “citizen proposals to the municipality”? 3. How effective is “citizen proposals to the municipality”? The answer to the first question is: There is a developed formal way of dealing with the proposals at Karlstad municipality. The dealing with the “citizen proposals to the municipality” is a procedure that is time-consuming and there is a lack of information of the right to give “citizen proposals to the municipality”. The answer to the second question is: those citizens most likely to be political active are a man with high education, in his middle ages with an average income. He has an occupation and is political active in the local elections, but he is not a member of a political party. Observe though that there is a broad spectrum of those who propose suggestions in the examine group. The answer to the third question is that it is possible to get your proposal sanctioned. However the citizens feel’s that there is a problem with how the municipality handles the proposal after it has been sanctioned. Most of the citizens are not happy with how their proposal has been handled after it has been sanctioned. They feel that there pass to much time between the sanction and that the proposal is accomplished.

ABSTRACT This C-essay in political science is written by Ingrid Karlsson, autumn 06. Advisers: Gregg Bucken-Knapp and Susan Marton. “ The identity of Tornedalen, a study about identities and its affect on the view of the Swedish state.” The purpose of this essay is to investigate the identification amongst the population in Tornedalen and if their identity affects the view of the Swedish state. I am going to look into how people from that region looks upon their identity. Do they consider themselves as Swedish, Tornedaling or Finnish? I have two research questions on this topic: 1) What does a person from Tornedalen consider their identity? 2) If the way the Swedish state treated Tornedalen, from around the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, has affected the way people from this region looks upon their own culture, and if the treatment has affected peoples view of the Swedish state. The methods I am using for this essay is case studies and to my help to collect data I am having a focus group in Pajala. My reason to use a focus group instead of surveys is because I find focus groups to be a much more interesting way of finding out what people really think. My conclusion on the question about identity is that the people in Tornedalen have different ideas on how they see themselves. Some consider themselves as both Tornedaling and Swedish, and others see themselves as Finnish and Swedish. One thing that I found out through the focus group is that a mutual thing amongst the participators is that they see themselves as Swedish. On my second question, my conclusion is that the way the Swedish state treated this region had a great impact on how they look upon themselves and their view of the Swedish state.